See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/360069250

Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide using Chemical and Catalytic Methods:

A Reactor-based Approach

Article in Asian Journal of Chemistry · April 2022

DOI: 10.14233/ajchem.2022.23729

CITATIONS READS
6 1,977

5 authors, including:

Mohebul Ahsan Syed Shamsul Alam Heron

Military Institute of Science and Technology Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
15 PUBLICATIONS 35 CITATIONS 6 PUBLICATIONS 13 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Mohammad Abul Hasnat

Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
107 PUBLICATIONS 1,998 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Mohebul Ahsan on 20 April 2022.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 34, No. 5 (2022), 1263-1268

ASIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY

https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23729

Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide using Chemical and

Catalytic Methods: A Reactor-based Approach

MD SHAHADAT HUSSAIN CHOWDHURY1, , MOHEBUL AHSAN1, , M. HUMAYUN KABIR1,2, ,

SYED S. ALAM1, and MOHAMMAD A. HASNAT1,3,*,
1
Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of
Science and Technology, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh
2
Department of Chemistry, Noorjahan Memorial Women's Degree College, Bangladesh
3
Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Agargaon, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 17 January 2022; Accepted: 4 March 2022; Published online: 20 April 2022; AJC-20780

A feasible catalytic reactor for oxygen evolution has been proposed, which could complement the current methods of O2 evolution efficiently
and ensure the availability of pure oxygen on a wider scale. Several chemicals, such as NaI, MnO2, NiSO4, etc. can generally decompose
hydrogen peroxide by producing oxygen as a product via chemical reactions. Meanwhile, the Pt-Pd catalyst efficiently catalyzes hydrogen
peroxide decomposition reactions and generates pure oxygen without any unfriendly species. The excellence of the bi-metallic catalyst
has been validated by the evaluation of turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF). Implementing the knowledge of chemical
reactions and heterogenous catalysis, the proposed catalytic reactor could be helpful for generating a continuous flow of oxygen. Surely,
the oxygen produced in this process is higher in amount compared to the oxygen present in the atmosphere at ambient conditions which
might facilitate the breathing support for critically ill patients.

Keywords: Hydrogen peroxide, Oxygen evolution, Decomposition, turnover frequency, turnover number, Reactor.

INTRODUCTION administrative support to make oxygen supply widely avail-

able. On top of that, the price of the oxygen cylinders has been
The supply of medical oxygen for the critically ill COVID- sky rocketing due to the supply and demand, which is almost
19 patients has become one of the major challenges for Bangladesh unbearable for most of the people in Bangladesh who are living
as well as other developing countries around the world [1]. below the poverty line [7,8]. Moreover, sometimes patients in
Typically, industrial methods for the production of oxygen remote villages may need urgent external oxygen aid. Accor-
include purification of atmospheric air, electrolysis of water, ding to recent reports [9-12], due to the scarcity of commercial
artificial photosynthesis, cryogenic distillation, etc. [2-5]. These cylindrical oxygen, the lives of patients are often jeopardized.
methods are not only complex but also considered time consu- In these circumstances, an alternative way of generating pure
ming in the requirement of pure oxygen supply. In this case, oxygen via a chemical or catalytic process may be able to support
transportation, refill time and logistic support regarding the the demand at a reasonable cost.
oxygen cylinder remain addressable challenges. Several barriers Hydrogen peroxide can be easily decomposed to water
have to tackle from the threshold of production and delivery generating oxygen under suitable environment [13]. Since
to hospitals or individual patients in the case of oxygen supply. hydrogen peroxide is a benign, eco-friendly and easily portable
The WHO suggests that around 20% of patients may need chemical reagent used for synthesis purposes, cleansing of
medical oxygen support to recover from the acute respiratory equipment, aerospace oxidizers, medical and cosmetic applica-
problems [6]. In such a case, managing this amount seems a tions, wastewater treatment plants and most notably known as
herculean task, keeping in mind the manpower along with bleaching and Fenton reagents [14], this chemical can also be a

This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. This
license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit the author for the original
creation. You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
1264 Chowdhury et al. Asian J. Chem.

