Group 16 Elements (chaleogens] oan" C071 nlon- metas ule cs) gpa” (sel | Metallotcls Cte] yuuertue” ~ Raolforctive metel pplonteu” (0) J - synthe tic element Liver 07 ieum [lv #5 the most abundant of Oxygen m ebout on earth. Orygen fo" { earth. crust. OY aly gecwrrence- all the element mass 0 contalns up BY n by volume aug OxY7® However, the abundance of eth curst only 0.03-0-14 62 tists - gypsum (a 5u aH,0) - epsom stalt (nags0u- #420) = baryte — (Ba50u) = galena (Pbs) - zine blencle ~ copper pytite Clu STraces off Sulphur — oceur ‘n volcanoes. Organic materials Proter ° eins, garlic, onion, mustard Aa” Mat estate sulphur fn the mpine sulpher i fyctroge” sulphite euch 8 O45 gf wool @ scanned with OKEN Scannerne er eer ered cn > Seleni snela i oo Lellerium: evre also calleol as eleniums ancl tellerium in sulphide ores. > Poloni : ium occurs in nature as o cle cay product of thorium ane uranium minerals. = Poloni e . : Polonium *S radioactive element. Electronic Configuration - GEL -ns'np" the elements of is" GP have “outer most shell. Tonit rade’ - sta € fn the | Atomic ano the roof, Shells otomic fp increases in fncreases fom tp © bottom in adatom *s,bowe | the -vel. ee ( the 1.6 value clecreases clown the group. Tt ts ncveasel fn 6i2e- roup Mave comparect to * periods que _y this F lower FE value jn the corresponding gre- 8 * pfements ave 1 electronic cord. gine is" & thet lable pal filte! p-orbita @ scanned with OKEN Scanner—_— yy calledl quiphile FE as a clecey produce yall nt. etn the of Shells ctomec to bottom in aatom is ,howe e group. It is ye comparect 10 ponding” pertods ents Mave électronie cond. the Gasts of moleculey Se = . peer 0" enthalpy —~ Oxygen : ' st fas tft less negative E.Gq.e th bead an alo However from sulphur onwards th e gulp” nl? again Becomes less negative upto poloutum giecvronegrllvity- F,0 has the highest electro Next to he elements within negativity value among L eg? EN clervease with an encrease in adomie number thts Propltes that te Mmetellc characte” srerease from oxygen t polaniam Geneara! Charae terstics ~ Sin Via qrur onyger tS onlgy a gas and fs are eoltol. molecule Cor) with ts clialomic en atom Co=0) Con d blu two Onyy ol one a bond para magne ivect 8. It 4s orbital theory: D> Onyger double Gon oe one ~ bond &” 3 mrygen molecule ts preseence of two unpa tic due to en plainecl on J” Seq, ef Tee) 368 ° Se, Te ave @eccta ofonic ($3) wih puckerecl ving structure es: @ scanned with OKEN ScannerIn sulphur molecules $-S-S Gond angle is 10 and $-s Bond length ts 219A > Atomic size n from o-Te > end fiom o-Te orev fom o-Te > EA order S>Se>Te>O > pensity’. xP anol BP Pncveases from 0-Te (3.In vin gre 04S shovas- catehation |_stne catenation of 's' is higher than ‘0’ due to high s-S Gond energy: ) Dyrdation State- 3 The general 0S of WIA 97P elements, are -Q, ta, tus th. -a ontolatfon Blate, Aue > onygen always Shows : of vacent al-orbila pls high £N and availibileey > fap, the 0.5. “of “Ol 95 42. + For F202 O° of 0" is +) ) The peroniele ee, super oxtate - ‘lg shows 4a,4ug +6 0-5 due to their Te oe titty of vacent ot orbitals. low on and availa @ scanned with OKEN Scanneryeti wA group elements form Mun, ae ricles En7= 0,5,80, Te & Po) ides, Selenides, and telluricles are cids te form Ayelrogen Suphicle, d hydrogen tellurtele. 