Training materials –

Network Adjustment
How to adjust a GNSS+Level
network

Version 1.0
Introduction
This is a step-by-step tutorial in which you learn how to adjust a network comprising of GNSS
baselines and level lines.

Data from six receivers have been collected in two sessions and are processed with respect to a
reference station to create twelve independent baselines. These baselines are then combined with six
level lines measured by a digital level to form a surveying network, which is adjusted to provide
optimal coordinates for the points.

The functionality discussed in this guide requires the GNSS Processing and Network Adjustments
licenses.

The data from the following folders will be used in this tutorial:
· Data\GNSS contains all GNSS raw data
· Data\Level contains the level lines and the height control points
· C-SYS contains the coordinate system and the geoid files.

Table of Contents
1. Import GNSS data and coordinate system .......................................................................................................... 4
2. Process baselines ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
3. Import level data and height control points ....................................................................................................... 7
4. Define adjustment settings ........................................................................................................................................ 9
5. Adjust the network ...................................................................................................................................................... 11
6. Create a report .............................................................................................................................................................. 14
7. Reprocess using the control points ...................................................................................................................... 15
8. Store the results ........................................................................................................................................................... 16

Leica Infinity, How to adjust a GNSS+Level network 3

1. Import GNSS data and coordinate system

1.1 Start Infinity and create a new project. To

import the data, select Import from the
Home ribbon bar.

1.2 In the Import dialog navigate to directory

“GNSS”, select all the MDB files from it
and select Import to import the data
using the default settings.
Then, import the two remaining DBX files.

Use Control+”A” to select all files.

1.3 Repeat the previous step and import the

two remaining DBX files from the same
folder.

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1.4 To import the coordinate system, select
Import from the ribbon bar and in the
Import dialog navigate to directory “C-
SYS”, select file TRFSET.DAT and select
Import.

1.5 Assign the imported Coordinate System to

the project by clicking on the icon
on the right side of the Status bar, then
select UTM32N(2).

There are two coordinate systems

in the project. UTM32 was
imported together with the DBX
files. However, it does not include
a geoid. So we import and use
UTM32N(2), that includes a
geoid which can be used to
calculate orthometric heights.
1.6 To view the imported points, select the
View tab.

Leica Infinity, How to adjust a GNSS+Level network 5

2. Process baselines

2.1 Switch back to the data Inspector and

select the GNSS tab.

If the GNSS Intervals view is not

available, you can display it by
selecting the toggle button in
the top right corner of the
Inspector.

2.2 Focus on the data from the first session,

i.e. between 06:00 and 12:00. Process and
store the following baselines, using the
default settings:
(ReferenceàRover)
CP02àCP03
CP03àCP04
CP05àCP04
CP04àCP01
CP05àCP01
CP01àCP02
Switch to the graphical view to view the
stored baselines.
2.3 Select Clear All Selections from the
Processing ribbon tab. Now focus on the
data from the second session, i.e. between
14:00 and 16:00. Process and store the
following baselines, using the default
settings:
(ReferenceàRover)
WIDNàCP03
WIDNàCP05
CP03àCP06
CP05àCP06
CP06àCP02
CP02àCP05
Switch to the graphical view to view the
stored baselines.

Leica Infinity, How to adjust a GNSS+Level network 6

3. Import level data and height control points

3.1 To import the level data, navigate to

directory “LEVEL” in the Import dialog,
highlight the file of type HeXML from it
and select Import.

3.2 To import the height control points, select

Import from the ribbon bar and in the
Import dialog select “ASCII” from the drop
down data type list.

3.3 Navigate to directory “LEVEL” and

highlight the file “Height_Control_Points”
of type “txt”.

Leica Infinity, How to adjust a GNSS+Level network 7

3.4 Navigate to Template under Import
settings and select New… from the
dropdown list.

3.5 In the Import ASCII Template Editor

change the following:
Template Name: P,E,N,H
Settings Column Separator: type “,”.

3.6 Now that the Preview has changed, set

the header for each “Unused” column.
· Column 1: Point Id
· Column 2: Easting
· Column 3: Northing
· Column 4: Ortho Ht
and select OK.

3.7 In the initial import dialog, where the

Template is now “P,E,N,H”, highlight
again the file “Height_Control_Points” of
type “txt” and select Import.

Leica Infinity, How to adjust a GNSS+Level network 8

 · After importing the data and the
control points, they can be viewed
in the graphical view.

4. Define adjustment settings

4.1 Move to the Adjustments ribbon tab and

select Coordinate System.

4.2 Modify the settings in this window as

described below:
Coordinate System: WGS84
Select OK to accept the new settings.

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4.3 Select Test Criteria from the
Adjustments ribbon tab.

4.4 Modify the settings in this window as

described below:
Sigma a posteriori: Ignore
Select OK to accept the new settings.