complimentary source of oxygen for urgent usage despite Afterwards, this blasted polymer was washed properly and
having some explosive nature regarding synthesis and handling dried at 80 ºC for 1 h. Meanwhile, 0.1 g of a mixture of H2PtCl6
[15,16]. and PdCl2 (1:1) was added to 200 mL of water, which was
Concerning the hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction, vigorously stirred. To ensure the complete dissolution, several
several studies have been conducted using different materials drops of concentrated ammonia were added. Later, the dried
[17-20]. These are often expensive and require complex proce- polymer was placed in the reaction mixture by glass rods such
dures for the synthesis purpose. However, in this study, the that none of the surfaces of the polymer adhered to the beaker.
applicability of several ubiquitously available materials has After that, a mixture of 3 M NaOH and 2 M NaBH4 solution
been checked for decomposing hydrogen peroxide. It is noticed was added dropwise to the beaker at a rate of 2 mL h-1. At the
that sodium iodide (under basic conditions), several oxides and same time, the mixture was stirred at a rate of 200 rpm with a
sulfates are efficient in decomposing hydrogen peroxide. Mean- magnetic bar and the temperature was raised gradually from
while, a bimetallic Pt-Pd catalyst was synthesized [21], which 30-65 ºC at a rate of 5 ºC h-1. In this way, within 12 h, a film of
exhibited the utmost decomposition efficiency with reasonable mixed Pt and Pd metals was fabricated on both surfaces of the
durability for extensive use. Taking this into consideration, Nafion polymer. The thickness of the metallic film on either
we have aimed at the design of a cost-effective, efficient and side was approximately 2.0 µm. Later, the prepared metal-
easily operable reactor where a common chemical reagent, polymer assembly was washed with dil. HCl to remove unreacted
hydrogen peroxide could be decomposed to produce oxygen NaOH and subsequently sonicated. The assembly was next
via a chemical or catalytic process. Additionally, chemical or washed with an ample of distilled water and dried at 110 ºC
catalytic activity has been determined for batchwise reactors prior to applied for catalytic reaction. The catalyst, once ready,
that can be extended to continuous flow reactors on a wider was placed in a 1.0 L glass bottle containing 250 mL of 15%
scale. It is believed that people having a minimum level of H2O2. As soon as the catalyst comes into contact with H2O2,
technical knowledge can fabricate the reactors for oxygen the decomposition reaction was initiated and the evolution of
production in times of need. oxygen commences. The evolved oxygen was collected at
normal temperature and pressure for the analysis as mentioned
EXPERIMENTAL in the previous section. From the thorough investigations, it
Materials used for this experimental purpose were of was ascertained that no hazardous substances were produced
analytical grade, so no extra purification steps were performed. throughout this process, as this is a simple catalytic decom-
A PET (polyethylene terapathalate) container of 1.0 L, an inlet position where the product is only oxygen and water. So, the
pipe, an outlet pipe, a flow controller was used to fabricate the catalytic method mentioned here can be termed a “complete
batch reactor. For the catalyst preparation, palladium(II) chloride green process”.
(PdCl2), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), chloroplatinic acid
(H2PtCl6) and Nafion-117 membrane were supplied by Wako RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chemicals (USA). Hydrogen peroxide, manganese dioxide Hydrogen peroxide decomposition: Fig. 1 represents the
and sodium iodide were supplied by Merck, Germany. Milli- time dependent volume of the oxygen evolution generated due
pore Milli-Q water (resistivity more than 18 MΩ cm and micro- to the chemical method and the catalytic decomposition of
organic concentration ≥ 3 ppb) was used to make all the the hydrogen peroxide at room temperature and atmospheric
required solutions. pressure.
Chemical method: In order to check the oxygen evolution
reaction, 250 mL of 15% hydrogen peroxide was taken in a 2000
glass bottle and then the outlet port was connected to a reservoir MnO2
NaI
using a normal saline IV set pipe. Approximately 0.5 g of MnO2
Pt-Pd/Nafion
or NaI was added to the glass bottle just before the reaction 1600
was started. The pH of NaI solution was maintained at a slightly
basic level between 7.0 and 9.0. In other cases, the pH was
O2 evolved (mL)

