ABSTRACT

Effective inventory management is a critical component of business operations, impacting

profitability, customer satisfaction, and overall efficiency. In response to the growing need for
streamlined inventory control, this project presents the development of a web-based inventory
management system. Leveraging the robust Laravel PHP framework for the backend,
MySQL for database management, and HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for the frontend, the
system offers a comprehensive and user-friendly solution for businesses of various sizes and
industries.
The system's architecture is designed to meet the evolving demands of modern inventory
management, providing tools for real-time monitoring, data entry, reporting, and seamless
integration with external systems. User authentication and access control measures ensure
data security and facilitate role-based permissions, allowing businesses to tailor access to
their specific operational requirements. Furthermore, the project emphasizes scalability and
adaptability, paving the way for future enhancements and integration with emerging
technologies. The successful implementation of this web-based inventory management
system marks a significant contribution to the field, offering businesses the means to optimize
inventory processes while ensuring data security and integrity. By embracing continuous
improvement, user training, and adaptability, the system is positioned to meet the dynamic
challenges of the business landscape, providing a valuable tool for efficient inventory
management and informed decision-making.

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
In today's fast-paced and highly competitive business environment, efficient inventory

management stands as a critical component for the success and sustainability of any

organization. Inventory, comprising raw materials, finished products, and various other

resources, represents a significant portion of a company's assets and capital investments

(Waters, 2018). Efficiently managing this inventory is pivotal for achieving operational

excellence, reducing costs, and meeting customer demands on time (Klein et al., 2016).

Traditionally, inventory management systems have relied on manual processes,

spreadsheets, or standalone software applications that often lead to inefficiencies,

inaccuracies, and increased operational costs. With the advent of web technologies and the

increasing prevalence of internet connectivity, businesses are recognizing the advantages of

transitioning towards web-based inventory management systems (Huang et al., 2017). These

systems leverage the power of the internet and modern software development techniques to

offer real-time, centralized, and collaborative solutions for inventory control, tracking, and

optimization

While these early systems represented significant advancements, they were often

expensive to implement and maintain due to the need for specialized hardware and software.

Additionally, they lacked the flexibility to adapt to rapidly changing market conditions and

lacked the real-time capabilities that modern businesses require (Fitzsimmons et al., 2005).

With the rise of the internet and the proliferation of web technologies, the landscape

of inventory management systems began to change dramatically. Businesses started

recognizing the potential of web-based systems to provide real-time access to inventory data,

facilitate collaboration among team members across geographical locations, and integrate

with other business-critical systems such as sales and procurement (Jain et al., 2019).

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1.1 Background of the Study
Inventory management is a critical aspect of business operations that has evolved

significantly over the years, driven by the need for efficiency, accuracy, and competitiveness

in the marketplace. In this context, we will delve into the background of the study, with a

specific focus on Priscy dynamic ventures, a prominent retail establishment located in Ado-

Ekiti, Nigeria, serving as our case study. Historically, inventory management was primarily

paper-based process, where businesses, including retail stores like Priscy dynamic ventures,

relied on handwritten records and manual counts to keep track of their stock levels. This

traditional approach had inherent limitations, including the propensity for errors, delays in

updating inventory information, and difficulties in forecasting demand accurately.

However, with the advent of computer technology and the proliferation of the

internet, the landscape of inventory management began to change. Businesses worldwide

recognized the potential of adopting more advanced and automated inventory management

systems to streamline their operations and gain a competitive edge (Heizer & Render, 2017).

This shift allowed organizations to transition from reactive inventory control to proactive

management, ensuring that products were available when needed, reducing carrying costs,

and minimizing the risk of stockouts or overstocking (Jacobs & Chase, 2017).

For Priscy dynamic ventures and similar retail establishments, the adoption of modern

inventory management solutions has become imperative in response to the growing

complexity of supply chains, changing consumer demands, and the need to maintain a

competitive edge (Chopra & Meindl, 2020). In Ado-Ekiti's vibrant and competitive retail

market, Priscy dynamic ventures, like many others, faces unique challenges, such as seasonal

fluctuations in demand, perishable goods management, and the need to optimize stock levels

for various product categories.

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 The case of Priscy dynamic ventures serves as an excellent example of the challenges

and opportunities that businesses encounter in their quest for effective inventory

management. By examining the specific needs and circumstances of Priscy dynamic ventures

and similar enterprises, this study aims to develop and implement a web-based inventory

management system tailored to the local retail environment. Such a system will not only

improve Priscy dynamic ventures's operational efficiency but also serve as a blueprint for

other retailers in Ado-Ekiti and beyond who seek to enhance their inventory management

practices.

1.2 Statements of the Problem

Inventory management is the biggest problem for Priscy dynamic ventures and other

Ado-Ekiti retailers. The manual and paper-based inventory management method used by

Priscy dynamic ventures is error-prone and inefficient for retail demands. This old method

makes stock management difficult, resulting in overstocking, capital tying up, or stockouts,

which can hurt sales and customer satisfaction. Like others in the region, Priscy dynamic

enterprises endures seasonal product demand fluctuations, making inventory forecasting and

resource allocation even more difficult. These obstacles prevent Priscy dynamic ventures

from maximising earnings, meeting customer expectations, and staying ahead in local retail.

Perishable goods management and freshness are logistical concerns for Priscy

dynamic initiatives in addition to stock levels and demand predictions. Stock rotation and

expiration date tracking errors can lead to product spoilage and financial losses. Lack of real-

time inventory and product movement insight hinders restocking, pricing, and order

management decisions. In the competitive Ado-Ekiti retail sector, Priscy dynamic enterprises

must provide excellent customer service and efficient inventory management to meet

consumer demand. To solve these problems and set a precedent for comparable firms looking

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to improve their operations in the local retail ecosystem, Priscy dynamic ventures must

update and optimise inventory management procedures.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this study is to develop and implement an efficient web-based inventory

management system tailored to the specific needs and challenges faced by Priscy dynamic

ventures.

