UREA

KONG LONG HUAT CHEMICALS SDN BERHAD

Review Date: 14/06/2021
Version No: 4
Safety Data Sheet according to CLASS requirements

SECTION 1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE / MIXTURE AND OF THE COMPANY / UNDERTAKING

Product Identifier
Product name UREA
Chemical Name urea
Synonyms Carbamide

Chemical formula CH4N2O

CAS number 57-13-6

Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Use primarily as a fertilizer in agricultural industry, raw material for the manufacture of adhesives, moulding
Relevant identified powders, varnishes and foams
uses

Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet

Registered
KONG LONG HUAT CHEMICALS SDN BERHAD
company name
Address No. 23, Jalan 3/3C Sri Utara off Jalan Ipoh, Mukim Batu Kuala Lumpur 68100 Malaysia
Telephone 60(3)6254 8688
Fax 60(3)6252 9229
Website www.klhchem.com.my
Email [email protected]

Emergency telephone number

Association /
KONG LONG HUAT CHEMICALS SDN BERHAD (ERT KLH TG)
Organisation
Emergency
telephone 012-620 1096
numbers
Other emergency
telephone 60(3)3134 3931
numbers

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Immediately give a glass of water.
Ingestion
First aid is not generally required. If in doubt, contact a Poisons Information Centre or a doctor.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed

Treat symptomatically.

SECTION 5 FIREFIGHTING MEASURES

Extinguishing media
There is no restriction on the type of extinguisher which may be used.
Use extinguishing media suitable for surrounding area.

Special hazards arising from the substrate or mixture

Fire Avoid contamination with oxidising agents i.e. nitrates, oxidising acids, chlorine bleaches, pool chlorine etc.
Incompatibility as ignition may result

Advice for firefighters

Alert Fire Brigade and tell them location and nature of hazard.
Fire Fighting Wear breathing apparatus plus protective gloves in the event of a fire.
Prevent, by any means available, spillage from entering drains or water courses.
Use fire fighting procedures suitable for surrounding area.
DO NOT approach containers suspected to be hot.
Cool fire exposed containers with water spray from a protected location.
If safe to do so, remove containers from path of fire.
Equipment should be thoroughly decontaminated after use.

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 Combustible solid which burns but propagates flame with difficulty; it is estimated that most organic dusts
are combustible (circa 70%) - according to the circumstances under which the combustion process
occurs, such materials may cause fires and / or dust explosions.
Organic powders when finely divided over a range of concentrations regardless of particulate size or
shape and suspended in air or some other oxidizing medium may form explosive dust-air mixtures and
result in a fire or dust explosion (including secondary explosions).
Avoid generating dust, particularly clouds of dust in a confined or unventilated space as dusts may form an
explosive mixture with air, and any source of ignition, i.e. flame or spark, will cause fire or explosion. Dust
clouds generated by the fine grinding of the solid are a particular hazard; accumulations of fine dust (420
micron or less) may burn rapidly and fiercely if ignited - particles exceeding this limit will generally not form
flammable dust clouds; once initiated, however, larger particles up to 1400 microns diameter will contribute
to the propagation of an explosion.
In the same way as gases and vapours, dusts in the form of a cloud are only ignitable over a range of
concentrations; in principle, the concepts of lower explosive limit (LEL) and upper explosive limit (UEL) are
applicable to dust clouds but only the LEL is of practical use; - this is because of the inherent difficulty of
achieving homogeneous dust clouds at high temperatures (for dusts the LEL is often called the "Minimum
Explosible Concentration", MEC).
When processed with flammable liquids/vapors/mists,ignitable (hybrid) mixtures may be formed with
combustible dusts. Ignitable mixtures will increase the rate of explosion pressure rise and the Minimum
Ignition Energy (the minimum amount of energy required to ignite dust clouds - MIE) will be lower than the
pure dust in air mixture. The Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) of the vapour/dust mixture will be lower than the
individual LELs for the vapors/mists or dusts.
A dust explosion may release of large quantities of gaseous products; this in turn creates a subsequent
Fire/Explosion pressure rise of explosive force capable of damaging plant and buildings and injuring people.
Hazard Usually the initial or primary explosion takes place in a confined space such as plant or machinery, and can
be of sufficient force to damage or rupture the plant. If the shock wave from the primary explosion enters
the surrounding area, it will disturb any settled dust layers, forming a second dust cloud, and often initiate a
much larger secondary explosion. All large scale explosions have resulted from chain reactions of this
type.
Dry dust can be charged electrostatically by turbulence, pneumatic transport, pouring, in exhaust ducts and
during transport.
Build-up of electrostatic charge may be prevented by bonding and grounding.
Powder handling equipment such as dust collectors, dryers and mills may require additional protection
measures such as explosion venting.
All movable parts coming in contact with this material should have a speed of less than 1-meter/sec.
A sudden release of statically charged materials from storage or process equipment, particularly at
elevated temperatures and/ or pressure, may result in ignition especially in the absence of an apparent
ignition source.
One important effect of the particulate nature of powders is that the surface area and surface structure
(and often moisture content) can vary widely from sample to sample, depending of how the powder was
manufactured and handled; this means that it is virtually impossible to use flammability data published in the
literature for dusts (in contrast to that published for gases and vapours).
Autoignition temperatures are often quoted for dust clouds (minimum ignition temperature (MIT)) and dust
layers (layer ignition temperature (LIT)); LIT generally falls as the thickness of the layer increases.
Combustion products include:, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), other
pyrolysis products typical of burning organic materialIn fire situation urea melts and flows, on further heating
it decomposes giving off ammonia gas. Thermal and oxidative degradation products can include ammonia,
biuret, and cyanuric acid,.May emit poisonous fumes.May emit corrosive fumes.