2 mela! sulph preated’ with a fycto9"” selenide an LeSt Hy S0u —> Fe Sut Hos K,Se+ H250u 3 k,80ut H25e K Te + H250u —) ke, S0ut Hote the o76ler of bP of hay olrictes H,5< H,Se< HyTe< 0 > The orcler of volatfle character $ of hydride H,0 > HS? H,5e> He Te character the order of accolic 1,04 HaS4 HySe< MaTt the over of geucing powe? be Z He Te H,0 < 25 < Hp of bond angl? The oreler $07 H,Te HO >HS>te @ scanned with OKEN ScannerThe oreler of alipole moment H,0>H,5> t25e > He Reactions with Hydrogen : Trax] An these hydrides are convalent com pouncls arogen amide H,0 - Ay. Sulphicte LS fAyaroger ° rose ~ myaogen, SeLeniC : fs tellu7 cle | wae polonicle H,Po- " > the ease of formation and thermal stabilit dlecreases from Perio (a) ake Bonel energy H,0> 45> H,Se > Te? Hr Po etyucture and Bondangles ° =) IM H20 noxygen atomts sp? hybridisation — > In other hy brides puye p- orbitals of centyal ator aye — imvotued in bonding » 5 The molecules have bent structure, > The bond angle drecreaies from #0 to tHPo. En- Among 0, Hyg, tS Qnd tess which fs least stable 1 Why? @ scanned with OKEN ScannerS'S more orale tha. oe stable than Ho " ')Ss and to is mn 7% As the S-u bend qpectker than 0-" bond, tho ¥s 5 Hence 8, 78 least Stable he? more than H,0- 10Ua8' , H,S~ Ia3o', Ha5e~ 409", HyTe- 90°» M2Po- QW. putas viA proriols - 802 Se02, Te Oz ° _- 803 ,Se03, Te Oz grouP eloments fiom Ms, M105 6) grionicle pion tole preparen by burning of the OD glement with er _ na heat with 120 tal gulp nite are neo When me fy form 50 qos: >. 2Fe203+ 8502 WO> yFed: + _ volatile clio J Tez. 39, to gas See? 4 eonic solicls AO, are crystalline yoni @ scanned with OKEN ScannerDioxygen preparation Dior ygen can be obtained in the laboratory by the following ways (1) By Aeating oxygen containing sells such as Chlorates , nitvales anal permanganate. QC Mp2 2KCI + 302 Mnb, B pe Dsl ky Mndu t+ Mn+ O2 “Hon of the oniols iy By the thermal dlecom pos! of metals, low in the elects chemical anol higher onioles of some metals. gortes 249, —> WAR" Pty a +190,, —78 HG) if, Pay . 9Pbs0u,-—? 6P8, + 02 ca) 2 Posy PBMB?& OT fs reaclily clecompasect fn water cnc! inelly alfviclect J thd, cadalysts sachas ‘fi dfonygen SY metals and magnganese 2QH20, — 2tt,0 +0, tay) aw w arontole @ scanned with OKEN ScannerAon ge stare Wl can b n be ve frelysts Me pr 0 aleelelyses of rvater tracts to iy wn fom ogi al the cathecle a ¢ release of nol ongygen ycl¥o anale gugen at the QULO—> Qs +02 a inolust? fart r ‘ yy ollonygen As obtained ferom punif ee! air By fractional olistilal ion Physica! Proper ties ~ poienyger 7S 4 colourless uta! onygen fs pale and oclourtess gal. Gule in colour andl 2) Lig the solial ts bule 3 HS oplubi lity en water bs the extent of 3:08 cm en toc aonter oF 99k. wit liquifies al Wk ana freezes al 65k Chemical Propertles- ts with hreavely nearly Dioxygen olfrecdly vee! é some metals: ane non- melall noble all metal ence P leq- Au,pt) and some geues ata +03? acad A+ 502 Pudi was 4 302 > 2Allads @ scanned with OKEN ScannerAZNS +4 SO, —> AXNO+ 2SOr C402 — CO, CHy-+ 20,9 C024 2H2O Some conpounels are cataly (ically allied | For example- QD. +0, “2% 2803 LY} y Het 20,79 Cte BHO Uses = eon Liquiol, O02 7S an Pmpor tant contrevent tontdant) of fret fuels wsecl fn gockets. a) For welding and cutting purpae ery oxygen fAydrogen ‘ov? oryacet Ylene flandes are 3) Oxygen minied with felfum or C0, 15 Uses 8 as arttficial gespiiation. 4 0% i50#Pe fs used aS ta tracer in the study of xn mechanisam foes a basecl on thei? \ Classi Peationt of on i ili ‘oles : 7 raviouy - Aiclic 07) nica! 6el “eu a“ molatie ONES are generally actos 6 on- : : a of some metal in whigher os alse onte es Show acidic charadte® @ scanned with OKEN Scannerpy, Pudio » Clo Oa » L205 ele $0.4 H,0—> thS0z C0, 4 0 > tH, (03 Bg Cl,04-4 Hx0—> BHEIOy gqme metals oniclts gn then Algher ileal late are aciolfc En- Nn, 03 role with Vg05+ aw pnploterie nature (chromic actoll C103 H;0 paste ontele 9 / Jn genera! metalic ontoles are basic mgd, CoO, Nago, af Bo e with water. fn nature etc: these ontdles give bas Am pho ter?'c onicle : Some metal ontcles show dual Cohaviour of Goth aclol a4 well & E_- Als03, 2nd, Pod» & no, GeO @ scanned with OKEN ScannerNeutral