The objectives of the study are to:

i. Investigate and analyze the existing system

ii. Design a new system according to the requirements.

iii. Implement the design in (ii).

1.4 Methodology

This study will attain its goals via an organised approach. The investigation will first

examine Priscy Dynamic Ventures' inventory management system. An detailed literature

research, data collecting from Priscy dynamic ventures' present practises, and a system

strengths and weaknesses analysis are done in this phase. Use the requirements to create a

new Inventory Management System (RIMS). UML with Visio will be used to construct

system architecture, entity-relationship, and workflow diagrams.

The RIMS will be implemented using PHP, Laravel for backend development, and

MySQL for database management. The development environment, backend functionality,

database structure, user interfaces, module integration, rigorous testing, and RIMS

deployment will be required for this implementation. Collaboration with Priscy dynamic

ventures team and stakeholders will be key throughout each phase to ensure the system

addresses identified difficulties and meets specific objectives.

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1.5 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the development and implementation of a web-based inventory

management system customized for Priscy dynamic ventures, a retail establishment situated

in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The scope encompasses the design and deployment of the system to

address Priscy dynamic ventures's specific challenges related to inventory control, demand

forecasting, perishable goods management, and real-time visibility into inventory data.

1.6 Contribution to Knowledge

The contribution of this study lies in providing a tailored and practical solution for

enhancing inventory management practices in the context of small and medium-sized retail

businesses, Nigeria. By developing and implementing a web-based inventory management

system specifically designed to address the unique challenges faced by Priscy dynamic

ventures, this research aims to offer a blueprint for improving operational efficiency,

minimizing inventory-related losses, and enhancing customer satisfaction within the local

retail landscape.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Comprehensive Overview

According to Microsoft Encarta (2019), Inventory is the quantity of goods and

materials on hand that a manufacturer uses to represent those items that are ready and

available for sale.

An inventory control system is a set of hardware and software-based tools that automate the

process of tracking inventory.

This chapter provides a critical review of the issues that are explored and studied

theoretically and empirically in the existing literature made by other scholars and

academicians on various subjects. Literature review covers knowledge of some of the

required system tracked with an inventory control system that can include almost any kind of

quantifiable goods including food, clothings, books, equipment and other items that

consumers, retailers, or wholesalers may purchase. Modern inventory control systems are

exclusively based on using technology to track and control inventory. (Kotler, 2023)

Inventory control systems work in real time using technology to transmit information to a

central computer system as inventory is monitored and as transactions occur to ensure an

organized management system and generate detail-oriented records and reports that cover all

aspects of the business. (Harry, 2015)

2.2 Manual Inventory Management System

Many small business owners, especially if the business has very few products, keep

track of inventory manually using a spreadsheet. Spreadsheets are set up to calculate when

products need to be reordered. At the start of each week, the owner manually counts products

and materials that are on hand and enters the values in the spreadsheet and also enters

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expected usage based on existing orders. Using the appropriate spreadsheet formulas, the

owner can determine if he has enough materials for the week or if purchases should be made.

Manual systems allow the small business owner to manage inventory with very little

investment in systems or training. Maintaining data integrity is a major downside to manual

inventory management as a single data entry or formula error can cause major inaccuracies in

the data output (Lysons, 2021)

2.3 Information Systems

Information system is an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and

processing data and for delivering information, knowledge, and digital products. Business

firms and other organizations rely on information systems to carry out and manage their

operations.

According to the journal Information Systems that published articles concerning the

design and implementation of languages, data models, process models, algorithms, software

and hardware for information systems. Information systems are the software and hardware

systems that support data-intensive applications.

2.3.1 Components of Information Systems

Input is anything we wish to embed in a system for some type of use. A variety of

sources are used to input: keyboard, scanner, microphone, mouse, even another computer.

What we input has a purpose - but until it is processed and generated in some form of output,

it doesn't do us much good. An example in this matter is Microsoft Excel, Printer etc.

Processing takes place in the internal parts of the computer. It is the act of taking inputted

data and converting it to something usable. Is the result of our input being processed by some

program so we can have usable output: for the system built it takes the stock filled in the

system and converts it to a report which becomes very useful to the top management.

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Output, or processed information in a usable format, comes in many different forms: monitor

or printer for visual work, a speaker for audio. Sometimes our output is shortterm, such as

printing a photo, and sometimes what we work on needs to be kept around for a while. That's

where storage comes in. In this case we can relate to a Customer Invoice, Sales report, Stock

report etc. found in the Automated Inventory Management system.

Storage is the term used to indicate we will be saving data for a period of time. We

store for many reasons: for future reference; to prevent full loss of data; because we forget to

purge. But, storage is vital. There are several mediums on which we can keep output and

processed data: a hard disk, a USB drive, a CD.

2.4 Warehouse management System

This is the management of storage of products and services rendered on the product within

the four walls of a warehouse. (Sande, 2023)

It is a key part of the supply chain and primarily aims to control the movement and storage of

materials within a warehouse and process the associated transactions including shipping,

receiving, put away and picking. It can be described as the legs at the end of the line that

automates the store, traffic and shipping management.

A warehouse management system (WMS) is a key part of the supply chain and primarily

aims to control the movement and storage of materials within a warehouse and process the

associated transactions, including shipping, receiving, putaway and picking.