SECTION 6 ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures

Clean up all spills immediately.
Avoid breathing dust and contact with skin and eyes.
Wear protective clothing, gloves, safety glasses and dust respirator.
Use dry clean up procedures and avoid generating dust.
Minor Spills Sweep up, shovel up or
Vacuum up (consider explosion-proof machines designed to be grounded during storage and use).
Place spilled material in clean, dry, sealable, labelled container.
 protection should be considered.
Such protection might consist of:
(a): particle dust respirators, if necessary, combined with an absorption cartridge;
(b): filter respirators with absorption cartridge or canister of the right type;
(c): fresh-air hoods or masks.
Air contaminants generated in the workplace possess varying "escape" velocities which, in turn, determine
the "capture velocities" of fresh circulating air required to effectively remove the contaminant.

Type of Contaminant: Air Speed:

direct spray, spray painting in shallow booths, drum filling, conveyer loading, crusher 1-2.5 m/s (200-500
dusts, gas discharge (active generation into zone of rapid air motion) f/min.)
grinding, abrasive blasting, tumbling, high speed wheel generated dusts (released at 2.5-10 m/s
high initial velocity into zone of very high rapid air motion). (500-2000 f/min.)

Within each range the appropriate value depends on:

Lower end of the range Upper end of the range

1: Room air currents minimal or favourable to capture 1: Disturbing room air currents
2: Contaminants of low toxicity or of nuisance value only. 2: Contaminants of high toxicity
3: Intermittent, low production. 3: High production, heavy use
4: Large hood or large air mass in motion 4: Small hood-local control only

Simple theory shows that air velocity falls rapidly with distance away from the opening of a simple extraction
pipe. Velocity generally decreases with the square of distance from the extraction point (in simple cases).
Therefore the air speed at the extraction point should be adjusted, accordingly, after reference to distance
from the contaminating source. The air velocity at the extraction fan, for example, should be a minimum of
4-10 m/s (800-2000 f/min) for extraction of crusher dusts generated 2 metres distant from the extraction
point. Other mechanical considerations, producing performance deficits within the extraction apparatus,
make it essential that theoretical air velocities are multiplied by factors of 10 or more when extraction
systems are installed or used.

Personal
protection

Safety glasses with side shields.