neutral. As soon as MnO2 or NaI was added to hydrogen 1200

peroxide, the spontaneous chemical reaction generates oxygen
as a product. The evolved oxygen was collected in the reservoir
for the analysis. 800
Catalytic method: The catalytic process is considered
one of the most reliable, efficient and long-serving processes
that is essentially non-destructive. This process ensures the 400
selective production of molecular oxygen along with high
purity and incessant supply if the catalyst is not destroyed
physically or contaminated in any manner [22-26]. To decom- 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
pose H2O2 catalytically, a composite of Pt-Pd film was fabri- Time (min)
cated by a piece of Nafion-117 membrane (size: 6 cm2), which Fig. 1. Volume of the O2 evolution by chemical and catalytic methods at
was first sand blasted to make the surface notched [21,27]. standard temperature and pressure
Vol. 34, No. 5 (2022) Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide using Chemical and Catalytic Methods 1265

Chemical decomposition: It is apparent from Fig. 1 that Catalytic decomposition: It is widely acknowledged that
oxygen evolution is very rapid while NaI is being used as a noble metals possess unique catalytic properties regarding
decomposing agent for hydrogen peroxide. However, within hydrogen peroxide decomposition reactions [33-39]. In this
20 min, the oxygen evolution becomes limited. This is because connection, a bimetallic Pt-Pd/Nafion catalyst was fabricated
the yield of a reaction is proportional to the reagent introduced [21] to decompose hydrogen peroxide in an effective manner.
to the reaction vessel. As soon as iodide ions come into contact Fig. 1 reveals that while the Pt-Pd/Nafion catalyst was employed,
with hydrogen peroxide, the conversion of H2O2 to O2 is achieved oxygen evolution increased steadily and showed a maximum
in multi-steps as reported earlier [28-30]. Since in an acidic magnitude. This observation suggests that the Pt-Pd film effici-
medium, iodine is the major product, a basic or neutral medium ently catalyzed the hydrogen peroxide decomposition without
is highly recommended for the decomposition. Afterwards, acting as a limiting reagent. The reaction was repeated several
by varying the concentration of NaI from (0-8.0) mM, the times and similar observations were noticed. However, the
decomposition of H2O2 was examined. It was found that with Pt-Pd film was not involved in any chemical reaction and the
the increment in the concentration of NaI, the decomposition catalytic surface was not passivated, which was assured in this
rate was increased up to 3.7 mM of NaI (Fig. 2a). Understand- observation. The mechanism of the catalytic decomposition
ably, exceeding the concentration level, the decomposition rate of the hydrogen peroxide proposed in the literature as follows
was declined in a notable manner. [40,41]:
Since the rate of oxygen evolution was found to rely on Cat + H2O2 → Cat-O + H2O (2)
the concentration of hydrogen peroxide [21] hence, a first order
kinetic pathway was involved during the decomposition reaction Cat-O + H2O2 → Cat + O2 + H2O (3)
as per the following equation: Since the reaction is dependent on the concentration of
the hydrogen peroxide [41], hence the rate of oxygen evolution
ν O2 = k[H 2O2 ] (1)
is best explained by the first order kinetics which is analogous
Thus, as long as iodide and hydrogen peroxide remain in to the eqn. 3. However, if a Pt or Pd catalyst is used alone, the
the reactor, oxygen evolution continues. Herein, iodide was reaction rate is not so strong to be used for applied purposes.
used as a limiting reagent, so within 20 min, all of the iodide While Pt and Pd nanoparticles are aggregated together, these
ions were perhaps consumed and the extent of oxygen evolution metallic sites become negatively and positively charged in a
became limited. By contrast, it is seen from Fig. 1 that MnO2 partial manner, respectively. It is noted that the stability of the
efficiently catalyzed the decomposition reaction in optimized hydrogen peroxide deteriorates in contact with the negatively
conditions where O2 evolution is five times greater than NaI. charged sites, which favours the rapid decomposition of the
But after a passage of time, it reached a plateau with the maxi- hydrogen peroxide [42,43]. Substantially, it can be stated that
mum evolution of oxygen. The reaction pathway of the chemical while a catalytic surface contains a considerable amount of Pt
decomposition has already been reported in the literature and Pd particles, the rate of hydrogen peroxide decomposition
[31,32]. To a certain extent, MnO2 catalyzed the decomposition revs up and this type of catalyst may be conveniently helpful
reaction, so it was necessary to optimize the reaction conditions. for the practical applications of oxygen production on a wider
Ipso facto, the influence of MnO2 dosage on hydrogen peroxide scale.
was also checked and optimized. By optimizing the Chemical and catalytic activities: At this stage, it is
concentration as shown in Fig. 2b, it is clear that a suitable established that catalytic decomposition has supremacy in
catalytic dosage of (0-2.3) mM was maintained to obtain the stability and efficacy concerns over chemical methods compar-
best decomposition rate of H2O2. However, above this dosage, atively. As the catalyst will not evolve O2 for an unlimited amount
the rate of reaction reaches a maximum peak. of time, it is imperative to calculate the amount of O2 produced