A warehouse consists of area, equipment, items, devices and people. According to Microsoft

Encarta 2009, it is a large building or store in which goods, commodities, or raw materials are

stored. Within this warehouse, the processes of purchasing, receiving, put away, storage,

value added services, picking, packing and shipping are constantly taking place. To aid in this

endeavour, the use of Warehouse Management Systems have been introduced. It spans the

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areas of warehouse resource management, warehouse configuration, task management,

advanced pick methodologies and value added services. Warehouse Management Systems

optimize the material handling business processes for warehouses, manufacturing facilities

and distribution centres, as well as, providing integrated barcode scanning and label

generation to improve material transactions and advanced shipping process. (Gramaccioni,

2019)

A crucial part of a manufacturing organization’s supply chain inventory management

involves proper storage and transportation of products to a chain of retailers and wholesalers.

Poor supply chain inventory management could spell disaster for any company. The higher

the inventory investment as a percentage of total assets of a company, the higher the damage

caused by poor inventory control. To ensure that this does not happen, Warehouse

Management System uses a user defined rules engine coupled with its Advanced Task

Framework to ensure inventory accuracy.

Warehouse Management System can provide rules driven processes meaning that flexibility

meets needs without customizations. The rules driven processes eliminates customization,

can easily be changed or evolved, increases long-term flexibility, and accelerates

implementation. They are also supported for directed picking, directed putaway, task

assignment, costing and labelling. Through the rules engine, companies can enforce proper

work processes and employees interact with the system with instructions that are fed and

tasks that follow a predefined work process based on conditions found in the warehouse.

(Finchley, 2021)

Warehouse management system is not just managing within the boundaries of a

warehouse; it is much wider and goes beyond the physical boundaries. It acts as an interpreter

and message buffer between existing systems. It does not just start with receipt of products

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but with actual initial planning. It monitors the progress of products through the warehouse. It

uses the physical warehouse infrastructure, tracking systems and communication between

product stations to monitor and deal with receipt, storage and movement of normally finished

goods to intermediate storage locations or to a final customer. It helps in optimal cost of

timely order fulfilment by managing the resources economically. (Haywood, 2018)

Importance of Inventory Control Systems:

Inventory control systems acts as a blueprint for picking, packing and shipping items from a

warehouse and receiving items into a warehouse or other storage locations to cut down

product obsolescence and spoilage. (Monzerka, 2022)

Inventory control is important to ensure quality control in businesses that handle

transactions revolving around consumer goods. (Benson, 1999) Without proper inventory

control, a large retail store may run out of stock on an important item. A good inventory

control system will alert the retailer when it is time to reorder. Inventory control systems are

important means of automatically tracking large shipments.

An automated inventory control system helps to minimize the risk of error. In retail stores, an

inventory control system also helps track theft of retail merchandise, providing valuable

information about store profits and the need for theft-prevention systems.

The systems also direct and optimize stock putaway based on real-time information about the

status of bin utilization. A WMS monitors the progress of products through the warehouse. It

involves the physical warehouse infrastructure, tracking systems, and communication

between product stations,Piasecki, ( 2015).

More precisely, warehouse management involves the receipt, storage and movement of

goods, (normally finished goods), to intermediate storage locations or to a final customer.

Warehouse management systems often utilize automatic identification and data capture

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technology, such as barcode scanners, mobile computers, wireless LANs and potentially

radio-frequency identification (RFID) to efficiently monitor the flow of products. Once data

has been collected, there is either a batch synchronization with, or a real-time wireless

transmission to a central database. The database can then provide useful reports about the

status of goods in the warehouse.

The warehouse management system includes a logic management module for allowing the

suppliers and retailers to enter information; a data storage module for storing the information;

an information management module for synchronously updating the information to the data

storage module; and an information display module for synchronously displaying the

information on data processing devices. By the warehouse management system, integration

of warehouse management can be achieved, such that management efficiency and economic

benefits are enhanced.

General warehouses can be divided into several categories according to uses thereof,

including one in companies for storing goods of daily sales; one in factories for storing stock

materials and manufactured products for retailing; one referring to a large warehouse for

temporary storage of import/export goods for inspection in airports and the Customs; and one

referring to a specialized warehouse usually in an industrial or factory area for use with

companies nearby.

If the warehouse management is not proper, profits would become useless waste materials in

the warehouse; or if backup support is not sufficient enough, the business would become

outdated due to competition. Thus, materials represent money, and the warehouse represents

money storage, such that the warehouse management is considered critically important.

In the past, warehouse facilities were simple, and materials were simply categorized and

stored in the warehouse or on shelves and can be retrieved upon demand. Nowadays, along

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with the development of international trade and the growth in size of manufacturers, the

quantities and variation of types of incoming and output goods and materials are also

increased.

Many businesses have built large and automated warehouses with heavy costs so as to adjust

supply of raw materials and market fluctuation and prevent excess stocks that may hold up

capital and affect company operation as well as avoid lack of raw materials on the production

line, which may affect product output if being short of material stocks. Therefore, warehouse

management is a very important task nowadays. Duties of a traditional warehouse manager

include:

Checking if arriving materials and goods are consistent with order request forms, receipts and

other documents;

Inspecting whether the arriving materials and goods are damaged and if they comply to

correct specification, if any of the materials and goods is damaged or not correct in

specification, removing it from the stock, returning it to its shipping unit and ordering an

replacement to be delivered in a specified period;

Recording incoming and output materials and goods on cards or material books according to

their categories;

Deciding if the materials or goods should be stored in predetermined positions with specific

facilities according to their material properties, and making necessary marks and descriptions

for these specifically stored materials or goods;

After delivery of goods, applying for materials in need to maintain the stock level according

to regulations or self-experience;

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Running regular stocktaking to ensure the stocks complying with the records, and making

notes for reporting.

Thus, the duties of the warehouse manager appear to be simple, but they are considered as an

essential and important step in the overall trading activity. The procedures such as

stocktaking, receiving, delivery and management of incoming and output goods must be

planned in details and handled appropriately such that the trading activity can run smoothly.

