DUW10022 & DUW10012

TOPIC 4:
Hazard Identification,
Risk Assessment And Risk Control
(HIRARC)
 COURSE LEARNING
OUTCOME (CLO)
CLO1: C2, PLO 1
Explain briefly OS&H procedures,
regulation and its compliance in Malaysia.
CLO 2: A3, PLO 8
Initiates incident hazards, risks and safe
work practices in order to maintain health
and safe work environment.
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Hazard, risk and danger
 Types of hazard
 Risk assessment
 Risk control
 DEFINITIONS
 Hazard: A source or a situation with a
potential for harm in terms of human
injury or ill health, damage to property,
damage to the environment or a
combination of these

 DANGER: Relative exposure to hazard

DANGER: Relative exposure to hazard
 DEFINITIONS
 Risk:A combination of the likelihood of
an occurrence of a hazardous event with
specified period or in specified
circumstances and the severity of injury
or damage to the health of people,
property, environment or any combination
of these caused by the event.
 RISK
Likelihood Severity
 HAZARD
IDENTIFICATIONS
 SOURCES OF HAZARD
 Man - Unsafe acts
 Machinery - Installation, layout and design of
equipment
 Materials – Substances such as chemicals and
gases use in the workplace
 Method - The way people carry out their work
 Media – Workplace condition: i.e. air quality,
ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration etc
 Physical

Physical work hazards are workplace hazards that can affect

the body.

They may include radiation and excessive noise levels. Other

examples of physical hazards are falls or poorly
communicated evacuation routes. Falls are the number one
cause of office workplace injuries, and they can be easily
avoided by mandating clear walkways and proper lifting
procedures.

According to the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health

and Safety, managers should check noise levels and
distribute safety gear to employees who work in high-volume
or high-vibration areas.

Read more : http://www.ehow.com/info_7799456_types-

hazards-workplace.html
 Chemical
 Chemical work hazards may result if an employee
inhales or absorbs harmful chemicals through his
mouth, nose or via skin contact.

 Chemical hazards can come in several forms, such

as liquids, vapors, gases, mists, fumes or solids.

 To prevent these types of hazards, employers should

mandate that employees who come into contact with
harmful chemicals wear protective clothing, gloves,
masks and eye wear.

 Employees who work in manufacturing plants and

labs may be more susceptible to these types of
hazards.

Read more
: http://www.ehow.com/info_7799456_types-hazards-
workplace.html
 Biological
 Biological work hazards may occur if workers are
exposed to living organisms or properties, such as
parasites, viruses, fungi and bacteria.

 These types of work hazards may also come from toxins

and allergens.

 Employees who work in medical offices or health care

facilities may be more at risk for this type of work hazard.
This is because they can be easily exposed to blood-
borne pathogens and diseases.

 Office and industrial workers may be at risk of exposure

to biological hazards if they come into contact with
dangerous mold or asbestos.

Read more : http://www.ehow.com/info_7799456_types-

hazards-workplace.html
 Ergonomic
 Ergonomic hazards may be described as problems that
can occur when a worker’s physical workplace or
typical work procedures do not match up with his
physical size or work positions.

 These types of hazards may occur in both office and

light industrial settings. According to Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) website,
office employees may face ergonomic hazards such as
poor seating or lighting.

 For example, if an employee works on computer all

day, he may be at risk for eye strain. Warehouse
employees may risk physical injuries through repetitive
motions or through improper use of handling tools.

Read more
: http://www.ehow.com/info_7799456_types-hazards-
workplace.html
 Psychosocial hazards
* Psychosocial hazards in the workplace contribute to work-
related stress.

* Psychosocial hazards include: bullying and harassment;

occupational violence or customer aggression; fatigue
resulting from long hours of work or shiftwork; demands in
excess of a worker’s capacity to deliver; and alcohol and
drug misuse.

* This chapter concentrates on bullying, occupational

violence and fatigue.

