ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Topic:
Drawing Instruments
 Drawing Instruments

 Engineering Drawing is entirely a graphic language.

 Drawing equipment and instruments are needed to record

information on drawing paper or any other suitable surface.
 Drawing Instruments
Drawing Sheets
Drawing sheets are the ‘canvases’ on which drawings are composed by
pencils. Drawing sheets are available in standard sizes.
Indian Standards (IS) for drawing sheets and drawing boards as
recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) are shown in Table 1.1.
 Drawing Instruments
1. Grid Sheets:
 Drawing Instruments
2. Lead Pencil (0.7 mm):

Pencils/Lead Pens
The quality of drawing largely depends on the selection and use of proper
grade of pencil. The grade of a pencil is printed near its blocked end.
There are total eighteen grades 9H, 8H, 7H, 6H, 5H, 4H, 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B,
2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B. 9H is the hardest and 7B is the softest.
For technical drawing, three grades of pencils, namely, H, 2H and HB are
recommended. A lead pen, Fig. 1.10, is an alternative to the pencil.
 Drawing Instruments

3. Eraser:
 Drawing Instruments
4. Engineering scale 15cm (Plastic):
 Drawing Instruments

5. Roller Scale 15cm:

 Drawing Instruments
6. Protractor:
 Drawing Instruments

7. Compass:
Thanks
ENGINEERING DRAWING

Topic:
Line Types
 Introduction to Lines
LINES
Lines are like the alphabet of a drawing language. Each line in a
drawing is used in a specific sense.
 Introduction to Lines
Types of Lines

Lines differ from each other in two respects:

a) Their thickness or weight Thick

Thin
eg:- Thick, medium & thin.

b) Their Shape or construction depending upon their conventional

use.
Continuous

Dashed
Line Types
Line Types
Line Types
Thanks
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Topic:
Dimensioning
 Dimensioning

 Dimensioning refers to the act of giving dimensions.

45

80
45

60
Elements of Dimensioning

80

Front View
Closed filled arrowhead

3
Closed filled arrowhead

Good & Bad Practices

Leader

Ø30
 Systems of Dimensioning

 There are two systems of dimensioning:

a) Aligned System
b) Uni-directional System
 Systems of Dimensioning
Aligned System
In the aligned system, dimensions are placed perpendicular to the
dimension line so that they may be read from the bottom or
right-hand side of the drawing sheet. Dimensions are placed at
the middle and on top of the dimension lines.
 Systems of Dimensioning
Unidirectional System
In the unidirectional system, dimensions are placed in such a way
that they can be read from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet.
All dimensions are placed at the middle and are inserted by
breaking the dimension lines at the middle.
 Rule of Dimensioning
1. Between any two extension lines, there must be one and only one
dimension line bearing one dimension.
2. As far as possible, all the dimensions should be placed outside the
views. Inside dimensions are preferred only if they are clearer and more
easily readable.
3. All the dimensions on a drawing must be shown using either Aligned
System or Unidirectional System. In no case should, the two systems be
mixed on the same drawing.
4. The same unit of length should be used for all the dimensions on a
drawing. The unit should not be written after each dimension, but a note
mentioning the unit should be placed below the drawing.
5. Dimension lines should not cross each other. Dimension lines should
also not cross any other lines of the object.
6. All dimensions must be given.
7. Each dimension should be given only once. No dimension should be
redundant.
.
 Methods of Dimensioning
For dimensions in series, there are three methods:

a) Chain Dimensioning
b) Parallel Dimensioning
c) Combined Dimensioning

Adopt any one of these methods.

i. Chain dimensioning (Continuous dimensioning): All the

dimensions are aligned in such a way that an arrowhead of one
dimension touches tip-to-tip the arrowhead of the adjacent
dimension. The overall dimension is placed outside the other
smaller dimensions.
Methods of Dimensioning

CHAIN DIMENSIONING

10 10 10
 Methods of Dimensioning
Parallel dimensioning (Progressive dimensioning):

All the dimensions are shown from a common reference line.