However, along with the growth of computer and network technologies, the mode of

warehouse management has changed over the time.

The traditional mode of warehouse management is individual management, that is, the

business only manages its own warehouses by warehouse managers. Even if the business

builds a network warehouse management system, such system is only for internal use but not

connected to other businesses through a network.

This limits the application scope of warehouse management and subsequently affects revenue

returns for the business. And most of the warehouses are only used for storing goods and

performing simple search and stocktaking on the goods, and are not efficiently managed.

Therefore, the problem to be solved here is to integrate warehouse management systems of

related businesses and achieve information communication between the related businesses.

2.5 Electronic Document and Records Management System

Once a document achieves the status of a record, the organization may apply best

practice or legally enforced retention policies which state how the second half of the record

life-cycle will progress. This typically involves retention (and protection from change), until

some events occur which relate to the record and which trigger the final disposition schedule

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to apply to the record. Eventually, typically at a set time after these events, the record

undergoes destruction.

Micheal (2022) further explains that a document management system allows

predesignated users at remotely located computer-based systems to perform document

management. Components of the system include public data network, a publication facility, a

remote storage facility and a document manager computer-based system.

The document manager computer-based system, the publication facility, the remote storage

facility are all coupled to the computer-based systems used by the predesignated users over

the public data network. The system allows authorized users from remote locations to

perform secure document collaboration, share and archive documents, context index

documents, digitally notarize documents, electronically file documents and publish

documents.

2.6 Related Systems

Trade Gecko is a private Limited Company found in Singapore which currently uses a cloud-

based inventory management system platform empowering retailers and wholesalers. They

have currently integrated their system with Microsoft excel, QuickBooks and Amazon.

This vision implied that they are able to help businesses manage their sales and supply

chains through inventory control, customers are able to generate sales and purchase orders

and it also creates reports and track inventory through multiple warehouses. The previous

application process involved product filling paper-based application forms which it took a

long time to process. Their current system introduced a computerized system to ease the

pressure on Sales managers and Customers.

The new residence application system helped to eliminate the paper-based applications

thereby speeding up processing as details were being captured in the database. This

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helped to eliminate the delays caused by the sequential checking of each product in the store

for the availability of Stock.

The system also checks automatically for the available stock, the ones sold and tracks the

customers who bought them for transparencies within the business process to help accelerate

the Stock allocation process thus making it painless for the Stock and Sales managers for

ordering a particular quantity for storage. AIMS (Automated Inventory Management System)

was a system developed in order to advance from a manual way of doing things therefore

helping the researchers by learning from it since it the researchers was in the same scenario.

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture Inventory management system (JKUAIT) is a

system designed to help in the registration of food products in the warehouse and also to keep

track of the available Food products and the ones that have already been occupied. The

system also manages the warehouse infrastructure and keeps track of the stock of the

products and the ones sold to customers therefore enabling the effective management of the

warehouse. From this, the researchers have managed to learn more on keeping track of

available stock of food products therefore incorporating this knowledge into their research.

2.6.1 Challenges of the related systems

i. Denying unauthorized access to the system is very important. The secret here is to be

a head of potential hackers at all times in terms plugging all lope holes that they can

use to compromise the system.

ii. Automated management systems go a long way in challenging theft within the

company. Culprits always find all sorts of excuses’ not to use the system.

2.7 Advantages & Disadvantages of an Inventory Management System

As a business owner, you can choose to rely on traditional hand counting methods or

institute some form of computerized inventory control. (Conrad, 2011). Both approaches

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have their advantages and disadvantages, and it is important to weigh the relative advantages

carefully.

i. Speed and Efficiency: An inventory management system makes everything from

inputting information to taking inventory much easier. Doing a hand count of

inventory can take long, but with an inventory management system, the same process

can be done in a matter of hours. (McCarthy, 2020)

ii. Document Generation: Managers and workers can use the inventory management

system to automatically generate all kinds of documents, from purchase orders and

checks to invoices and account statements. (Osmanbegovic, 2010) Managers can also

use the inventory management system to automatically order products when they run

low. (Miller, 2015)

iii. Timely Data: When dealing with a manual system, the data is only as accurate and up

to date as the last hand count. With an inventory management system, the

management team can pull a report and instantly see how many units are on the floor,

how many have sold and which products are selling the fastest. (Grant, 2019)

iv. Reliance on Technology: With a computerized inventory management system, the

company is at the mercy of its technology. Outside factors like a power failure or the

loss of Internet or network connectivity can render the system temporarily useless.

(Rodgers, 2021)

v. Accuracy Issues: A computerized system alone does not ensure accuracy, and the

inventory data is only as good as the data entry that created it. Companies that plan to

use a computerized inventory management system need to have a system in place to

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 validate their data and check the numbers reported by the system. A select hand count

or targeted audit may be necessary to ensure the integrity of the system. (Schmidt,

2010)

vi. Risk of Fraud: Any computerized system carries the risk of intrusion, and with an

inventory management system comes the risk of fraud as well. A dishonest supplier

could hack the system to receive payment for products never delivered, or a dishonest

employee could redirect checks to themselves. (Catfolis, 2008)

2.8 Technology and Tools in Inventory Management

In the modern restaurant industry, technology and specialized tools have become

indispensable for effective inventory management. Leveraging the right technology and tools

can significantly enhance efficiency, accuracy, and profitability. Here, we explore the key

elements of technology and tools used in inventory management systems for restaurants

(Smith, 2018; Gupta, 2021).

i. Database Management Systems (DBMS): Central to any Restaurant Inventory

Management System (RIMS) is a robust Database Management System, such as

MySQL or PostgreSQL. These systems store and organize data related to inventory

items, suppliers, orders, and historical records (Johnson, 2020). A well-structured

database allows for efficient data retrieval, updates, and reporting, providing a solid

foundation for inventory control.

ii. Software Development Frameworks: RIMS development often relies on software

development frameworks to streamline the creation of backend functionalities. PHP,

along with frameworks like Laravel, is commonly used for web-based RIMS (Smith,

2018). These frameworks offer pre-built modules and libraries, accelerating the

development process and ensuring a secure and stable system.