40.0
35.0
(a) (b)
32.0
VO2 (nano mol g s )

30.0
–1

VO2 (nano mol g s )

–1
–1

–1

24.0

25.0
16.0

20.0
8.0

0.0 15.0
0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
[NaI] (mM) [MnO2] (mM)
Fig. 2. Effect of (a) NaI and (b) MnO2 concentration on H2O2 decomposition. {[H2O2] = 1.0 M; volume of the reactor: 250 mL}
1266 Chowdhury et al. Asian J. Chem.

against the amount of catalyst or chemical introduced. At this cycle involvement than NaI. From the above comparison, it
succession, the total number of turnovers the catalyst can achieve can be stated that the bimetallic catalyst has the highest number
until it’s total decay regardless of time was calculated. Basically, of catalytic cycles involved during the decomposition of the
the maximum usage of the catalyst under experimental condi- H2O2 pertaining to O2 evolution, which clearly confirms its
tions is determined by the number of reaction cycles, termed superiority.
as the turnover number (TON) [44,45]. For further validation Design of flow reactor: Based on the above discussion,
of the excellence of the bimetallic catalyst, TON was calculated it is highly likely possible that flow type reactors can be fabri-
as per eqn. 4: cated such that continuous O2 supply can be ensured for the
breathing support of critically-ill patients. In this connection,
Amount of O2 produced
TON = (4) the simple designs of flow type reactors are illustrated in Fig. 3.
Amount of chemical or catalyst introduced For generating O2 via chemical reactions, a 1.0 L PET reaction
On further note, to assume the instantaneous efficiency vessel having an inlet funnel, outlet pipe and flow controller
of the catalyst, turn over frequency (TOF) [44,45] was calculated was used. Here, it should be ensured that the end of the inlet
(Table-1) using TON against the time of chemical or catalytic funnel sufficiently remains in contact with hydrogen peroxide
decomposition of H2O2 reaction following eqn. 5: in the vessel such that no gas can escape through the inlet
channel. It is observed that the container should have a mini-
TON
TOF = (5) mum space to accumulate oxygen gas as evolved by the decom-
Time of the decomposition position reaction where the gas pressure can be regulated using
It is obvious from the comparative tabulated data in Table-1 a flow controller. Therefore, since alkaline NaI instantly and
that the Pt-Pd/Nafion catalyst has 40 times more catalytic cycle rapidly decomposes hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide
involvement than the MnO2 and almost 176 times more catalytic and alkaline NaI should be inserted into the vessel gradually
through the funnel to ensure the continuous oxygen flow. For
TABLE-1 alkalinity, a few drops of NaOH could be poured into the vessel
EVALUATION OF THE TURNOVER NUMBER AND
before adding NaI and H2O2. The reaction rate is unimolecular,
TURNOVER FREQUENCY OF THE H2O2 DECOMPOSITION
USING CHEMICAL AND BI-METALLIC CATALYST so the time of flow of oxygen could be regulated by controlling
Chemical/catalyst O2 evolved (mL) TON
–1
TOF (min )
the concentration of H2O2.
NaI 365 2684 72.54 Meanwhile, in case of the catalytic decomposition of H2O2,
MnO2 1180 11920 132.54 a similar reactor vessel can be used. In this case, catalyst
Pt-Pd/Nafion 1750 472973 4978.66 (Pt-Pd/Nafion) needs to be placed inside the reactor first, then
Note: NaI and MnO2 were taken 0.5 g, each in 250 mL of H2O2 H2O2 is required to pour on the reactor gradually using the
solution. The time needed for the completion of the decomposition for funnel. Later, the oxygen flow could be controlled by the size
NaI, MnO2 and Pt-Pd/Nafion was 37, 90 and 95 min, respectively. The
of the catalytic surface and the concentration of H2O2. This
total catalytic (Pt-Pd/Nafion) weight was 2.1 mg, having 76 % of Pt
2
and 24% of Pt with a geometric surface area of 12 cm . The time idea easily aligns with the fabrication of a batch reactor. Here,
needed for the complete decomposition of the chemical was obtained the concentrated H2O2 and catalyst are required to be placed
from Fig. 1. in the vessel together, where oxygen is expected to be generated
NaI solution H2O2