* Psychosocial hazards have grown in prominence in recent

years in response to a number of factors including
increasing work intensification (in terms of longer working
hours and greater workloads), changes in organizational
practices, and changing social expectations of how
employees should be treated by their supervisors,
managers and fellow workers
 CLASSIFICATION AND
POTENTIAL SOURCES OF HAZARDS

Classification of Example of Potential Sources of

Hazards
Hazards
Physical Pinch points,sharp points and
edges,overload or force a tool
(i) Mechanical beyond its capabilities and
grinding wheel without guard
Physical Electrical cord insulation
damaged,electrical face plate or
(ii) Electrical cover broken or missing and fan
cord insulation pulled loose
Biological Exposed to airbone and blood
borne viruses,bacteria and fungus
 CLASSIFICATION AND
POTENTIAL SOURCES OF HAZARDS

Chemical Exposed to carcinogens

chemicals,sensitizers and
corrosive chemicals
Psychological Stress,sexual harassment
and violent at work

Ergonomics Repeated exposure to

unnatural postures and
unnatural movement, wrong
design of workstation,tools
and task
OVERVIEW OF RISK
AND
RISK ASSESSMENT
 RISK ASSESSMENT
 What is Risk assessment: The process
of evaluating the risks to safety and
health arising from hazards at work

 Risk assessment results is documented

and used for:
1. Risk control in OSH management
2. Future reference and review
 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
RISK MANAGEMENT
1. Integrate Risk Management as part of
planning at all levels of business.
2. Accept all risks
3. Make risk decisions appropriately
(depending on level of risk)
4. Manage the risk
 WHY CARRY OUT RISK
ASSESSMENT?
 Gives organizations a more effective way of
managing hazards
 Requirement of the law e.g.
- OSHA 1994, CIMAH Reg. 1996 & USECHH
Reg. 2000
 Req. of OSH management system stds:
- OHSAS 18001 & MS 1722:2005
- ISO 45001:2018 and
- ISO 14001, etc
RISK ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE
CARRIED OUT FOR:
 Routine and non-routine activities
including emergencies

 Activitiesof all personnel having access to

the workplace (including subcontractors
and visitors)

 Facilitiesat the workplace, whether

provided by the organization or others
 WHEN TO CARRY OUT
RISK ASSESSMENT
 Before Operation

 During Operation

 After Operation
 WHO WILL CARRY OUT
RISK ASSESSMENT
 Person or persons trained to identify
hazard and risk assessment
- In some cases legally competent
person, eg: CHRA
 Consultation with and involvement of
workers
- Safety and Health Committee OR
workers and their representatives
 Involvement of supervisors
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF
RISK MANAGEMENT
 Hazard Identification

 Risk Assessment

 Risk Control

 Review
 THE PROCESS OF
RISK MANAGEMENT
1. Start
2. Classify Activities
(Work,Product,Services,Activities)
3. Identify Hazards
4. Determine Risk
5. Decide if Risk is Tolerable
6. Risk Control Action Plan
7. Review Adequacy of Risk Control
 PRE-ASSESSMENT –
INFORMATION GATHERING
 Information on the facilities, processes and
activities of the organization, including:
- Area Map
- Site plan(s); own and neighbour
- Process flow-charts
- Inventory of materials (raw materials, chemicals,
wastes, products, sub-products
- Toxicology and other health and safety data
- Monitoring data
 PRE-ASSESSMENT –
CLASSIFYING WORK ACTIVITIES
 Geographical areas within/outside the
premises
 Stages in a production process,or in the
provision of a service
 Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window
cleaning)
 Identify the working groups
 Land use, previous property use, future
use
 METHODS OF IDENTIFYING
HAZARDS
 Review of documents and publications

 Inspection and observation at the workplace

 Measurement of the atmosphere, monitoring

the environment or medical surveillance of
workers

 Hazard Analysis
 DOCUMENT REVIEW
 Reports of accidents, accident
investigation and audits

 Information from publications

- Acts, Reg. and Codes of Practice
- Statistics
- Handbooks
- Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
 INSPECTION AND
OBSERVATION
 Typesof inspections: statutory
inspection, periodic inspection, formal
and informal inspection