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iii. User Interface Design Tools: User interfaces in RIMS are critical for restaurant staff

who interact with the system. Design tools, such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, are

employed to create intuitive and user-friendly interfaces (Gupta, 2021). Well-designed

interfaces simplify tasks such as inventory tracking, order placement, and reporting,

ultimately improving user adoption and efficiency.

iv. Mobile Applications: Mobile applications have become increasingly valuable in

inventory management. Restaurants can develop dedicated mobile apps for staff to

perform inventory-related tasks on smartphones and tablets (Parker, 2019). These

apps provide real-time access to inventory data, allowing for on-the-go order

placements, stock level checks, and data input.

v. Integration Options: Effective RIMS often integrate with other systems to

streamline operations further. Integration with point-of-sale (POS) systems, for

example, allows for seamless order creation and inventory updates as orders are

placed (Harrison, 2018). Integration with accounting software simplifies financial

tracking and reporting.

vi. Barcoding and Scanning Tools: Barcoding and scanning tools enhance accuracy and

speed in inventory management. Barcodes can be assigned to each inventory item,

and handheld barcode scanners or mobile devices can be used to track item movement

(Brown, 2019). This reduces manual data entry errors and simplifies the tracking

process.

vii. Cloud-Based Solutions: Cloud-based RIMS are becoming increasingly popular due

to their accessibility and scalability (Davis, 2017). These systems store data in the

cloud, enabling real-time access from multiple locations and devices. Cloud solutions

also eliminate the need for complex on-premises server infrastructure.

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viii. Regulatory Compliance and Reporting Tools: For restaurants dealing with strict

regulatory requirements, inventory management tools that assist with compliance and

reporting are essential. These tools help in tracking and documenting compliance with

food safety, labeling, and traceability regulations (Anderson, 2019).

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 CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Design and Implementation Approach

After reviewing the literature study in the previous chapter, this section will discuss

the project's planning phase and approach. The applicable model describes and determines the

subtopics. Methodology is the process of identifying the project's objectives and developing

the policies, processes, and programs required to achieve them. It includes planning, cost

estimation, project administration, leadership styles, and conflict management. Planning a

project is crucial since it can minimize or reduce uncertainty, increase the operation's

efficiency, provide a better knowledge of the objectives, etc.

3.2 Research Design

This pertains to the precise methods adopted for acquiring and analysing the data

required to identify or solve the problem being investigated. The scope of this study includes

Priscy Dynamic Ventures in the state of Lagos. The objective of the research methodology is

to provide an overview of the methodologies utilized in this study. In addition, it specifies the

system development life cycle (SDLC) for system development. The research approach

described here is based on the methods used to collect data on the real-world situation

involving online retail chain stores and to identify system requirements. From the analytical

study, comprehension of the researched material and questionnaire analysis will dictate the

first system needs. For SDLC, the v model serves as the approach. Following the completion

of the first requirements, the following step is system design, followed by coding and testing.

3.2.1 Research Technique

There are many techniques used to collect data. The techniques used to collect data for this

research are as follows:

• Literature review.

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• Survey (questionnaire).

• Brainstorming.

• E-mail, i.e. send email to a manager in retail chain stores.

3.2.1.1 Literature Review

As was mentioned in chapter 2, the systems were reviewed in order to determine similar

features and functionalities. The features and importance of the systems have been

summarized and can be seen in chapter 2.

3.2.1.2 Research survey

Utilizing survey questionnaires to acquire quantitative descriptions of what businesses

and customers possess and require. The surveys are structured to collect information on

enterprises with stock management systems and clients that shop at the supermarket.

3.2.2 Research Approach

The works begin with finding the information about the project. This is where the

research problems are identified. In this project, need to identify the databases that need to

use in this inventory and design the form for an application. It has been the problems that

need to be solved.

The works continues with the literature reviews on comparing database between SQL

and Microsoft Office Access and comparing between Software developer JAVA or Visual

basic. This is important for the researcher to understand the fundamental concept and

operations carried out.

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 Fig. 3.1: Process for software development

3.3 Data Collection

This task was accomplished by collecting materials from various sources. I conducted oral

interviews with stakeholders and potential users of similar systems, which was one of the

most significant sources of data.

The internet was an additional source that presented me with a lot of information that I used

to study crucial topics. Some websites are willing to supply important inventory management

information.

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3.3.1 Primary Source

This entails conducting oral interviews with workers from several supermarkets in

Lagos, examining and discussing their experiences with the challenges they face when

utilizing the manual inventory management method.

3.3.2 Secondary Source

This includes the use of journals, dictionaries, electronic books and internet

downloads to collect data and comprehension of the system.

3.3.3 Observation Method

This covers my personal visit to various supermarkets in Lagos during their working

hour and I observed that their warehouse looked disorganized, the queue of retailers waiting

to be attended to and the difficulties faced by the staffs in service delivery.

3.4 Development Life Cycle of Priscy Dynamic Ventures

From the case study, every system has its own model to develop the system. Some

developers use Prototyping model, Spiral model and so on. Priscy dynamic ventures is

designed using V Model because of it is simple and easy to use, each phase has specific

deliverables, higher chance of success over the waterfall model due to the early development

of test plans during the life cycle, works well for small projects where requirements are easily

understood and so on.