(O2) for respiration H2O2 (O2 ) for respiration

H2O2
–
H2O2 + I Pt-Pd/Nafion

(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Flow diagram of the evolution of O2 from H2O2 in the presence of (a) NaI and (b) Pt-Pd surface in the batch type reactor
Vol. 34, No. 5 (2022) Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide using Chemical and Catalytic Methods 1267

as long as H2O2 remains unreacted. In this case, the reactor 7. H.M. Reza, F. Sultana and I.O. Khan, Open Public Health J., 13, 438
should have some space above the solution level such that (2020);
https://doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010438
evolved gas could be accumulated prior to passing through 8. N. Sakib, T. Akter, F. Zohra, A.K.M.I. Bhuiyan, M.A. Mamun and
the outlet channel. To get the maximum output pertaining to M.D. Griffiths, Int. J. Ment. Health Addiction, (2021);
O2 evolution, the PO2 should be properly maintained such that https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00477-9
it exceeds the atmospheric pressure and the PH2O remains below 9. H.J. Zar, J. Dawa, G.B. Fischer and J.A. Castro-Rodriguez, Paediatr.
Respir. Rev., 35, 70 (2020);
the both pressures. So, it is recommended to use a vacuum https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2020.06.016
system to sort out the hassle. However, the above-mentioned 10. V.K. Jain, K.P. Iyengar and R. Vaishya, Diabetes Metab. Syndr., 15,
mechanical designs were only attributed to check the efficiency 1047 (2021);
of oxygen generation in a laboratory environment using chemicals https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.05.009
11. A. Haque, J. Heal Res., 34, 563 (2020);
and catalysts. Further industrial production or practical multi- https://doi.org/10.1108/JHR-07-2020-0279
plication and the maintenance of such reactors require sufficient 12. A.A. Moona, S. Daria, M. Asaduzzaman and M.R. Islam, Infect. Prev.
knowledge of chemical engineering and other mechanical Pract., 3, 100159 (2021);
insights. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infpip.2021.100159
13. J.M. Aubry, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 107, 5844 (1985);
Conclusion https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00307a002
14. S. Ranganathan and V. Sieber, Catalysts, 8, 379 (2018);
Although hydrogen peroxide may be converted to different https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8090379
products, iodide ions can selectively decompose hydrogen 15. M.J. Liou and M.C. Lu, J. Hazard. Mater., 151, 540 (2008);
peroxide to produce oxygen. Most importantly, this reaction https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.06.016
must be carried out in a neutral or basic medium, otherwise 16. Y. Voloshin, R. Halder and A. Lawal, Catal. Today, 125, 40 (2007);
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2007.01.043
molecular iodine will be generated. The reaction can alterna- 17. W. Chen, F. Chen, G. Zhang, S. Kong, W. Cai, J. Wang, L. Du and C.
tively be carried out using materials like K2SO4, MnO2, NiSO4, Wu, Mater. Lett., 239, 94 (2019);
CoSO4·7H2O and CuSO4. By contrast, the Pt-Pd bimetallic https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.12.064
catalyst deposited on a Nafion surface catalyzes hydrogen 18. S.H. Lee, I.I. Nedrygailov, S. Oh and J.Y. Park, Catal. Today, 303, 282
(2018);
peroxide decomposition in more efficient manner, which was https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2017.09.038
further justified by calculating TON and TOF. Moreover, such 19. G. Fang, Y. Deng, M. Huang, D.D. Dionysiou, C. Liu and D. Zhou,
a reactor based on the catalytic process converts hydrogen Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 2178 (2018);
peroxide to pure oxygen through a decomposition process, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05303
20. T. Kim, J.S. Hwang and S. Kwon, Lab Chip, 7, 835 (2007);
which is seemingly more convenient and cost-effective than https://doi.org/10.1039/b700040e