Obviously, all these dimensions share a common extension line.
This method is adopted when dimensions have to be established
from a particular datum surface.
Methods of Dimensioning

PARALLEL DIMENSIONING

10

20

30
 Methods of Dimensioning
Combined dimensioning:
When both the methods, i.e., chain dimensioning and parallel
dimensioning are used on the same drawing, the method of
dimensioning is called combined dimensioning.
Methods of Dimensioning

COMBINED DIMENSIONING

10 10

30
Dimensioning of Circular Features
Ø 12

Ø 30

Ø 20
Dimensioning of Circular Features

R10

R5
R5
Thanks
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Topic:
Letter Writing
Letter Writing
 Letter Writing
 The written information on the drawings should be legible,
neat in appearance and correct in style.
 So, all written information on the drawing is always in the
form of lettering and not in handwriting.
 Letter writing is an art of writing text on a drawing by
using alphabets, numerals and symbols.
 Letter Writing
Types of letter writing —
(1) Single stroke.
(2) Double stroke.
 Gothic Letters
 Single stroke letters are legible, neat in appearance and
correct in style, therefore they are universally used for
engineering drawings.

 Letters having all strokes of uniform thickness are

classified as Gothic.

 The style of the letter, when the thickness of the strokes is

such that it can be made with a single stroke of pencil, is
called Single Stroke Gothic.
 Gothic Letters
Single stroke vertical letters:
Letters are designated by their height.
The ratio of height to width for single strike vertical gothic letters
is given below.
SR. HEIGHT TO WIDTH RATIO LETTER/NUMERAL
1. 7:5 All letters except I, J, L, M, W
2. 7:4 All numerals except 1
3. 7:1 I
4. 7:3 1
5. 7:4 L&J
6. 7:6 M
7. 7:8 W
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
Gothic Letters
 Rules of Letter Writing
1. The height of all the letters in one line should be the same.
2. The gap between two letters in a word should be 2 mm.
3. Words should be spaced one letter width apart and
distance between two lines is equal to height of one letter.
4. They should appear upright from Bottom Edge, except
when they are used for dimensioning.
5. Round-off the sharp corners wherever necessary, e.g., D, P,
S, etc.
6. Letters and numerals are designated by their heights.
Thanks
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Topic:
Scales
 Scales
It is always possible or convenient to make the linear dimensions
on a drawing the same size as the corresponding real dimensions
on the object drawn. For eg. Drawing of a mobile phone.
 Scales
Drawing of very big object, like aeroplane, must perforce, be
drawn considerably smaller than the object so that the drawing
can be read and handled with convenience.
 Scales
Where as, details of small precision instruments, watches etc.; are
made larger than their real size so that the drawing can be read
clearly.
 Scales
 The proportion by which the drawing of a given object is
enlarged or reduced is called the scale of the drawing.
 Representative Fraction
 The scale of a drawing is indicated by a ratio, called the
Representative Fraction (RF) or Scale Factor.

Length of a line in the drawing

RF = -----------------------------------------------
Actual length of the line on the object

 The terms ‘scale’ and ‘RF’ are synonymous. The scale is

most commonly expressed in the format X :Y while RF is
expressed in the format X/Y.
 Sizes of Scale

1. Reducing Scale.
2. Enlarging Scale.
3. Full Scale.
 Sizes of Scale
1. Reducing Scale
When huge objects are to be drawn, they are reduced in size on
the drawing. The scales used for these objects are called reducing
scales. It is clear that the length of the object on the drawing is
less than the actual length of the object. Reducing scales are
mentioned in the format 1 :Y, where Y is greater than 1. Hence,
RF < 1.
For eg:- 1:2 means drawing made to one HALF of the actual size.
Objects like multi-storeyed buildings, bridges, boilers, huge
machinery, ships, aeroplanes, etc., are drawn to reducing scales.
 Sizes of Scale
2. Enlarging Scale
When smaller objects are to be drawn, they often need to be
enlarged. The scales used in such cases are called enlarging
scales. Obviously, the length of an object on the drawing is more
than the corresponding actual length of the object. Enlarging
scales are mentioned in the format X : 1, where X is greater than
1. Clearly, RF > 1.
For eg: - 2:1 means drawing made to twice the actual size
Enlarging scales are used for objects like screws and gears used in
small electronic gadgets, wristwatch parts, resistors, transistors,
ICs.
 Sizes of Scale
3. Full Scale
When an object is drawn on the sheet to its actual size, it is said
to be drawn to full scale. As the length on the drawing is equal to
the actual length of the object, the full scale is expressed as 1:1.
Obviously, for full scale, RF = 1.
Full scales are used for objects like mobile phone, calculators, etc.
 Types of Scale
1. Plain Scale or Simple Scale
2. Diagonal Scale
 Conversions