4.5 Select GNSS from the Adjustments

ribbon tab.

4.6 Modify the settings in this window as

described below:
Source for Centring/Height Errors:
Default Settings for all Observations
Reference Centring Errors: 0.001m
Rover Centring Errors: 0.001m
Reference Height Errors: 0.001m
Rover Height Errors: 0.001m

Select OK to accept the new settings.

Leica Infinity, How to adjust a GNSS+Level network 10

4.7 Select Level from the Adjustments
ribbon tab.

4.8 Modify the settings in this window as

described below:
Source for Standard Deviations: Use
Defaults
Absolute Level Line: 0.000m
Relative Level Line: 0.001m/sqr(Km)

Select OK to accept the new settings.

5. Adjust the network

5.1 To adjust the network of baselines and

level lines, select Run Full Adjustment
from the Adjustment ribbon tab.

Full Adjustment means 3D

Adjustment.
GNSS data are treated as 3D and
level data as 1D.
The adjusted 2D position is
derived from the GNSS
observations and the adjusted 1D
position is derived from both
GNSS and level observations.

Leica Infinity, How to adjust a GNSS+Level network 11

5.2 Move to the Adjustments tab in the
Inspector and select the Adjustment
Results button. Here you can see the
results of this adjustment run.

· Currently, the network is adjusted

using inner constraints. This can
be seen in the Adjustment Type
column.
· For the inner-constrained
network, the F-Test value is
smaller than the Critical F-Test
value. This means that in general
there are no problems in the
network.
5.3 To view more details for the adjustment,
drill in the results. Use the drill-in arrow
next to the name of the adjustment result.

5.4 To drill in the results for the Coordinates,

use the drill-in arrow.

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5.5 To switch to Observations, use the drill-in
arrow next to the name of the adjustment
result.

5.6 To view residuals, standard deviations and

statistical test results, drill in GNSS or
Level observations, under Observation
Type.

5.7 To go back to the initial results’ view,

select Results from the top of the
Inspector tab.

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6. Create a report

6.1 To create a network adjustment report,

highlight the adjustment result and select
Reports Adjustment Report from the
Adjustments ribbon tab or right-click for
context menu.

The adjustment report contains

all the necessary information
regarding the network
adjustment results: parameters
used, initial and adjusted
coordinates, standard
deviations, adjusted
observations, residuals,
absolute error ellipses (39.4%
for 2D and 68.3% for 1D) and
statistical tests for the reliability
of the network.
In case you need to change the
Report Header, select Edit and
follow the instructions on the
screen.
In case you need to reset the
Report Header to the default
one, select Reset.

6.2 To view the contents of the report, scroll

down to the very end of it.
Under Observation Tests, the values of
the statistical tests that exceed the critical
values are flagged in bold red. Then, close
the Report window to return to the
Adjustment Results view.

In the B-method of testing, if the

F-Test passes, there is actually no
need to continue with data
snooping. In our data, the DZ
observation for baseline
CP05àCP04 cannot be
considered as a true outlier.

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7. Reprocess using the control points

7.1 To run a constrained adjustment using the

control points, select the control point
icon from the Adjustments tab in the
Inspector and activate Fix 2D and Fix1D
for WIDN, and Fix 1D for LEV1 and LEV2.
Hence, WIDN will be held as fixed in both
position and height (Control Fixed 3D),
whereas LEV1 and LEV2 will be held as
fixed only in height (Control Fixed 1D).

7.2 Run Full Adjustment and select the

Adjustment Results button.

· The “Adjustment Type” is now

“Constrained”.
· The “F-Test value” is greater than
the “Crit. value F-Test” so the F-
Test fails. This is obviously related
to the control points that were
kept fixed in the adjustment. If,
however, we are sure that there is
nothing wrong with the control
point coordinates, we could
change the weight matrix of the
observations, to make the F-Test
less sensitive.
7.3 To change the weight matrix for the GNSS
observations, select GNSS in the
adjustment settings and set Sigma a
priori (GNSS) to 20.
Run the adjustment once again and check
the results.

By increasing the Sigma a priori

(GNSS), the weight of each of the
GNSS observations decreases. To
put it simply, this reduces the
importance of each GNSS
observation in the adjustment
result.

Leica Infinity, How to adjust a GNSS+Level network 15

 · The “F-Test” value is now
acceptable (compared to the
previous constrained solution, the
MDB values did not change more
than 1-2mm).

8. Store the results

8.1 To store the adjustment results, highlight

the last result and select Store Result
from the Adjustment ribbon tab or right-
click for context menu.

You can change the name of the

adjustment result by typing a new
one in the Property Grid.

8.2 Move to the View tab to view the

adjusted network graphically.

Leica Infinity, How to adjust a GNSS+Level network 16

Heinrich-Wild-Strasse
CH-9435 Heerbrugg
Switzerland