oxfetes : They are neither acfolre nor bas fo, Cg- C0. NO, NO F. Minect oxrcles: oxides contoining more than one cations with oléfferent 0-S- Phady, Fez0ur MIG Ale Ou etc: b*. FeO+ Fes 0z —+ Fes0u Altotropy- al wih qTP elements exhibit culo tropism that @ € tS they poly morphic, form. Te ave an, one allotvopic except enist is in more th Allottopy of sulphur: pltotropy of sulphur are- + rhombic sulphur , &» 1) K- sulphur tor) noclintc tor prismatic sulphur ape sulphur cov me B)3- monoclinic ae e's sulphur & sulphur) u) Eng y cor) plastic Sulphur 5)¥ - sul @ scanned with OKEN ScannerAt 364 OO k Both vhenbie wy nd mono clinic f . forms can co-exist fn equilibrium. amis cultec! transition tomp: of PTW temperature is b ben t _y tne stable form al oom temp. ts shomb* yellow Cot) &- Sulphur. ombic (or) ep tet _ 36k -) Rhombic ‘s' = monoclinic ‘3’ sulphur #5 yellow en colour and -y Rhombic Y evaporating the the crystals are formed 6 gplution of Sulphur £5 CBp- fn water bul déssolves to yt % insoluble alcohol and ether IE extent %n benzene, in CS2- some readily soluble > p-form of sulphur ahombic sulphecr follovo 3 A third moaificatio” fino sulphur $5 | naceous Clooks (Phe made of by chillia such as C52 , toleme cor) @s pe pared! By melting ed bY cooling: wn as B- mone clinic ear (] (? mother of P 0 And can Ge g fot cone of “s' in solvents ethyaleohol 4B anol 2 forms of sulphul ein te anc possess puckered ain Mon structure and differ only * overall packiry y are crystallin g otructure (Ss) @ scanned with OKEN Scannerof the vings Inthe crystal watch affects their clensilies. AL Igoe the structure vin dPiadicals so formeol polymer ise ns of atoms qs ereak and the forming on Chains of miilio Structure of Se Ving- = ves /} : to?” Engel sul phur- : / ie fs mate by pouring NazS,03 Sol trio con. wer canels extracting ‘5 atth boulent- can alo be macte as follow- Hy Sut Sti Sg + QHO F f i ‘5 unsdable anol contain Se TiNgs arrang™ 31s en chair conformation &, chate molecule 00° @ scanned with OKEN Scanner_» Plastic Sulphur 26° Obtained! . B tiquicl sulphur fnto cold a rena Ye £ : ; an It fs rubber the soll yi Bo0'c Consists monly $2 motecul Like OS. gas fn stable upto azo0% -e on in 3S molecule has two the ant? bonding a orb of sulphur - Sulphure forms ‘ds such a5 H, $03: anpatred elect? ejals like &- (xoactds a number of orbttat proatici A f, i ic Cc x 7 w/t? pron” vo Hyp ° Ho 00 Su[phutous gulpauric perore oltsaleiane cb acid ac fol hats 1,503 H,50u : R 0 : a oy So oH oH oe sulphuaic aciol Coleum) Hs S00eq @ scanned with OKEN ScannerH,S0y preparation By contact process- ~) sulphuric aciel fs one of the most impon -ant tnelustrical chemicals world wiole suby, -wie acid fs manufactured Y the contad process which — tnvolves three ster Step Burming ef sulphur tor) sul to generate 50g $40, —50a yPeS41—> 2Fea Os Step- . conversion of SQ 1 50s by the veaction gn the. presence of a catalyst phite ores inatr + 8&0, with orygan (W205) and S09 +02 22> 250s, a. 6) g D He -196- 6 KT.mor blep-Z an HaS0q to give oleum pt absorption of S05 S03 + H,S0y—— HyS204 Colewm? Hp S0 04+ 420 — BH, 80y @ scanned with OKEN Scannerae sulphuric acid oblatnec! by contact BR scere ua process Dust precipitar A spurt > cant? pune 4 Fon boy ae 7 y ue This xn 8 exothermic an leads tm clecrease fn volume Therefore low a high pressure are the favourable but the temp: yeversible and for carol temp, a” ronolttions for should not be will Become Sl29- Temp 120k maximum field very (0 other wise vate of wn t HO, Hy504 4 #29 —? 