3.4.1 Analysis of the Existing System

Throughout the years, the present system has been manually operated, and all

inventory management procedures have been performed manually. An examination of this

system reveals that it is error-prone and that its records are erroneous. A staff member

attempting to log sales while running back to attend to a line of eager customers is an

illustration. This causes the place to be so congested with customers that only one employee

can serve them. Due to the unavailability of personnel, customers who have other obligations

24
may miss their numerous appointments. While a result, it is extremely difficult for the

attendants to keep an exact record as pressure is applied to him. The attendant may

mistakenly write a customer's order and have it delivered to the wrong individual. Chino

Supermarket has legally adopted the manual approach, which has resulted in inadequate cords

and bad management for the company, resulting in the potential loss of customers.

3.5. File Design

The operational data base is designed below using the format of the INS.DBD. The

design is made to accommodate, database design, representation, character type, field size

and decimal where necessary.

3.6 Database Design

In this phase, the researchers focused on defining the data and constraints about the

key entities, it involves identifying who are the entities, what data is stored about the entities

and which fields about the entities are unique (primary keys) in designing the database for

Inventory Management system.

3.6.1 Logical Design

Table 3.1: Structure of the product table

Field Name Data Type

ProductCode Text

ProductName Text

Category Text

Weight Text

Price Number

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Table 3.2 shows Structure of the ordered product table

Field Name Data Type

OrderNo Text

ProductCode Text

ProductName Text

Weight Text

Price Number

Cartons Number

Packets Number

TotalPackets Number

TotalAmount Number

Table 3.3 Shows Structure of customer table

Field Name Data Type

B_name Text

B_address Text

B_landmark Text

B_city Text

B_state Text

B_zipcode Text

S_name Text

S_address Text

S_landmark Text

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S_city Text

S_state Text

S_zipcode Text

Table 3.4 Structure of Stock Table

Field Name Data Type

StockID Text

ProductName Text

Category Text

Weight Text

StockDate Date/Time

Cartons Number

Packets Number

TotalPackets Number

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Table 3.5 Shows the Structure of Inventory category table

Field Name Data Type

CategoryID Text

CategoryName Text

Table 3.6 shows Structure of registration table

Field Name Data Type

Username Text

User_Password Text

ContactNo Text

Table 3.7 shows Structure of user table

Field Name Data Type

UserName(PK) Text

User_Password Text

3.7 System Design

The Automated Inventory Management System design consists of such elements as

the architecture, modules and components, the different interfaces of those components and

the data that goes through that system.

It is meant to satisfy specific needs and requirements of a business or organization through

the engineering of a coherent and well-running system.

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3.7.1 System Modelling

In System modelling, systems need to be accepted by users, by having a user-friendly

interface and the system itself should be functioning. In this study the researchers used a User

case as a model approach. The diagram below shows the users of the system and their roles

on the system.

Users/Admin

Add products and stock

Inventory
Place Order for Products available
Management system

Customers
Figure 3.1 Context Diagram
Sell the products available

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3.7.2 Context Diagram

Level 0 Data flow diagram

Administrator/users Login Process

Login successful

Login failed
Checking
Process
Product details
After login
Product Data
Entry After login
Category Stored
Entry

After login
Customer details

Customer Entry
Data Stored
After login Data
Data Stock Entry
Category details Stored
Entry

Data
Data
Stored
Entry
Stock Details
Data
Entry
Administ rator/Users

Figure 3.2 Level 0 Data Flow Diagram

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3.7.3 Entity relationship diagram

The ERD below illustrates all the entities with their relations and associated attributes to

make up the Inventory Management system.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
4.1 System Implementation

In this section, an in-depth exploration of the system's implementation, which

involved utilizing Laravel and MySQL for the backend development, and HTML, CSS, and

JavaScript for the frontend. The choice of these technologies was driven by their well-

established industry standards and their capacity to deliver a robust and responsive inventory

management system.

4.1.1 Development Environment Setup

A. Laravel Backend Development

Laravel, a PHP web application framework, was chosen for the backend development due to

its simplicity and elegance, offering a range of features that expedite development, including

an expressive syntax, well-structured codebase, and powerful tools for routing,

authentication, and database interactions.

The development environment for Laravel included:

1. PHP: PHP was utilized as the server-side scripting language, which Laravel is built

upon. PHP's ubiquity, extensive library support, and seamless integration with

databases made it an ideal choice.

2. Composer: Composer, a PHP dependency manager, was employed to streamline

package management and ensure that the required packages and libraries were easily

accessible.

3. MySQL Database: For data storage, a MySQL database was chosen as a robust

relational database management system. A normalized database schema was designed

to efficiently store inventory data, user information, and system configurations.

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B. Frontend Development

The frontend was developed using a combination of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. This

approach enabled the creation of an intuitive and responsive user interface that facilitated

efficient data entry and retrieval.

The frontend development environment included:

1. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): HTML was used for structuring the web

pages and creating the necessary forms for user interaction. It allowed the definition

of the layout and content of the web application.

2. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): CSS played a pivotal role in enhancing the visual

appeal and layout of the system. Responsive design principles were applied to ensure

the system was accessible and user-friendly on various devices.

3. JavaScript: JavaScript was employed to add interactivity to the web application. It

enabled dynamic features such as real-time data updates, client-side validation, and

asynchronous communication with the server.

Figure 4.1: Login Page

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Figure 4.1 depicts the Login Page of the web-based stock and inventory management

application. This page serves as the primary entry point for authorized users, providing a

secure gateway to access the system's extensive features. The Login Page features two

essential input fields: the Username Field, where users enter their unique usernames or email

addresses for identification, and the Password Field, designed for securely inputting the user's

password. Additionally, a "Login" button is prominently displayed, allowing users to initiate

the login process after entering their credentials.

