Process Safety Lab Report
Process Safety Lab Report
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Raw data for Gas Flow From Vessel To Outside Through Orifice......................8
Figure 2. Reynolds number ranging from 10 to 100000.....................................................9
Figure 3. Calculated data for Gas Flow From Vessel To Outside Through Orifice..........11
Figure 4. The graph plotting the relationship liquid height and time................................16
Figure 5. The graph plotting the relationship liquid height and time................................19
Figure 6. An orifice-type leak in a process vessel............................................................21
Figure 7. Liquid flow through pipe....................................................................................22
CLEVELAND OPEN-CUP FLASH POINT
DETERMINATION
1. Data processing
1 238
2 239
2. Discussion
2.2. Describe factors that influence the result of open-cup flash point
determination (including conditions used when performing the experiment and
conditions of the surrounding environment). Among these factors, which factor has
strongest impact?
Oxidation, contaminants, and composition are the main elements that influence the
discrepancy between the measured and expected flash point of a flammable liquid. When
oxidation occurs, oxygen deficiency is inevitable. When oxygen is deficient, the air is
insufficient for complete combustion, causing the fuel to burn partially, so the flash point
temperature will increase in value.
Additionally, impurities can raise a flammable liquid's flash point. The lower limit
concentration will be achieved at just a little bit over the temperature of the flash point of
the pure flammable liquid when an impurity, such as water vapor, which is present when
water is present in the sample, exists.
When testing two or more component liquids, the more volatile component will
have a higher vapor content. According to Astbury (2004), the flash point will be much
higher than the actual
Systematic error: The flash point will vary or rise slightly or significantly above
the flash point of the pure component (kerosene or diesel) due to the presence of impurities
in the pure component.
Parallax error: When measuring flammable material, the eyes are at an angle that
causes a reading that is consistently high or consistently low.
2.3. Discuss the relationship (if such a relationship exists) between flash point
and popular types of physical properties that characterize a liquid matter (boiling point,
saturated vapor pressure, specific density, molecular weight)?
Funnel Fluid V
2. Discussion
2.1. Comment on the influence of fluid nature and fabrication material of
funnel on electrostatic capacitance
Water poured down a metal sheet dissipates potential difference effectively due to
the conductive nature of both materials. Water poured through down plastic demonstrates
that plastic is a poor conductor; a charge separation and potential difference are observed.
Charge separation takes place at the interface when two materials, one of which is
an insulator, come into contact. This is known as contact and frictional charging.
1. Data processing
D = 0.5 mm
1 bar/ 0.1 Mpa 3 bar/ 0.3 MPa 5 bar/ 0.5 Mpa
t Ti To Po t Ti To Po t Ti To Po
15 32.5 31.3 0.085 15 34.3 33 0.263 15 34.4 34.9 0.468
30 32.5 31.3 0.067 30 34.3 32.6 0.227 30 34.3 34.2 0.411
60 32.7 31.1 0.041 60 34.2 31.4 0.137 60 34.2 32.7 0.392
90 32.9 30.3 0.02 90 34.1 30.3 0.131 90 34.1 31.6 0.344
120 33 30.3 0.07 120 34.2 30.7 0.094 120 34.1 31.2 0.299
150 33.1 30.3 0.01 150 34.1 30.6 0.064 150 34.1 31 0.265
180 34.1 30.7 0.038 180 34.1 30.9 0.177
210 34.1 30.3 0.019 210 34.1 30.9 0.103
240 34.1 31.3 0.06 240 34.1 31.1 0.069
270 34.1 31.6 0.01 270 34 31.4 0.039
300 34 31.7 0.016
330 34 32 0.04
D = 1 mm
1 bar/ 0.1 Mpa 3 bar/ 0.3 MPa 5 bar/ 0.5 Mpa
t Ti To Po t Ti To Po t Ti To Po
15 33.9 33.4 0.051 15 34.3 33.4 0.199 15 34.9 32.3 0.314
30 33.9 32.1 0.019 30 34.1 31.2 0.124 30 34.5 30.3 0.208
60 33.9 31.4 0.01 60 34 28.3 0.034 60 34.4 26.6 0.08
90 33.9 28.3 0.01 90 34.3 26.5 0.015
120 34.2 27.4 0.01
Figure 1. Raw data for Gas Flow From Vessel To Outside Through Orifice
1.2. Calculated results
When the choked pressure is larger than the ambient pressure which is at
