CE424:

PIPE
SYSTEMS
Engr. Bredith Grace B. Bucton
Instructor
Outline
▪ Pipe Flow
▪ Continuity Equation
▪ Momentum Equation
▪ Energy Equation
▪ Head Losses
▪ Due to friction
▪ Due to connections, bends, valves

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Pipe Flow
Pipe flow
- flow in closed conduits
- flowing fluid completely filling the conduit

Why do we consider closed conduit flow

instead of open channel flows?

Discharge, Q
- pipe flow at any location along the pip
- may be described by the pipe cross section (A),
elevation (h), pressure (p), and flow velocity (V) in
the pipe
𝑄 = 𝑉𝐴
Engineering Applications
Water Supply Systems Elevation, h
Stormwater Drains - usually measured with respect to a horizontal
Irrigation Water Distribution Systems reference datum (such as the mean sea level)

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Pipe Flow

Continuity Equation
- For incompressible, steady flow,
the continuity equation simply states
that the volumetric flow rate, Q,
across any surface normal to the
flow is constant.

𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝑉2 𝐴2 = 𝑄

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Pipe Flow
Momentum Equation
- Conservation of Momentum
- based on Newton’s Law of Motion (change in momentum flux between two sections
= sum of forces on the fluid causing the change)

Σ𝐹Ԧ = 𝜌𝑄 𝑉2 − 𝑉1

Can be expressed as:

Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑉𝑥2 − 𝑉𝑥1
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑉𝑦2 − 𝑉𝑦1
Σ𝐹𝑧 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑉𝑧2 − 𝑉𝑧1
where x = axial direction

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Pipe Flow
Example:
The horizontal nozzle shown discharges 0.01 m3/s of water into the air. The supply pipe’s diameter (dA
= 40 mm) is twice as large as the nozzle diameter (dB = 20 mm). The nozzle is held in place by a hinge
mechanism. Determine the magnitude and direction of the reaction force at the hinge, if the gauge
pressure at A is 500,000 N/m2. Assume the weight supported by the hinge is negligible.

dA = 40 mm

PA = 500,000 N/m2

F=?

Q = 0.01 m3/s

dB = 20 mm
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Pipe Flow
dA = 40 mm Q = 0.01 m3/s
Example:
PA = 500,000 N/m2
𝑚3
0.01
𝑠
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑄/𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋
(0.04𝑚)2
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𝑉𝐴 = 7.96 𝑚/𝑠
dB = 20 mm
𝑁 𝜋 F=?
𝐹𝑥,𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴𝐴 = 500,000 2 (0.04𝑚)2
𝑚 4
𝐹𝑥,𝐴 = 628.32 𝑁
𝐹𝑦,𝐴 = 0 𝑚
𝑉𝑥,𝐵 = 31.831 cos60° Atmospheric
𝑚3 𝑠
0.01 𝑉𝑥,𝐵 = 15.92 𝑚/𝑠 Pressure
𝑠
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑄/𝐴𝐵 = 𝜋
(0.02𝑚)2 𝑚 𝐹𝑥,𝐵 = 0
4 𝑉𝑦,𝐵 = 31.831 sin60°
𝑠
𝑉𝐵 = 31.831 𝑚/𝑠 𝑉𝑦,𝐵 = 27.57 𝑚/𝑠 𝐹𝑦,𝐵 = 0
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Pipe Flow 𝑽𝑨 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
dA = 40 mm Q = 0.01 m3/s
Example: 𝑭𝒙,𝑨 = 𝟔𝟐𝟖. 𝟑𝟐 𝑵
PA = 500,000 N/m2 𝑭𝒚,𝑨 = 𝟎
(→ +)
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑉𝑥,𝐵 − 𝑉𝑥,𝐴
𝐹𝑥,𝐴 − 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑉𝑥,𝐵 − 𝑉𝑥,𝐴
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 𝑚 dB = 20 mm
628.32 𝑁 − 𝐹𝑥 = 998 3 0.01 15.92 − 7.96
𝑚 𝑠 𝑠 F=?
𝑭𝒙 = 𝟓𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟖 𝑵 (←)

(↑ +)
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑉𝑦,𝐵 − 𝑉𝑦,𝐴 Magnitude of the
Resultant Force? 𝑭 = 𝟔𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 𝑵
−𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑉𝑦,𝐵
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 𝑚 Direction of the 𝑽𝒙,𝑩 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
−𝐹𝑦 = 998 3 0.01 27.57 Resultant Force? 𝜽 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟑𝟎° 𝑽𝒚,𝑩 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
𝑚 𝑠 𝑠
𝑭𝒙,𝑩 = 𝟎
𝑭𝒚 = 𝟐𝟕𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝑵 (↓) 𝑭𝒚,𝑩 = 𝟎
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Pipe Flow Here is a video illustrating these different “heads”:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxqM_kkwgU4
Energy Equation
- Water flowing in pipes contain energy in various forms
- major portion contained as: (1) kinetic energy, (2) potential energy, and (3) pressure energy

“Head” = energy per unit

weight of water

Total Head = Velocity

Head + Pressure Head +
Elevation Head

𝑉12 𝑃1
𝐻1 = + + ℎ1
2𝑔 𝛾

𝑉22 𝑃2
𝐻2 = + + ℎ2
2𝑔 𝛾

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Pipe Flow
Energy Equation
- Water flowing in pipes contain energy in various forms
- major portion contained as: (1) kinetic energy, (2) potential energy, and (3) pressure energy