Figure 4.2: New User Registration Page

Figure 4.2 illustrates the New User Registration Page, a vital component of the web-based

stock and inventory management application. This page facilitates the onboarding of new

users by collecting essential information, including a chosen username, email address, phone

34
number, password, and associated company details. Users can securely enter these details,

which are then used to create their accounts, enabling access to the system's comprehensive

inventory management features. The registration page streamlines the process of joining the

platform, ensuring efficient user account creation while maintaining data security and user

privacy.

Figure 4.3: Application Dashboard for Admin

Figure 4.3 provides a snapshot of the Application Dashboard tailored for administrators,

offering a comprehensive and centralized control hub for managing inventory and

supermarket operations. This dynamic and information-rich interface empowers

administrators with access to a plethora of features, including inventory tracking, product

management, sales analytics, user account administration, and superstore management tools.

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 Figure 4.4: Add Category Page

Figure 4.4 illustrates the "Add Category" page within the web-based inventory management

system app. The interface is designed to facilitate the seamless inclusion of new product

categories into the system. The page likely features input fields for essential category

information, such as name, description, and possibly an image upload option for visual

identification. User-friendly elements such as buttons and forms are likely present to

streamline the process, and the design adheres to the overall aesthetics of the inventory

management system for consistency.

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 Figure 4.5: Add Adjustment Page

Figure 4.5 illustrates the "Add Adjustment" page within the Web-based inventory

management system app. The interface is designed with user-friendly features, allowing

seamless entry of inventory adjustments. The page incorporates intuitive input fields, such as

product identification, quantity adjustments, and reason codes, facilitating efficient data entry.

37
 Figure 4.6: Add Sales Page

Figure 4.6 illustrates the "Add Sale Page" within the web-based inventory management

system application. The interface prominently features a user-friendly design, providing a

seamless experience for users to input and track sales transactions. The page likely includes

fields for essential information such as product details, quantity, customer information, and

transaction date. Intuitive buttons and dropdowns facilitate the addition of new sales,

ensuring efficiency and accuracy in recording transactions.

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 Figure 4.7: Add User

Figure 4.7 illustrates the Add User Page within the Web-based inventory management system

app, offering a user-friendly interface for seamlessly incorporating new users into the system.

4.1.2 Coding and Programming

Laravel Backend: The core logic of the system was implemented in PHP using Laravel. The

codebase followed the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern, promoting a

clear separation of concerns. Key features were modularized to enhance code maintainability,

reusability, and testability.

The Laravel codebase included:

i. Controllers: Laravel controllers were used to handle HTTP requests, routing, and

business logic. Each major component of the system, such as inventory management,

user management, and reporting, had its dedicated controller.

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 ii. Models: Eloquent, Laravel's built-in ORM (Object-Relational Mapping), facilitated

database interactions. Models were created to represent data structures and manage

relationships between database tables.

iii. Views: Blade, Laravel's templating engine, was used for rendering views. User-

friendly interfaces were designed that interacted seamlessly with the backend.

iv. Middleware: Middleware played a crucial role in enforcing security and

authentication measures. Middleware was implemented to authenticate users, manage

access control, and secure the system from potential threats.

Frontend Development

HTML, CSS, and JavaScript were instrumental in creating an engaging and responsive user

interface. The coding process involved:

i. HTML Templates: HTML templates were crafted for various pages, ensuring a

consistent and structured layout. Forms were designed for data input, validation, and

submission.

ii. CSS Stylesheets: CSS was applied to define the visual aspects of the system.

Responsive design principles were adopted to ensure the web application adapted to

different screen sizes.

iii. JavaScript Functionality: JavaScript was employed to add dynamic behaviour to the

web application. This included client-side validation, AJAX requests for seamless

data retrieval, and real-time updates on inventory status.

4.1.3 Database Integration

The database integration was a critical aspect of the system's implementation. A well-

structured MySQL database was created to store and manage inventory data efficiently. The

40
design adhered to principles of normalization to eliminate redundancy and ensure data

integrity.

Key elements of the database integration included:

i. Database Schema: A comprehensive schema was designed that encompassed tables

for inventory items, users, suppliers, orders, and other relevant entities. Relationships

and constraints were defined to maintain data accuracy.

ii. Eloquent Models: In Laravel, Eloquent models were created to represent database

tables. These models interacted seamlessly with the database, allowing for easy data

retrieval, manipulation, and validation.

iii. Database Seeding: A database seeding mechanism was implemented to populate the

database with sample data for testing and demonstration purposes.

iv. Data Migration: Laravel's migration system was employed to manage and version

the database schema. This facilitated updates and changes to the database structure as

the project evolved.

4.1.4 Security Measures

Security was a top priority in the system's implementation. Various security measures were

implemented to protect the system and its data:

i. User Authentication: Laravel's built-in authentication system was used to ensure that

only authorized users could access the system. Passwords were hashed and stored

securely.

ii. Access Control Lists (ACL): An ACL system was created to manage user roles and

permissions. This allowed control over who could perform specific actions, such as

adding, editing, or deleting inventory items.

41
 iii. Data Validation: Data submitted by users was rigorously validated to prevent

common security vulnerabilities like SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS).

iv. HTTPS: Secure communication was ensured by using HTTPS, which encrypted data

transmitted between the client and server.

v. Session Management: Laravel's session management features were employed to

secure user sessions and mitigate session-related vulnerabilities.

4.1.5 User Authentication and Access Control

User authentication and access control were key components of the system to protect

sensitive inventory data and ensure that the right personnel could access specific features.

