Unit 1
Unit 1
Topic:
Drawing Instruments
Drawing Instruments
Pencils/Lead Pens
The quality of drawing largely depends on the selection and use of proper
grade of pencil. The grade of a pencil is printed near its blocked end.
There are total eighteen grades 9H, 8H, 7H, 6H, 5H, 4H, 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B,
2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B. 9H is the hardest and 7B is the softest.
For technical drawing, three grades of pencils, namely, H, 2H and HB are
recommended. A lead pen, Fig. 1.10, is an alternative to the pencil.
Drawing Instruments
3. Eraser:
Drawing Instruments
4. Engineering scale 15cm (Plastic):
Drawing Instruments
7. Compass:
Thanks
ENGINEERING DRAWING
Topic:
Line Types
Introduction to Lines
LINES
Lines are like the alphabet of a drawing language. Each line in a
drawing is used in a specific sense.
Introduction to Lines
Types of Lines
Dashed
Line Types
Line Types
Line Types
Thanks
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Topic:
Dimensioning
Dimensioning
80
45
60
Elements of Dimensioning
80
Front View
Closed filled arrowhead
3
Closed filled arrowhead
Ø30
Systems of Dimensioning
a) Chain Dimensioning
b) Parallel Dimensioning
c) Combined Dimensioning
CHAIN DIMENSIONING
10 10 10
Methods of Dimensioning
Parallel dimensioning (Progressive dimensioning):
PARALLEL DIMENSIONING
10
20
30
Methods of Dimensioning
Combined dimensioning:
When both the methods, i.e., chain dimensioning and parallel
dimensioning are used on the same drawing, the method of
dimensioning is called combined dimensioning.
Methods of Dimensioning
COMBINED DIMENSIONING
10 10
30
Dimensioning of Circular Features
Ø 12
Ø 30
Ø 20
Dimensioning of Circular Features
R10
R5
R5
Thanks
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Topic:
Letter Writing
Letter Writing
Letter Writing
The written information on the drawings should be legible,
neat in appearance and correct in style.
So, all written information on the drawing is always in the
form of lettering and not in handwriting.
Letter writing is an art of writing text on a drawing by
using alphabets, numerals and symbols.
Letter Writing
Types of letter writing —
(1) Single stroke.
(2) Double stroke.
Gothic Letters
Single stroke letters are legible, neat in appearance and
correct in style, therefore they are universally used for
engineering drawings.
Topic:
Scales
Scales
It is always possible or convenient to make the linear dimensions
on a drawing the same size as the corresponding real dimensions
on the object drawn. For eg. Drawing of a mobile phone.
Scales
Drawing of very big object, like aeroplane, must perforce, be
drawn considerably smaller than the object so that the drawing
can be read and handled with convenience.
Scales
Where as, details of small precision instruments, watches etc.; are
made larger than their real size so that the drawing can be read
clearly.
Scales
The proportion by which the drawing of a given object is
enlarged or reduced is called the scale of the drawing.
Representative Fraction
The scale of a drawing is indicated by a ratio, called the
Representative Fraction (RF) or Scale Factor.
1. Reducing Scale.
2. Enlarging Scale.
3. Full Scale.
Sizes of Scale
1. Reducing Scale
When huge objects are to be drawn, they are reduced in size on
the drawing. The scales used for these objects are called reducing
scales. It is clear that the length of the object on the drawing is
less than the actual length of the object. Reducing scales are
mentioned in the format 1 :Y, where Y is greater than 1. Hence,
RF < 1.
For eg:- 1:2 means drawing made to one HALF of the actual size.
Objects like multi-storeyed buildings, bridges, boilers, huge
machinery, ships, aeroplanes, etc., are drawn to reducing scales.
Sizes of Scale
2. Enlarging Scale
When smaller objects are to be drawn, they often need to be
enlarged. The scales used in such cases are called enlarging
scales. Obviously, the length of an object on the drawing is more
than the corresponding actual length of the object. Enlarging
scales are mentioned in the format X : 1, where X is greater than
1. Clearly, RF > 1.
For eg: - 2:1 means drawing made to twice the actual size
Enlarging scales are used for objects like screws and gears used in
small electronic gadgets, wristwatch parts, resistors, transistors,
ICs.
Sizes of Scale
3. Full Scale
When an object is drawn on the sheet to its actual size, it is said
to be drawn to full scale. As the length on the drawing is equal to
the actual length of the object, the full scale is expressed as 1:1.
Obviously, for full scale, RF = 1.
Full scales are used for objects like mobile phone, calculators, etc.
Types of Scale
1. Plain Scale or Simple Scale
2. Diagonal Scale
Conversions
1 Km = 10 Hectometer
1 Hectometer = 10 Decameter
1 Decameter = 10 Meter
1 Meter = 10 Decimeter
1 Decimeter = 10 Centimeter
1 Centimeter = 10 Millimeters
Types of Scale
1. Plain Scale:
It is a line divided into suitable number of equal parts or units,
the first part of which is subdivided into small parts.
It represents either 2 main units or 1 unit and its sub division
(fractions).
It can measure lengths up to 1 decimal place. (eg: 3.5 m, 2.7
cm)
Types of Scale
2. Diagonal Scale:
In diagonal scale the smallest unit on plain scale is further
subdivided by using diagonal principle.
It represents either 3 units or only one unit and its fractions up
to second place of decimal point.
It can measure lengths upto 2 decimal place. (eg: 3.56 m, 2.78
cm)
Problem 1
Construct a Plain Scale to show meters & decimeters when 1 m is represented by 2.5 cm.
The scale should be long enough to measure up to 6 m. Mark off 3.3 m & 5.6 m on the
scale.
5.6
3.3
6 3 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 5
DECIMETERS METERS
RF = 1/40
LOS = 15cm
Problem 2
Q 2. Construct a Plain Scale to show kilometers & hectometers when 2.5 cm is equal to 1
km. The scale should be long enough to measure up to 6 km. Mark off 2.7 km, 3.9 km &
4.5 km on the scale.