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CHARACTERISTIC:
Uhe term 'characteristic'means a quality possessed by an individual (i. e., object, item ofpopulation)
Height, weight, age etc. are characteristics.
In statistics, characteristics are of two kinds:
(a) Non-measurable characteristics' (attributes)
(b) Measurable 'characteristics (variables).
(a)Attributes: Attributes are the non-measurable characteristics which can not be numerically
expressed in tems of unit. These are
qualitative object.
 For example Religion, Nationality, Illiteracy etc.
(b) Variables: Variables are the measurable.characteristics which can be numerically expreSsed
in termsofsomeunit These are quantities which are capable of being measured by quantitauve
methods directly
For example-Height in inches, cm, weight in kg, pound, marks in examination etc
(n Diserete Variables (Discontinuous/meristic): There are the quantities which can be measured
in whole integral values. It does not take fractional value.
Example Number of books marks in examination.
(n Continuous Variables: These are quantities which can take any value in specified range. Ihus
it can take integral and fractional values both.
ExampleHeights, weights etc.
Discrete Variables:

Specimen No. Number of bristles in Drosophila

3
2 7
3 10
4 8
5. 6

Continuous Variable:

Specimen No. Body Weight of some crabs

1. 5.026 gram
2 3.732 gram
3 4.875 gram
4 3.781 gram
5. 6.023 gram
 able obtained b
Nalues of Variable of Frequency:
h e distinct observation is known as values of variable. The values
observed values or
observation.
is repeated
be
will be terme
tem
observations are termed as
the value
number of times
more than once, the
Ifa value repeats
qs frequency.
JFrequency Distribution: of variable arranged in orde
which shows the values
Distribution isa statistical table frequencies
side by side
cuency corresponding
either individually or in groups and also the
magnitude
of Frequency Distribution:
/Types
distribution:
There are two types of frequency
(a) Simple frequency distribution.
(b) Grouped frequency distribution. individually where as groun
the values of variable
Simple frequency distribution shows or intervals.
requency distribution shows the values of the variable in groups
Distribution
Table 2.1 Simple Frequency
Marks obtained (20)
Number of class test
14
13
15
12
14
12
11
8
Total 108
Table 2.2 Grouped Frequency Distribution
Age in years Frequency (No. of persons)
15-19 37
20-24 81
25-29 43
30-34 24
35-44
15-59
Total 200
10
 Pa 23,
/Objectives ofa frequency distribution
1. To facilitate the analysis of data
2. To estimate the frequencies of the population on the basis of
the so
3 To facilitate computation of various statistical measures.

Steps in the construction ofa frequency distribution or frequencV taki.

Various steps in the construction of a ble
frequency distribution arere
(1) Finding the range of valuesin the data: The
difference be
tween the largest and smallest observations in the
given data is found
out, it is known as the range. This is to decide how
be formed and what should be the interval of each
maDy classes are to
class etc.
(2) Takea decision about the number of classes: There is no
and fast rule hard
regarding the number of classes. Ordinarily a frequency
distribution should not contain than 20 (or 25) and not less than 6
more
(or 8) classes. An ideal number of classes for
any frequency distribution
should be that which gives maximum
information clearly. M. A Sturges
has suggested a formula by which the
number of classes can be found
out. Accordingly, number of
classes
=1 +3.22 log N (where N total number of
=

(3) Deciding the size of the class interval: observations)

The magnitude or size
of a class interval should
generally be in multiples of 5 or 10. As far as
possible the class interval should be
uniform throughout the distribu-
tion. When the range
between the observations divided by the number
of class intervals, we
get size of each class interval.
 B. 21

(4) Tally mark: The class

frequency is counted by making strokes
against each class interval on a sheet of
paper for each item falling in the
class intervals. The
tally works do not
a frequency distribution.
in
appear the final presentation of
A table is
finally prepared showing the class intervals in the first
column and the
corresponding class frequencies in second column.
General principles to be observed in the classification of data into a
frequency table. (Rules for constructing a frequency distribution)
It is difficult to
lay down any hard and fast rule for constructing a
frequency distribution. However the following general considerations
may be born in mind.
) The number of classes should be
preferably between 5 and 20. The
choice of classes basically
depends on (a) the number of figures to
be classified (b) the magnitude
of the figures (c) the details required
(d) convenience for further statistical work. Therefore depending
on items and details
required, the number of classes can be even
more than 20
2) As far as possible, the magnitude of class interval may be 5 or mul
tiples of 5, because such numbers are frequently used by all people.
3) The lower limit of the first class may be multiple of5. For
example,
if in a data, the lowest value is 23, then the first class can be 20 to 25
or 20-30 etc.
4) To ensure continuity exclusive type of class intervals will be more
adoptable. 20-30, 30-40 etc. are exclusive type while 20-29, 30-39
etc. are inclusive.
5) It is desirable to have equal magnitude for all classes like 20-30,
30-40, 40-50 and so on.
6 In a frequency table classes are shown in the first column and frequ-
encies are shown in the second column