around 101325 Pa, the discharge coefficient can be estimated from the formula:
√ ( )
γ+1
γ gc M 2
Q m = C o A Po γ-1
R g To γ + 1
v
Po Pchoked (const) Qv Qm Co Co' Qm' v' vis' Re' T
(m/s)
364325 328963.3 350.55 6.88304E-05 0.0003 0.4316 33
328325 296457.5 350.32 6.87854E-05 0.0003 0.4316 32.6
238325 215193 349.63 6.86503E-05 0.0002 0.4316 31.4
3 bar 232325 209775.3 349 6.85262E-05 0.0002 0.4316 30.3
195325 176366.6 349.23 6.85713E-05 0.0002 0.4316 30.7
165325 149278.4 349.17 6.856E-05 0.0001 0.4316 30.6
139325 125802 0.655 0.000150927 768.66 1.66158E-05 46261 30.7
120325 108646.2 0.655 0.0001075 547.49 1.65782E-05 33024.8 30.3
161325 145666.7 0.655 0.00018806 957.78 1.66722E-05 57447.7 31.3
111325 100519.7 0.67 7.98571E-05 406.71 1.67004E-05 24353.2 31.6
v
Po Pchoked (const) Qv Qm Co Co' Qm' v' vis' Re' T
(m/s)
569325 514065.85 351.6363 6.90436E-05 0.000445 0.431558 34.9
512325 462598.32 351.2365 6.89651E-05 0.000401 0.431558 34.2
493325 445442.48 350.3784 6.87966E-05 0.000387 0.431558 32.7
445325 402101.39 349.7478 6.86728E-05 0.00035 0.431558 31.6
5 bar 400325 361469.13 349.5182 6.86277E-05 0.000315 0.431558 31.2
366325 330769.2 349.4033 6.86052E-05 0.000288 0.431558 31
278325 251310.55 349.3459 6.85939E-05 0.000219 0.431558 30.9
204325 184493.05 349.3459 6.85939E-05 0.000161 0.431558 30.9
170325 153793.12 349.4607 0.655 0.000201142 1024.408 1.66534E-05 61513.45 31.1
140325 126704.94 349.633 0.655 0.000152671 777.5488 1.66816E-05 46611.16 31.4
117325 105937.34 349.8051 0.655 9.85257E-05 501.7874 1.67098E-05 30029.53 31.7
141325 127607.88 349.9772 0.655 0.000154411 786.41 0.000016738 46983.51 32
D = 1 mm
Assume:
v
Po Pchoked (const) Qv Qm Co Co' Qm' v' vis' Re' T
(m/s)
1 bar
152325 137540.2 350.78 0.000275501 0.0005 1.7262 33.4
120325 108646.2 0.63 0.000103091 131.26 1.62732E-05 8066.03 32.1
111325 100519.7 0.665 7.928718E-05 100.95 1.62088E-05 6228.2 31.4
v
Po Pchoked (const) Qv Qm Co Co' Qm' v' vis' Re' T
(m/s)
3 bar 300325 158656.2 350.78 0.000275501 0.0009 1.7262 33.4
225325 119035.1 349.52 0.000274511 0.0007 1.7262 31.2
135325 71489.73 0.63 0.000138049 175.77 1.59236E-05 11038.3 28.3
111325 58810.97 0.665 7.96938E-05 101.47 1.59236E-05 6372.26 28.3
v
Po Pchoked (const) Qv Qm Co Co' Qm' v' vis' Re' T
(m/s)
415325 219408.6 350.15 0.000275007 0.0013 1.7262 32.3
5 bar
309325 163410.8 349 0.000274105 0.001 1.7262 30.3
181325 95790.7 346.87 0.000272429 0.0006 1.7262 26.6
116325 61452.38 0.63 9.25814E-05 117.88 0.000015758 7480.53 26.5
111325 58810.97 0.665 7.98131E-05 101.62 1.58408E-05 6415.15 27.4
Figure 3. Calculated data for Gas Flow From Vessel To Outside Through Orifice
2. Discuss questions
2.1. Comment on factors affecting gas volume flow
If it is the choked flow, for a fixed upstream and temperature, the mass flow will
not increase with a further reduction in downstream ambient pressure.
The different sonic velocity of gas because of the different temperature of the tank
outlet leads to a minior impact on the volumetric flow rate.
2.2. Comment on factors affecting discharge coefficient Co
If it is the choked flow, the discharge coefficient will be almost constant. The
reason is that the gas sonic velocity and Reynolds number is not much difference at
different time.
By constrast, when the flow is not choked, the gas velocity and Reynolds number
change dramatically with time, which leads to differences in discharge coefficient.
1. Data processing
Parameters:
Experiment 1:
Fill water into the tank up to the liquid level 405 mm. Thus, initial liquid
height (liquid height above the hole) ho = 405 – 106 = 299 mm.
Figure 4. The graph plotting the relationship liquid height and time
Notes:
Value of Co deduced from equation (3) is determined such that sum of squares of
errors between experimental data and data calculated from equation (2) is minimum. Co
following method of least square parameter estimation is determined by using Excel
solver (the Excel file is provided to students). This value of Co is: 25.53
Preparing the graph plotting the relationship liquid height vs. time t for two sets of
data: i) experimental data, ii) data plotted from equation (3).
- Time te (the time for the vessel to empty to the level of the leak)
Fill water into the tank up to the liquid level 455 mm. Thus, initial liquid height
(liquid height above the hole) ho = 455 – 103,5 = 351,5 mm.