The following were implemented:

i. User Registration: Users could register with the system, providing necessary

information. Upon registration, a confirmation email was sent to verify their identity.

ii. Login and Logout: Users were able to log in using their credentials. A secure session

management system ensured that sessions were terminated after a certain period of

inactivity or upon logout.

iii. User Roles: Roles such as "Admin," "Manager," and "Clerk" were defined to

categorize users based on their responsibilities. Each role had distinct privileges and

restrictions within the system.

iv. Access Control Lists (ACL): An ACL system was implemented to associate specific

permissions with user roles. For example, an "Admin" could access all system

features, while a "Clerk" had limited access.

4.1.6 Integration with External Systems

Inventory management often requires integration with other systems to streamline operations.

Seamless integration was ensured with the following external systems:

42
 i. Supplier Integration: The system integrated with suppliers' systems to receive real-

time updates on product availability and pricing. This allowed for efficient

procurement.

ii. Sales and Accounting Systems: Data from the inventory management system was

integrated with the sales and accounting systems, enabling automated invoicing,

financial tracking, and sales reporting.

iii. APIs and Web Services: Custom APIs and web services were developed to facilitate

communication and data exchange with external systems. These APIs adhered to

industry-standard protocols and security measures.

4.2 System Requirement

4.2.1 Hardware Requirements

i. Server Hardware: The system requires a server with sufficient computing power,

including a multi-core processor, ample RAM, and storage capacity to host the web

application, handle database operations, and accommodate potential user loads.

ii. Network Infrastructure: A reliable internet connection with adequate bandwidth is

essential to ensure seamless data transmission between the server and clients. High-

speed, low-latency connections will optimize user experience.

iii. Data Backup and Redundancy: Implementing a robust data backup system, which

includes redundant storage devices and a backup power source, is crucial to prevent

data loss and system downtime in case of hardware failures.

iv. Security Hardware: The server should be equipped with security hardware such as

firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and encryption hardware to safeguard sensitive

inventory and user data from external threats.

43
 v. Client Devices: End-users should have access to devices with standard web browsers

and network connectivity. The system should be designed to be responsive, ensuring

compatibility with various screen sizes and resolutions.

4.2.2 Software Requirements

i. Operating System (OS): The server should run a stable and secure operating system,

such as Linux (e.g., Ubuntu, CentOS) or Windows Server, depending on your team's

expertise and specific software requirements.

ii. Web Server Software: A web server software, like Apache, Nginx, is necessary to

serve web pages, manage HTTP requests, and execute server-side scripts.

iii. Database Management System: The backend was integrated with a relational

database management system (RDBMS), such as MySQL to store and manage

inventory data securely.

iv. Programming Framework: The web application was developed using a suitable

programming framework which is Laravel (PHP) framework that ensures efficient

coding and scalability.

v. Frontend Technologies: The frontend should be built using HTML, CSS, and

JavaScript, with compatibility for modern web browsers. Utilizing responsive design

frameworks (e.g., Bootstrap).

44
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion

In conclusion, the development of our web-based inventory management system

using Laravel for the backend and MySQL for the database, along with HTML, CSS, and

JavaScript for the frontend, has successfully addressed the complex challenges in inventory

management. This project was undertaken with the primary goal of streamlining and

optimizing inventory processes for businesses. The robust implementation of the system has

provided a user-friendly interface for efficient data entry, retrieval, and real-time monitoring

of inventory items.

The use of Laravel, a powerful and well-structured PHP framework, allowed for a

seamless integration of features and functionalities, while MySQL ensured secure and

efficient data management. HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, employed for the frontend, created

an intuitive user experience, making data handling and reporting accessible to users across

various devices.

The system's security measures, including user authentication, access control, and

data validation, have been rigorously implemented to safeguard sensitive information.

Integration with external systems, such as suppliers' databases and accounting systems, has

enabled businesses to streamline their operations and achieve a higher level of efficiency.

In this project, I have not only successfully met the initial objectives but have also laid

the foundation for future enhancements and adaptations to changing business needs. The

toolset and technologies chosen for implementation have proven their efficacy, and the

system's performance has been rigorously tested, offering a robust solution for modern

inventory management challenges.

45
 The project's success represents a significant contribution to the field of inventory

management, and we anticipate its practical impact on businesses looking to optimize their

inventory processes while maintaining data security and integrity. As technology continues to

advance, our web-based inventory management system stands ready to adapt and evolve,

serving as a valuable tool for businesses in a dynamic and competitive environment.

5.2 Recommendations

The below are the recommendations for the web-based inventory management system

project:

a) Continuous Monitoring and Enhancement: It is recommended that the developed

web-based inventory management system undergo continuous monitoring and

enhancement. Regular updates should be made to address emerging security threats,

improve system performance, and adapt to evolving business requirements.

Continuous monitoring will help identify potential vulnerabilities, ensuring that

security measures remain robust.

b) User Training and Documentation: To maximize the benefits of the inventory

management system, user training and comprehensive documentation are crucial.

Providing training sessions for users, especially new employees, will ensure that they

can effectively utilize the system's features. Additionally, detailed user manuals and

online documentation should be made available to guide users through various system

functionalities.

c) Scalability and Integration: As businesses expand and evolve, the inventory

management system must scale accordingly. It is recommended to design the system

with scalability in mind, allowing for the addition of new features and

accommodating a growing database of products and transactions. Additionally, further

46
 integration with external systems, such as more advanced supplier and sales

platforms, can enhance efficiency. Considering the possibility of integrating with

emerging technologies like RFID, IoT devices, or machine learning for predictive

inventory analysis should also be part of the long-term plan.

In conclusion, these recommendations are essential for ensuring the long-term success and

effectiveness of the web-based inventory management system. By focusing on continuous

improvement, user empowerment, and adaptability, the system will remain a valuable tool for

businesses seeking to optimize their inventory management processes and stay competitive in

a dynamic market.

47
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