Chemical goggles.
Contact lenses may pose a special hazard; soft contact lenses may absorb and concentrate irritants. A
written policy document, describing the wearing of lenses or restrictions on use, should be created for
each workplace or task. This should include a review of lens absorption and adsorption for the class of
Eye and face
chemicals in use and an account of injury experience. Medical and first-aid personnel should be trained in
protection
their removal and suitable equipment should be readily available. In the event of chemical exposure, begin
eye irrigation immediately and remove contact lens as soon as practicable. Lens should be removed at the
first signs of eye redness or irritation - lens should be removed in a clean environment only after workers
have washed hands thoroughly. [CDC NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 59], [AS/NZS 1336 or national
equivalent]
Skin protection See Hand protection below
The selection of suitable gloves does not only depend on the material, but also on further marks of quality
which vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. Where the chemical is a preparation of several substances,
the resistance of the glove material can not be calculated in advance and has therefore to be checked prior
to the application.
The exact break through time for substances has to be obtained from the manufacturer of the protective
gloves and.has to be observed when making a final choice.
Suitability and durability of glove type is dependent on usage. Important factors in the selection of gloves
include:
frequency and duration of contact,
Hands/feet chemical resistance of glove material,
protection glove thickness and
dexterity
Select gloves tested to a relevant standard (e.g. Europe EN 374, US F739, AS/NZS 2161.1 or national
equivalent).
When prolonged or frequently repeated contact may occur, a glove with a protection class of 5 or higher
(breakthrough time greater than 240 minutes according to EN 374, AS/NZS 2161.10.1 or national equivalent)
is recommended.
When only brief contact is expected, a glove with a protection class of 3 or higher (breakthrough time
greater than 60 minutes according to EN 374, AS/NZS 2161.10.1 or national equivalent) is recommended.
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reversible airflow pattern, on spirometry, with the presence of moderate to severe bronchial hyperreactivity
on methacholine challenge testing and the lack of minimal lymphocytic inflammation, without eosinophilia, have
also been included in the criteria for diagnosis of RADS. RADS (or asthma) following an irritating inhalation is
an infrequent disorder with rates related to the concentration of and duration of exposure to the irritating
substance. Industrial bronchitis, on the other hand, is a disorder that occurs as result of exposure due to
high concentrations of irritating substance (often particulate in nature) and is completely reversible after
exposure ceases. The disorder is characterised by dyspnea, cough and mucus production.
The material may cause skin irritation after prolonged or repeated exposure and may produce a contact
dermatitis (nonallergic). This form of dermatitis is often characterised by skin redness (erythema) and
swelling epidermis. Histologically there may be intercellular oedema of the spongy layer (spongiosis) and
intracellular oedema of the epidermis.
For urea:
There is little data that relates urea to human health other than its use in dermatology and some more limited
applications in clinical medicine. The use of urea (at 10% concentration or less) in ointments and creams to
treat dry skin has been widespread, and long term follow-up studies have indicated that the substance is
nonallergenic and virtually free from side effects. Among other clinical therapeutic uses, the treatment of
inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) should be noted, because its chronic form has
involved long term oral administration of large amounts of urea. Most patients have tolerated urea well,
although diarrhoea is sometimes reported after ingestion of 60-90 g/day. The possibility exists that infection
of H. pylori in human stomach may aggravate local effects by urea because of ammonia generation.
Acute toxicity: The acute toxicity by urea is well delineated by the oral route. Toxicity is low in mammals
other than ruminants, especially cattle, and sheep, in which the rumen micro-organisms contain urease
activity and metabolise urea to ammonia at a high rate. In mice and rats, urea is of low toxicity even by the
subcutaneous and intravenous route.
Repeated dose toxicity: No well-conducted repeated dose toxicity studies on urea were located. Chronic
toxicity and carcinogenicity screening studies in mice and rats fed with 4500, 9000 or 45000 ppm in diet (up
to about 6750 mg/kg body weight/day for mice and about 2250 mg/kg body weight/day for rats) did not
uncover any treatment-related toxic syndromes in the various organs studied. Neither was any weight
depression noted at terminal necropsy for animals of either sex or species at any dose levels. Thus the
NOAELs were about 6750 mg/kg body weight/day for mice and about 2250 mg/kg body weight/day for rats.
Repeated dose toxicity studies with rats by skin application over 4 weeks and 25 weeks were conducted
using urea ointment at 10%, 20% and 40% concentrations, and no consistent treatment-related toxic effects
were found. The ointments were applied on a 20 cm2 area of the back skin; it is concluded that the repeated
dose toxicity of urea by dermal route is low.
Reproductive/developmental toxicity: The studies cited under repeated dose toxicity did not indicate any
toxic effects on the reproductive organs of mice and rats. No adequate teratogenicity/developmental toxicity
studies of urea with mammals were located. According to one rat study, 50 g/kg body weight/day
administered by gavage in two doses 12 hours apart for an average of 14 days did not cause outstanding
(external) teratogenicity; the mean birthweight of the newborn was lower but the litter size greater. Injection
of urea into the air sack of eggs shows that urea is toxic to the development of chick embryo.
No NOAEL can be given for the reproductive/developmental toxicity of urea because appropriate studies are
lacking.
Genetic toxicity: Urea has been negative in several appropriately conducted bacterial mutagenicity tests.
Urea caused DNA single strand breaks in mammalian cells in vitro and was clastogenic for mammalian cells in
vitro and in vivo but only at concentrations much beyond the physiological range (about 50-100 higher
concentrations than found in human blood). The mechanism of genotoxicity is probably non-specific (e.g.
difference in osmotic pressure across the cell membrane).
NOTE: Substance has been shown to be mutagenic in at least one assay, or belongs to a family of chemicals
producing damage or change to cellular DNA.
Altered sleep time, change in motor activity, antipsychosis, dyspnea, methaemoglobinaemia, convulsions,
lymphomas recorded. Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria.