120, ae iy cag) U0) + apd ey io Oh Ft Sulphuric acid forms two types of salts Normal salts €%- Na,S0u, CuSu ~~ 2) Hygetogen sulphates Ex- Na HS0u Ca(HOu), « @ scanned with OKEN ScannerUses - . In the manufaclue of fertilizers likey anton Sulphate , super phos phate ede: a) Petroleum vefining 3) detergent Prctuslery u) Becttery Starage s)In the mancifa clue | 6) @G Laboratory yeagent: tulose pat. of nitro Cel Ozone (0s) - fn slartosphen Cor) coppey | Ozone % present | | atmospher- splee light of the. gun ard | 2) Ozone absorols ultra! protects in the life on the earth. protective (aye en the presence of ), Chorine 3) dzne acts W a the earth urozone layer iS olestroyect 1 chorofluoro carbons ceees) , nibric Onto no CUt,) ete. | Preparations: preparecl by poasing ozone #8 1» through coll and oly enqyge” etlont electr™ 1 dtscharge tub . pie Hua KT /mol 30, = 203 er, x meget ble Dn. ces : enclothemic "yx" 2, decompose into Or anol nace oxygen Oz —> [2 + CoL-snacent Tynac nha PA OHger @ scanned with OKEN Scannerthe apparatus used in the prepaution of : ozone are Sienen’s ozoniey 4 Brocies oxonier 4 Gienens - halske's Ozonter eoaygen is heated as a7isk (emp 0 form Ozone. Properties- 2 Ozone clecon pase fnto oxygen. Me volume of ozone volume of omyger: 20, —2 30 gives f ozone rncreases with fncvease The clecomposition © tion of Mnd,,Ag4, 205 ott jemp ancl 6y the adel? cata lyst - 3) ozone acts and neutral medium 0, 42H 4 2E-—> H,0+0> on oxidising agent in both acidic py +Hz0+26 —9 20H +O 3 Ozone oxiollses the Glack (ead sulphicle to vohieh shite sulphate Post 40s—* Ppasou+ 12 > Ozone ontalises fiyolso cllovic autlt 03 —? HO +6124 03. acigl to Chorine @ scanned with OKEN Scanner> Ozone onfelises polassiu” adele QKT 4 Hh0 4039 QkoH +2, +O if 4 Ozone onielise pola: ganate 4akoHt O, pide Sol” to | | potasstum perman OKMnOet H,0-+ 02> aKmndu | Ccone oxtelises potassium ferro cya potassium ferricyanicle- | Dy [Relea] + 40 +0 yaks (cele) | 2 kOH+ Op, \ 4 Ozone oxtolises moist fodine Radic aciad Dy H0-+ 50, —¥ 2HT0st 50> elver metal, tt ts J? When 03 is passed over 8 of. silver ontdle and | Black ane due to formation iver vespectively QAg+03—> Ard + Or Ag,0-+03— AG +20, |] > Ozone oxfaises the mercury, to mereutord ontdle. aHg+0,—> H9,0 +0, The phenomenon of losing tustie , mentssus and consequent Sticking of mercurgq tO glass @ scanned with OKEN Scanner[ao the States of F fhe glass container] ¥s known as fatling of merewy. wn enon pS: Ain Some Hen of ozone all oxygen atoms are Calle cusecl Up in the oniclatford 9x. ti) Ozone Oridises the sulphar dfoxide (0 sulphuy drforicle: in 350,403 > 2803 & owls: ai) oxone acls as Bleaching agent ctue fo ed oafoliation. 6,4 0+ 0 to barium oxide ozone reduces barium peroxide —) Bad+20> Bo 0.t 03 ' peaxicle fo water A Oxone Ethylene veoct: olissoctated! tol! ozonidle - it PS form. formalaehyoe @ scanned with OKEN ScanneroO 4 Da | CH, = CH, +02—> CH, CH, HCHO Heo, ethylene /ethyene | 1 +40 formalde ne o—o hyelt Acetylene veacts with ozone to fam aucetyleny ozonice. Zt ts aissociabted with zn enol water fo form glyoral. nce CH +05—> un 2) cyo—cHo +H20 ! = d a glyoxal form benzene geacts with oLone 40 n and water is eee with w = Benzene tri ozontde. It b form gyaxal mi CUE Ya () +30. 27, Bo —cHOt 34:0 Structure - zone has 1g.8°- the tram 0-0 bord angulay Shape wii a Gord angle ¢ lengthe are equal (128p™ PRores @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTests OF OXONE- alt twns st a arch fod?rle papow to Blue. alt tus Benzicline paper to brown alt tus white silver foil to Black alt shows tailing of mercury. Uses- DIE %% used as germicicde and a eo used for Sterilizing of. olértnkfng water. tion of atr tn Crowded ec rnfec tant. a) FE 3) Ik fs used in purifica cinema falls; mines, under yup € places [fke ground yar ways) tunnels ete. u)Tthe mixture of ozone end cyanogen (lao) FS used as rocket fuel. g) lt ts usec! for enalentification of pasitfon of compounds: Blouble Goucls in organic @ scanned with OKEN Scanner