 Documentation – Checklist and

inspection worksheet (standard approach
and record)
 INPSECTION AND
OBSERVATION
– to involve supervisors,
 Activities
managers and employees

 Inspection outcome – to include actions

and timeframes

 Ensure follow up on action – to ensure

effectiveness
 EXPOSURE MONITORING
 Types of monitoring: area and personal
monitoring

 Monitoring of:
- Noise
- Heat
- Radiation
- Air contaminants
- Chemicals etc.
 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING
 Biological monitoring is a regular
measuring activity where selected
validated indicators of the uptake of toxic
substances in the human body are
determined in order to prevent health
impairment
 This form of monitoring could entail
examination of, for example, blood, urine,
saliva and expired air.
 BIOLOGICAL MONITORING
 Biologicalmonitoring commonly features
in the health or medical surveillance of
persons exposed to hazardous
environments especially complying to legal
requirement i.e USECHH Regulations
2000 etc
 TYPES OF RISK
ASSESSMENT
 Approaches:

• Qualitative Risk Assessment

• Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

• Quantitative Risk Assessment

 DETERMINING LIKELIHOOD OF
OCCURRENCE OF HAZARD
 Based on statistic & data, professional
judgement

 Determine likelihood categories i.e:

- Highly likely,
- Likely,
- Unlikely,
- Highly Unlikely
 LIKELIHOOD
 Highly likely – could happen frequently

 Likely – could happen occasionally

 Unlikely – could happen, but only rarely

 Highlyunlikely – could happen, but

probably never will
 DETERMINING SEVERITY
 Severity in terms of:

- Harm to health
- Damage to property
- Damage to environment
- Or the combination of the above
 SEVERITY
 Determine severity categories i.e:
• Fatality
• Major injuries (normally irreversible
injury or damage to health)
• Minor injuries (normally reversible injury
or damage to health requiring days off
work)
• Negligible injuries (first aid)
 QUALITATIVE RISK TABLE
SEVERITY LIKELIHOOD

HIGHLY LIKELY UNLIKELY HIGHLY

LIKELY UNLIKELY

Fatality High High High Medium

Major High High Medium Medium

Injuries
Minor High Medium Medium Low
Injuries
Negligble Medium Medium Low Low
Injuries
 SEMI – QUANTITATIVE
RISK ASSESSMENT
Determine Likelihood of Occurrence of
Hazard

• 4: Daily
• 3: Weekly
• 2: Monthly
• 1: Yearly
 SEMI – QUANTITATIVE
RISK ASSESSMENT
Determine severity categories i.e:

• 4: Fatality & Permanent Disability

• 3: More than 4 days MC

• 2: Less than or 4 days MC

• 1: First aid and near misses

 SEMI-QUANTITATIVE
RISK ASSESSMENT
LIKELIHOOD
Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
S
E 1 2 3 4
V First Aid
and Near 1 1 2 3 4
E Misses

R Less than
or 4 days 2 2 4 6 8
I MC
More than
T 4 days MC 3 3 6 9 12
Fatality &
Y Permanent 4 4 8 12 16
Disability
RISK ASSESSMENT
FORM
RISK CONTROL
 CONSIDERATION IN
IMPLEMENTING
RISK CONTROL
 Reviewmeasures regularly; modify if
necessary

 Comply with national laws and

regulations

 Reflect good management practice; and

 CONSIDERATION IN
IMPLEMENTING
RISK CONTROL
 Consider the current state of knowledge

 Includeinformation or reports from

organizations such as:
- DOSH, OSH services, and others
 HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
 MOST EFFECTIVE
Elimination – remove the hazard

 FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
Substitution – use less hazardous one
Isolation – isolate the work area
Engineering Control – design,isolation at source, barricade,
guarding

 LEAST EFFECTIVE
Administrative Control – safe work procedure, isolation i.e.reduce
exposure time and limit,training,signage etc

PPE – last resort

ELIMINATION
SUBSTITUTION
ISOLATION
ENGINEERING CONTROL
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
PPE
THE END