𝑉12 𝑃1
𝐻1 = + + ℎ1
2𝑔 𝛾

𝑉22 𝑃2
𝐻2 = + + ℎ2
2𝑔 𝛾

𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃2
+ + ℎ1 = + + ℎ 2 + ℎ𝐿
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

𝒉𝑳 = head loss

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Pipe Flow
Energy Equation
- Water flowing in pipes contain energy in various forms
- major portion contained as: (1) kinetic energy, (2) potential energy, and (3) pressure energy

What does the hydraulic

grade line (HGL) represent?
HGL: measure of the hydraulic
head (P/γ + z) at each x-sxn

What does the energy grade

line (EGL) represent?
EGL: measure of the total head
at each x-sxn

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Head Loss
Friction Head Loss, hf
- loss of head caused by pipe wall friction and the viscous dissipation in flowing water
- also referred to as a “major loss” due to its magnitude

Resistance to flow in a pipe has been found to be:

1. independent of the pressure under which the water flows;
2. linearly proportional to the pipe length (L);
3. inversely proportional to some power of the pipe diameter (D);
4. proportional to some power of the mean velocity (V), and;
5. related to the roughness of the pipe, if the flow is turbulent.

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Head Loss
Friction Head Loss, hf
- formula for estimation (SI units):

Darcy-Weishbach Equation
𝑳 𝑽𝟐 where
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒇 f = friction factor
𝑫 𝟐𝒈 (Moody Diagram)

Manning Equation
where
𝒏𝟐 𝑳𝑽𝟐 n = Manning
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟓 𝟒 roughness
𝑫𝟑 coefficient

Hazen-Williams Equation
𝟏.𝟖𝟓 where
𝑳 𝑽
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟐 CH = Hazen-Williams
𝑫𝟏.𝟏𝟕 𝑪𝑯 roughness coefficient

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Head Loss

𝑉𝐷
𝑁𝑅 =
𝜈

where
NR = Reynolds
Number
V = Flow velocity
D = Pipe diameter
ν = kinematic viscosity
of water

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Head Loss

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Head Loss
Local Head Losses, hm
- additional head losses due to flow through pipe fittings, around bends, and through
changes in pipeline geometry
- sometimes also referred to as a “minor losses”

𝑉2
ℎ𝑚 = ෍𝐾
2𝑔

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Head Loss
1. Due to Pipe Contractions, hc

𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒄 = 𝑲𝒄
𝟐𝒈

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Head Loss
2. Due to Pipe Expansion, hE

(𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐 )𝟐
𝒉𝑬 =
𝟐𝒈

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Head Loss
3. Due to Pipe Entrance, he

𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒆 = 𝑲𝒆
𝟐𝒈

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Head Loss
4. Due to Pipe Exit, hd 5. Due to Pipe Bends, hb

𝑽𝟐
𝒉 𝒅 = 𝑲𝒅
𝟐𝒈 𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒃 = 𝑲𝒃
𝟐𝒈

*Pipe manufacturers are more then willing to supply prospective buyers with loss coefficients.
𝑲𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟎

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Head Loss
6. Due to Pipe Valves, hv

𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒗 = 𝑲𝒗
𝟐𝒈

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Head Loss
Example:
The figure below shows two pipe sections in series that transport water from a reservoir and discharge
it into air through a rotary valve at a location 100m below the water surface elevation. If the square-
edged connections are used, what is the discharge?

Ke = 0.5

f = 0.018 Kc = 0.35
f = 0.0225

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Head Loss
Solution:

𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉32 𝑃3 𝑉32

+ + ℎ1 = + + ℎ3 + ℎ𝐿 ℎ1 = + ℎ𝐿 = 100 𝑚
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

he hc hv

Ke = 0.5

Datum
f = 0.018 Kc = 0.35
f = 0.0225
hf1
hf2
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Head Loss
ℎ𝐿 = ℎ𝑒 + ℎ𝑓1 + ℎ𝑐 + ℎ𝑓2 + ℎ𝑣
Solution:

1,000𝑚 𝑣12 1,200𝑚 𝑣22

ℎ𝐿 = 0.5 + 0.018 + 0.35 + 0.0225 + 10
0.40𝑚 2𝑔 0.20𝑚 2𝑔

he hc hv

Ke = 0.5

Datum
f = 0.018 Kc = 0.35
f = 0.0225
hf1
hf2
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Head Loss 𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝑉2 𝐴2
Solution:
𝑉12 𝑉22 𝜋 2
𝜋
ℎ𝐿 = 45.5 + 145.35 (0.40𝑚) 𝑉1 = (0.20𝑚)2 𝑉2 𝑉1 = 0.25𝑉2
2𝑔 2𝑔 4 4
𝑉22
ℎ𝐿 = 148.194
2𝑔
he hc hv

Ke = 0.5

Datum
f = 0.018 Kc = 0.35
f = 0.0225
hf1
hf2
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Head Loss
Solution:
𝑣22 𝑉22 𝑉22
ℎ𝐿 = 148.194 + 148.194 = 100𝑚 𝑉22 = 13.15 𝑉2 = 3.63 𝑚/𝑠
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉32
+ ℎ𝐿 = 100𝑚
2𝑔
he hc hv

Ke = 0.5

Note: 𝑉2 = 𝑉3
Datum
f = 0.018 Kc = 0.35
f = 0.0225

Discharge? 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟒 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 hf1

hf2
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THANK YOU

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References

Houghtalen, R.J., Akan, A.O., and Hwang, N.H.C. (2010) Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering
Systems, Pearson Higher Education, Inc.

Chin, D.A. (2013) Water-Resources Engineering, Pearson, Singapore, 3rd Ed

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