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Experiment 7

This experiment compares the fracture properties of steel, aluminum, copper, and brass samples using a Charpy impact test. The test involves creating notched samples that are supported horizontally and struck by a falling pendulum. The absorbed impact energy is measured and used to calculate the notch impact strength of each material. The results showed that copper had the highest strength while brass had the lowest. Proper placement of the notch and safe operation of the impact testing machine are important precautions for this experiment.

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52 views4 pages

Experiment 7

This experiment compares the fracture properties of steel, aluminum, copper, and brass samples using a Charpy impact test. The test involves creating notched samples that are supported horizontally and struck by a falling pendulum. The absorbed impact energy is measured and used to calculate the notch impact strength of each material. The results showed that copper had the highest strength while brass had the lowest. Proper placement of the notch and safe operation of the impact testing machine are important precautions for this experiment.

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f20220676
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment 7

Impact Testing

7.1 Introduction

Different materials have different stress and strain properties, and different points of
fracture, with different materials reacting differently to different amounts of stresses. In this
experiment, we explore the elastic properties of various materials like Steel, Aluminium,
Copper and Brass.

7.2 Objective

To estimate and compare the fracture of the materials from a Charpy impact test.

7.3 Apparatus

Impact Testing machine, Charpy test specimens of mild steel, aluminium, copper and
brass, Vernier Callipers.

7.4 Theory

Toughness refers to the state of being strong enough to withstand adverse conditions or
rough handling. Essentially, it helps quantify the amount of energy absorbed by a material
before deforming or fracturing. Various types of notched-bar impact tests are used to
determine the tendency of a material to behave in a brittle manner. Two classes of
specimens have been standardised for notched-impact testing: Charpy and Izod specimens.
The Charpy specimen is supported as a beam in a horizontal position and is in a simply
supported position. In this, the notch is placed in the same direction as the motion of the
pendulum. The load is applied by the impact of a heavy swinging pendulum which is
released from an angle of 140 degrees at the midspan of the beam on the side opposite from
the notch. The Izod specimen can be either circular or square in cross-section and contains a
V notch near one end. In our case, the notch angle is 22.5 degrees, and the notch is placed
away from the motion of the pendulum. The specimen is clamped vertically at one end like
a cantilever beam and is struck with the pendulum at the opposite end, released from an
angle of 90 degrees.

The response of a specimen to the impact test is usually measured by the energy absorbed
in fracturing the specimen. This energy is called the toughness of the material and is
graphically represented as the area under the stress-strain curve. Impact results are
frequently expressed in energy absorbed per unit cross-sectional area of the specimen.
In this experiment, we analyse the response of a specimen to the Charpy impact test.
7.5 Procedure

1. Set the impact testing machine at an angle of 135 degrees with respect to the impace
surface.
2. The impact energy would be calculated by the impact testing machine itself.
3. The notch is made in the middle of one of the sides of the apparatus at an angle of
45 degrees and the depth of notch is 2mm.
4. The specimen is placed in a simply supported manner with the notch face in
direction of motion of hammer and not opposite unlike Izod testing.
5. The hammer is then released and the impact energy is measured.
6. The dimensions of the width and thickness are measured.
7. The experiment is then repeated for Aluminium mild steel, brass and copper.

7.6 Test Specifications

Maximum impact Energy of Pendulum = 300J


Angle of hammer before striking = 140 degrees
Type of notch = V
Angle of notch = 45 degrees
Depth of notch = 2mm
Specimen – in simply supported position
Notch – in direction of motion of hammer

Area of Cross-section of specimen = w*(t-2)


𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟+𝑦 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
Notch Impact Energy = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜2 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠–𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡6𝑜𝑛 𝑜2 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐6𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜8 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑐:

7.7 Observations

Charpy Test:

S.no. Specimen Width of Thickness of Impact Energy Notch Impact Length(mm)


Material Specimen(w) specimen(t) Absorbed(Joules) Strength(J/m^2)
(mm) (mm)

1. Mild Steel 9.99 9.99 190 2.38*106 60.78


2. Aluminium 9.76 9.76 19.5 0.257*106 64.4
3. Copper 9.6 9.6 214.5 2.939*106 66
4. Brass 9.9 9.9 10.5 0.134*106 61.4
7.8 Results

 Average mild steel average notch impact strength = 2.38*106 J/m2


 Average Aluminium average notch impact strength = 0.257*106 J/m2
 Average Copper average notch impact strength = 2.939*106 J/m2
 Average Brass average notch impact strength = 0.134*106 J/m2

7.9 Conclusion

Copper had the highest impact strength and Brass had the least impact strength of given
specimens.

7.10 Precautions

1. The notch if placed opposite to motion of hammer would lead to bending in simply
supported arrangement hence we should carefully place the specimen.
2. The machine is to be operated with high precaution as there are high chances of injury
due to the hammer.

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