1 Km = 10 Hectometer
1 Hectometer = 10 Decameter
1 Decameter = 10 Meter
1 Meter = 10 Decimeter
1 Decimeter = 10 Centimeter
1 Centimeter = 10 Millimeters
 Types of Scale
1. Plain Scale:
It is a line divided into suitable number of equal parts or units,
the first part of which is subdivided into small parts.
It represents either 2 main units or 1 unit and its sub division
(fractions).
It can measure lengths up to 1 decimal place. (eg: 3.5 m, 2.7
cm)
 Types of Scale
2. Diagonal Scale:
In diagonal scale the smallest unit on plain scale is further
subdivided by using diagonal principle.
It represents either 3 units or only one unit and its fractions up
to second place of decimal point.
It can measure lengths upto 2 decimal place. (eg: 3.56 m, 2.78
cm)
 Problem 1
Construct a Plain Scale to show meters & decimeters when 1 m is represented by 2.5 cm.
The scale should be long enough to measure up to 6 m. Mark off 3.3 m & 5.6 m on the
scale.

1. Calculate Representative Factor,

Length of a line in the drawing 2.5 cm

RF = ----------------------------------------------- = ----------
Actual length of the line on the object 1m
2.5 cm 1
RF = --------------- = ---------
1 x 100 cm 40

2. Calculate length of scale (L.O.S),

LOS = RF x Maximum length of scale = 1/40 x 6 m = 1/40 x 600 cm
= 15 cm
 Problem 1
Construct a Plain Scale to show meters & decimeters when 1 m is represented by 2.5 cm.
The scale should be long enough to measure up to 6 m. Mark off 3.3 m & 5.6 m on the
scale.

5.6

3.3

6 3 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 5
DECIMETERS METERS
RF = 1/40

LOS = 15cm
 Problem 2
Q 2. Construct a Plain Scale to show kilometers & hectometers when 2.5 cm is equal to 1
km. The scale should be long enough to measure up to 6 km. Mark off 2.7 km, 3.9 km &
4.5 km on the scale.

1. RF = 2.5 cm/1 km = 2.5/100000 = 1/40000

2. L.O.S = (1/40000) X 6 km
= (1/40000) X 6 X 100000 cm
= 15 cm
 Problem 3
Construct a diagonal scale to show meters, decimeters & centimeters when 1 m is
represented by 5 cm. Consider maximum length of scale as 4 m. Mark off 2.58 m & 3.09
m.

1. Calculate Representative Factor,

Length of a line in the drawing 5 cm

RF = ----------------------------------------------- = ----------
Actual length of the line on the object 1m
5 cm 1
RF = --------------- = --------
1 x 100 cm 20

2. Calculate length of scale (L.O.S),

LOS = RF x Maximum length of scale = 1/20 x 4 m
= 1/20 x 4 x 100 cm
= 20 cm
 Problem 3
Construct a diagonal scale to show meters, decimeters & centimeters when 1 m is
represented by 5 cm. Consider maximum length of scale as 4 m. Mark off 2.58 m & 3.09
m.
 Problem 4
Q 6. The distance between two stations is 100 Km and it is represented on a map by a
line of 2.5 cm. Draw a diagonal scale showing single Km. Mark off 409 Km & 573 Km on
the scale.
1. RF = 2.5 cm/100 km = 2.5/(100x 100000) Note:
= 1/4000000 Maximum length of scale is not given.
2. L.O.S = (1/4000000) X 600 km But the maximum distance to show is 573 Km.
= (1/4000000) X 600 X 100000 cm = 15 cm So take maximum length of scale as 600 Km.
Thanks