SECTION 12 ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

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Toxicity
Ingredient Endpoint Test Duration (hr) Species Value Source
urea EC50 384 Crustacea 894.861mg/L 3
Algae or other aquatic
urea EC50 96 42184.758mg/L 3
plants
Algae or other aquatic
urea BCF 24 0.05mg/L 4
plants
urea EC50 48 Crustacea 3910mg/L 4
urea LC50 96 Fish 5mg/L 4
urea NOEC 168 Fish 200mg/L 2
Extracted from 1. IUCLID Toxicity Data 2. Europe ECHA Registered Substances - Ecotoxicological
Information - Aquatic Toxicity 3. EPIWIN Suite V3.12 - Aquatic Toxicity Data (Estimated) 4. US EPA, Ecotox
Legend:
database - Aquatic Toxicity Data 5. ECETOC Aquatic Hazard Assessment Data 6. NITE (Japan) -
Bioconcentration Data 7. METI (Japan) - Bioconcentration Data 8. Vendor Data

For urea:
log Kow : -2.97- -2.26
Environmental fate:
According to fugacity modelling there is 99.84% and 0.16% partitioning into water and air, respectively.
Air: Urea is essentially non-volatile in solid form. Its high water solubility, low vapour pressure (solid pure urea 80 Pa at 20 C;
calculated) and consequently low Henry's law constant (4.4E-8 atm m3/mol) indicate that urea will not evaporate from water to
atmosphere. When released into the air, urea is expected to be readily degraded by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl
radicals; half-life is expected to be less than 1 day.
Degradation of urea to ammonia causes NH3-emissions to air. Emissions are higher in alkaline soil (pH>7).
Soil: When released to soil, urea will hydrolyse into ammonium in a matter of days to several weeks. According to the worldwide use
pattern of urea, when 85 - 90% of urea is used as a fertilizer, the highest environmental exposure is to soil. Urea is, however,
relatively leachable from the soil into surface water and groundwater because of its weak adsorption to the soil, high water solubility
and low soil-water partition coefficient. This can happen especially if the soil surface is saturated with water, as might be the case
after rainfall.
Water: When released into water, urea material may biodegrade to a moderate extent. Urea is not expected to evaporate significantly.
Urea can be leached relatively easily into the surface water and the groundwater. The concentration of urea itself, however, is not
generally detected, because of its high degradation rate. Therefore usually degradation products e.g. nitrate, nitrite and ammonium
can be measured.
Bioaccumulation: Due to low log Pow value (- 1.59 at 20-25 C) urea is not likely to undergo bioaccumulation.. This material has an
experimentally-determined bioconcentration factor (BCF) of less than 100.
Biodegradation: Urea is very soluble in water and degrades ultimately in the inherent biodegradability test
Ecotoxicity:
Urea has generally low acute ecotoxicity to organisms. The degradation product of urea, ammonia, is known to be toxic to all
vertebrates. In neutral and acidic conditions, however, ammonia exists in the form of ammonium ion.
Of importance may be the indirect influence of urea on the environment via eutrophication and the pollution risk of urea to
groundwater, when urea is used as a fertiliser and a deicer agent in airports. Ecosystems may be affected following long-term use of
urea in the control of soil acidification and by ammonia emissions to air..
DO NOT discharge into sewer or waterways.

Persistence and degradability

Ingredient Persistence: Water/Soil Persistence: Air
urea LOW LOW

Bioaccumulative potential
Ingredient Bioaccumulation
urea LOW (BCF = 10)

Mobility in soil
Ingredient Mobility
urea LOW (KOC = 4.191)

SECTION 13 DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS

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Japan - ENCS Y
Korea - KECI Y
New Zealand -
Y
NZIoC
Philippines - PICCS Y
USA - TSCA Y
Y = All ingredients are on the inventory
Legend: N = Not determined or one or more ingredients are not on the inventory and are not exempt from listing(see
specific ingredients in brackets)

SECTION 16 OTHER INFORMATION

Other information

The SDS is a Hazard Communication tool and should be used to assist in the Risk Assessment. Many factors determine whether the
reported Hazards are Risks in the workplace or other settings. Risks may be determined by reference to Exposures Scenarios. Scale
of use, frequency of use and current or available engineering controls must be considered.

Definitions and abbreviations

－
PC TWA: Permissible Concentration-Time Weighted Average
－
PC STEL: Permissible Concentration-Short Term Exposure Limit
IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer
ACGIH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
STEL: Short Term Exposure Limit
TEEL: Temporary Emergency Exposure Limit 。
IDLH: Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations
OSF: Odour Safety Factor
NOAEL :No Observed Adverse Effect Level
LOAEL: Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level
TLV: Threshold Limit Value
LOD: Limit Of Detection
OTV: Odour Threshold Value
BCF: BioConcentration Factors
BEI: Biological Exposure Index

end of SDS