BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS

APPLICATIONS
Session 2023-2024
NAME- SHUBHAM NITIN SHINDE
CLASS - 12TH CBSE SCI
ROLL NO-
SUBJECT- BIOLOGY
SUBMITTED TO- MR.DHANRAJ GHORPADE
 CERTIFICATE
This project “biotechnology and its application” has been succeassfuly completed Mr.SHUBHAM
SHINDE
Studing in PODAR INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,SATARA class XII CBSE [SCIENCE (biology)] ROLL NO.
During the year 2023-2024.
Teacher’s Signature Principal’s Signature

Examiner collage

External examiner Internal examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success an final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this all
along the completion of my project work.I would like to express my special thanks
of gratitude to my teacher Mr.Dhanraj Ghorpade, who gave me golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project on “Biotechnology and its Application”. I am very
excited to work on this project based on the Father of our nation.I am also thankful
to Mr.Sunil Singh Rawat the Principal of Podar International School, Satara for his
constant support, guidance an encouragement.I would also like to thank my
family and friends invaluable support, advice and love which helped me to do this
project within the given time frame.
.
INDEX
1. Introduction

2. Gandhian philosophy

3. Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Indigo

4. Conclusion
 INTODUCTION
• The Indigo Revolt also known as The Neel Bidroha was a peasant movement against the exploitative
practices of Indigo planters.The tenants were forced to grow indigo, which was purchased from them at
throwaway prices and processed in factories set up by indigo planters, almost all of whom were Europeans.
The peasants were naturally enraged by this.The 1770s saw the start of indigo cultivation in Bengal. Due to
the demand for blue dye in Europe at this time, indigo was becoming more and more commercially profitable
due to increasing demand caused by Industrial Revolution in Britain. On their own lands, peasants were
persuaded to plant indigo rather than food crops by indigo planters. They were offered loans at exorbitant
interest rates. However, peasants were paid a very small percentage of the actual market price. This made
indigo cultivation unprofitable
.
• the planters. As a result, they were unable to repay the loans. The indigo planters forced the peasants to pay
their debts by confiscating their lands, animals, bees, and other valuables.Through a law passed in 1833, the
planters were given complete discretion in how they handled the peasants. The zamindars backed the
planters because they also stood to gain from indigo farming. Peasants revolted in response to these
conditions.Red is supposedly the colour of revolution but it can be blue at times. Thousands of ryots
(peasants) in Bengal refused to grow indigo for the European planters (owners of land and indigo factories)
during the summer of 1859. It was an act motivated by rage and unyielding resolve. Indigo Revolt became
one of the greatest peasant movements that shook the colonialgovernment
 GANDHIAN PHILOSOPHY
Mohandas KaramChand Gandhi also called as Mahatma Gandhi and fondly known as Bapu, The Father of our Nation played
the most crucial role in Indigo Revolt (Bengal). Gandhian philosophy is a set of religious and social ideas adopted and
developed by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhian philosophy is not only simultaneously political, moral and religious, it is also
traditional and modern, simple and complex. It embodies numerous Western influences to which Gandhiji was exposed, but
is rooted in ancient Indian culture harnessing universal moral & religious principles. base of Gandhian philosophy is the
spiritual or religious component. He was a firm believer in God.He was also a believer in humanity.He believed that human
nature is good. He considered all people
Truth is the relative truth of truthfulness in word and deed, and the absolute truth - the ultimate reality. This ultimate truth is
God (as God is also Truth) and morality - the moral laws and code - its basis. Nonviolence, far from meaning mere peacefulness
or the absence of overt violence, is understood by Mahatma Gandhi to denote active love - the pole opposite of violence, in
every sense. Nonviolence or love is regarded as the highest law of human kind.Satyagraha: Gandhi ji called his overall method
of nonviolent action Satyagraha. It means the exercise of the purest soul-force against all injustice, oppression and exploitation.
Sarvodaya- Sarvodaya is a term meaning 'Universal Uplift' or 'Progress of All'. The term was first coined by Gandhi ji as the title
of his translation of John Ruskin's tract on political economy, "Unto This Last". Swaraj- Although the word swaraj means self-
rule, Gandhi ji gave it the content of an integral revolution that encompasses all spheres of life. Trusteeship- Trusteeship is
a socio-economic philosophy that was propounded by Gandhi ji. It provides a means by which the wealthy people would be the
trustees of trusts that looked.
 ROLE OF MAHATMA GANDHI IN INDIGO
REVOLT
• The European planters were destroying the productivity of the land which was the main reason for the
protest. Mahatma Gandhi was invited by some of the peasants to look after their misery. Gandhiji accepted
an invitation and started a mass movement after seeing the plight of the indigo cultivators.Indigo was in high
demand worldwide. Trade in indigo was lucrative due to the demand for blue dye.European planters enjoyed
a monopoly over indigo and they forced Indian farmers to grow indigo by signing fraudulent deals with
them.They were advanced loans for this purpose. Once the farmers took loans, they could never repay it due
to the high rates of interest.The tax rates were also exorbitant.The farmers were brutally oppressed if they
could not pay the rent or refused to do as asked by the p as to maximize the European planters’ profits.
The European planters were destroying the productivity of the land which was the main reason for the protest. Mahatma
Gandhi was invited by some of the peasants to look after their misery. Gandhiji accepted an invitation and started a mass
movement after seeing the plight of the indigo cultivators.Indigo was in high demand worldwide. Trade in indigo was lucrative