Table 4. Experimental results for experiment 2: Orifice plate 2, hole diameter d = 6mm
Average
Time t (second) liquid
Liquid
∆t ∆h height Qv
level h C0
(second) (mm) above the (m3/s)
(mm)
t1 t2 hole havg
(mm)
0 0 400 - - - - -
7.31 6.66 390 6.66 10 293 0.04717 22.0151
12.49 11.82 380 5.16 10 283 0.06088 28.9126
19.15 18.24 370 6.42 10 273 0.04893 23.6599
25.92 24.57 360 6.33 10 263 0.04963 24.4483
32.79 30.92 350 6.35 10 253 0.04947 24.8482
39.08 36.89 340 5.97 10 243 0.05262 26.9682
45.32 43.27 330 6.38 10 233 0.04924 25.7709
51.8 49.8 320 6.53 10 223 0.04811 25.7373
57.91 56.03 310 6.23 10 213 0.05043 27.6027
64.75 62.79 300 6.76 10 203 0.04647 26.0576
70.84 69.17 290 6.38 10 193 0.04924 28.3158
77.96 75.86 280 6.69 10 183 0.04696 27.7317
85.06 82.46 270 6.6 10 173 0.04760 28.9109
92.52 90.07 260 7.61 10 163 0.04128 25.8315
99.94 97.84 250 7.77 10 153 0.04043 26.1133
108.45 105.89 240 8.05 10 143 0.03903 26.0714
116.32 113.8 230 7.91 10 133 0.03972 27.5123
124.91 122.6 220 8.8 10 123 0.03570 25.7154
133.95 131.78 210 9.18 10 113 0.03422 25.7186
143.34 141.1 200 9.32 10 103 0.03371 26.5335
153.17 150.88 190 9.78 10 93 0.03212 26.6102
163.54 161.25 180 10.37 10 83 0.03029 26.5651
174.73 172.52 170 11.27 10 73 0.02788 26.0641
187.15 184.95 160 12.43 10 63 0.02527 25.4382
200.33 195.91 150 10.96 10 53 0.02866 31.4543
207.42 205.42 145 9.51 5 45.5 0.01652 19.5619
215.13 213.24 140 7.82 5 40.5 0.02009 25.2153
223.19 221.69 135 8.45 5 35.5 0.01859 24.9246
231.52 230.14 130 8.45 5 30.5 0.01859 26.8901
241.66 240.66 125 10.52 5 25.5 0.01493 23.6218
253.28 250.87 120 10.21 5 20.5 0.01538 27.1454
264.98 264.48 115 13.61 5 15.5 0.01154 23.4193
280.79 279.31 110 14.83 5 10.5 0.01059 26.1134
288.4 288.4 108 9.09 2 7 0.00691 20.8711
297.01 297.01 106 8.61 2 5 0.00730 26.0718
310.3 310.3 104 13.29 2 3 0.00473 21.8058
374.21 388.23 102 77.93 2 1 0.00081 6.44102
h L =hoL−
Co A
At √(
g P g
)
2 c g + g hoL t + ( (Co . A ) . t/ At )
ρ 2
2
The time t, for the vessel to empty to the level of the leak for t after setting hL = 0:
t e=
1
( )(√ (
At
Co . g A
2
gc P g
ρ )
o
+ g hL −
√ )
2 g c Pg
ρ
t e=
1
( )
At
Co . g A
¿
Then if the hole is actually 3 cm away from the wall of the vessel
Figure 7. Liquid flow through pipe
The Co will be effect by liquid flowing through a pipe. We will apply the 2-K
method:
1
C o=
√1+∑ K f
√1+∑ K
t e=
g
f
( AA ) √ 2( g h )
t o
L
We need the repetition of measurement data in order to create more accuracy for
the experiment. Such multiple measurements are carried out for each experimental unit
over time (as in a longitudinal study) or under multiple conditions.
In this experiment we should accept the value from experimental results. The
results we get from carrying out experiment is suitable because we can use the developed
novel experimental module under various conditions affecting the performance at that
moment. Meanwhile, results from least square method we just accept the data shows a
linear relationship between two variables, the line that best fits this linear relationship is
known as a least-squares regression line, which minimizes the vertical distance from the
data points to the regression line. The least square may cause errors if the R square
obtained doesn’t approach, so we should use least-square method when we don’t have
enough equipment and apparatuses to conduct experiments.
2.4. The diameter of the hole has significant impact on the value of Co? Why?
2.5. Which physical property of fluid has the strongest influence on Co and the
time for vessel to empty te ? If we replace water with a fluid that is more viscous such
as lubricant, Co and the time te increase or decrease?
Fluid flow in pipes is affected by three main physical factors: the viscosity,
density, and velocity of the fluid, changes in the fluid temperature will change the
viscosity and density of the fluid. However, the fluid density has the strongest influence
on Co and te due to the equation [4.5] and [4.20].
Therefore, if we replace water with a fluid that is more viscous such as lubricant,
Co and the time te will increase.