due to the demand for blue dye.European planters enjoyed a monopoly over indigo and they forced Indian farmers to grow
indigo by signing fraudulent deals with them.They were advanced loans for this purpose. Once the farmers took loans, they
could never repay it due to the high rates of interest.The tax rates were also exorbitant.The farmers were brutally oppressed if
they could not pay the rent or refused to do as asked by the planters.They were forced to sell indigo at non-profitable rates so as
to maximize the European planters’ profits.If a farmer refused to grow indigo and planted paddy instead, the planters resorted
to illegal means to get the farmer to grow indigo such as looting and burning crops, kidnapping the farmer’s family members,
etc.
The government always supported the planters who enjoyed many privileges and judicial immunities.In Champaran,
Englishmen owned most of the arable land and the Indian tenants worked on them. The older sharecropping system required
the tenants to grow indigo, a major commercial crop, on 15 percent of their landholdings and give the indigo harvest as rent to
British. However, on hearing about the German synthetic indigo, the British decided to draw a new agreement with peasants.
According to this new agreement, the Indian tenants had to pay a certain amount as compensation for being freed from the 15
percent arrangement. Though peasants had signed the new agreement, on hearing about German synthetic indigo, peasants
felt betrayed and began fighting the sharecropping arrangement. In Champaran, while fighting a case filed against him by
authorities, for disobeying an official order to leave Champaran, Gandhiji began strategizing with a team of lawyers, who came
to Champaran to help Gandhiji. They began recording statements of peasants about the injustices perpetrated on them by
planters and succeeded in getting farmers some amount of money as a refund from landlords. By disobeying the orders from
British, and continuous strategizing with lawyers to build a case in support of peasants, Gandhiji solved the problem of
indigo cultivators. He launched the first satyagraha movement in India in order to fight against the injustice meted out to the
peasants of Champaran.
The novel method of Satyagraha was to be deployed with great effect in Champaran and is considered a historically
important rebellion in the Indian freedom struggle..
freedom struggle..On his arrival the District Magistrate served him with a notice saying g that he was not to remain in the
district of Champaran but must leave the place by the first available train.Gandhi disobeyed this order. He was summoned to
appear before the court.The magistrate said, 'If you leave the district now and promise not to return, the case against you
will be withdrawn.’
This cannot be.' replied Gandhi. 'I came here to render humanitation and national service. I shall make Champaran my home
and work for the suffering people.'A large crowd of peasants was outside the court shouting slogans.
Magistrate and the police looked nervous. Then Gandhi said, 'I shall help you to calm these people if I can speak to
them.'Gandhi appeared before the crowd and said, 'You must show your faith in me and in my work by remaining quiet.
The magistrate had the right to arrest me, because I disobeyed his order. If I am sent to jail, you must accept that as just. We
must work peacefully. And violent act will harm out cause.'The crowd dispersed peacefully. The police stared at Gandhi in
admiration as he went inside the court.The Government withdrew the case against Gandhi and allowed him to remain in the
district. Gandhi stayed there to study the grievances of the peasants.He visited many villages. He cross-examined about 8,000
cultivators and recorded their statements. In this way he arrived at an exact understanding of their grievance and the causes
underlying them.He came to the conclusion that the ignorance of the cultivators was one of the main reasons why it was
possible for the European planters to repress them. Gandhi therefore set up voluntary organizations to improve the economic
and educational conditions of the people. They opened schools and also taught the people how to improve sanitation. The
government realized Gandhi's strength and his devotion to causes. They themselves then set upon a committee to enquire
into the grievances of the cultivators. They invited Gandhi to serve on that committee, and he agreed. The result was that
within a few months the Champaran Agrarian Bill was passed. It gave great relief to the cultivators and land tenants.
On April 18, 1917, when Gandhiji appeared in the Motihari Court, he was accompanied by nearly 2000 local people.The
then Lieutenant Governor of Bihar ordered the withdrawal of the case against Gandhi, and the Collector wrote to Gandhi
saying he was free to conduct the enquiry.He along with his team began to interact with the peasants and record their
grievances.With Gandhiji’s handpicked squad of great lawyers like Babu Braj Kishore Prasad and Dr. Anugrah Narayan
Sinha, a complete inquiry and assessment of the villages were done. This accounted for the general state of degenerate
living, brutalities, and terrible episodes of indigo farmer suffering. An ashram was established by Gandhi established.
He went to several villages. He interrogated and documented the statements of almost 8,000 peasants. In this way, he was
able to fully comprehend their grievance and the underlying causes. Hundreds of ryots from many communities gathered to
express their dissatisfaction with the indigo cultivation system. He concluded that the cultivators’ illiteracy was among the
key reasons why the European planters were able to control them. Gandhi formed voluntary organizations to improve the
economic and educational situations of the people.He organised protests and strike against the autonomy of landlords, who
with the guidance of British government came to sign an agreement of granting more compensation and also control over
farming for poor farmers of region.
(MAHATMA GANDHI AT INDIGO REVOLT AMONGST A LARGE CROWD)
Through Champaran Satyagraha, Gandhi demonstrated to the people that even the strongest oppressor can be
overthrown without the use of violence.