contemporary methods as it has the perks of repeatable usage. 21. M.A. Hasnat, M.M. Rahman, S.M. Borhanuddin, A. Siddiqua, N.M.
Bahadur and M.R. Karim, Catal. Commun., 12, 286 (2010);
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2010.10.001
22. L. Trotochaud and S.W. Boettcher, Scr. Mater., 74, 25 (2014);
The authors indebtedly acknowledge the financial supports https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.07.019
from Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (Grant 23. D.E. McCoy, T. Feo, T.A. Harvey and R.O. Prum, Nat. Commun., 9, 1
(2018);
No. PS/2021/2/02) and Ministry of Science and Technology https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02088-w
[Grant No (Gr. SL. 427 ES, Year 2021)]. 24. J.S. Kim, B. Kim, H. Kim and K. Kang, Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 1702774
(2018);
CONFLICT OF INTEREST https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702774
25. X. Xu, F. Song and X. Hu, Nat. Commun., 7, 12324 (2016);
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12324
regarding the publication of this article. 26. S.R. Ede and Z. Luo, J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. Energy Sustain., 9,
20131 (2021);
https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA04032D
REFERENCES 27. M.A. Hasnat, M.S. Alam, M.M. Karim, M.A. Rashed and M. Machida,
Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 107, 294 (2011);
1. A. Saha, M.M. Ahsan, T.U. Quader, M.U.S. Shohan, S. Naher, P. Dutta, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.07.028
A.S. Akash, H.M.H. Mehedi, A.A.U. Chowdhury, H. Karim, T. Rahman 28. J.C. Hansen, J. Chem. Educ., 73, 728 (1996);
and A. Parvin, J. Prev. Med. Hyg., 62, E33 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1021/ed073p728
https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.1.1838 29. H.A. Liebhafsky and A. Mohammad, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 55, 3977 (1933);
2. K.R. Ward, G.S. Huvard, M. McHugh, R.R. Mallepally and R. Imbruce, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01337a010
Resp. Care, 58, 184 (2013); 30. H.A. Liebhafsky, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 53, 896 (1931);
https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.01983 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01354a010
3. W.J.B. Chater, Chem. Eng. Sci., 3, 118 (1954); 31. D.B. Broughton, R.L. Wentworth and M.E. Laing, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(54)80011-X 69, 744 (1947);
4. D. Gust, T.A. Moore and A.L. Moore, Faraday Discuss., 155, 9 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01196a004
https://doi.org/10.1039/C1FD00110H 32. D.B. Broughton and R.L. Wentworth, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 69, 741 (1947);
5. B. Ha, Cryogenic Distillation Process for the Production of Oxygen https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01196a003
and Nitrogen, US Patent US 5231837A (1993). 33. J.J. Rusek, J. Propulsion Power, 12, 574 (2012);
6. T.W.K. Lew, T.K. Kwek, D. Tai, A. Earnest, S. Loo, K. Singh, K.M. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.24071
Kwan, Y. Chan, C.F. Yim, S.L. Bek, A.C. Kor, W.S. Yap, Y.R. Chelliah, 34. W. He, Y.T. Zhou, W.G. Wamer, X. Hu, X. Wu, Z. Zheng, M.D.
Y.C. Lai and S.-K. Goh, JAMA, 290, 374 (2003); Boudreau and J.-J. Yin, Biomaterials, 34, 765 (2013);
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.3.374 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.010
1268 Chowdhury et al. Asian J. Chem.
35. M.A. Hasan, M.I. Zaki, L. Pasupulety and K. Kumari, Appl. Catal. A 40. R. Serra-Maia, M. Bellier, S. Chastka, K. Tranhuu, A. Subowo, J.D.
Gen., 181, 171 (1999); Rimstidt, P.M. Usov, A.J. Morris and F.M. Michel, ACS Appl. Mater.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(98)00430-X Interfaces, 10, 21224 (2018);
36. R. Serra-Maia, M. Bellier, S. Chastka, K. Tranhuu, A. Subowo, J.D. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b02345
Rimstidt, P.M. Usov, A.J. Morris and F.M. Michel, ACS Appl. Mater. 41. M.A. Hasnat, M.M. Rahman, I.A. Siddiquey, S.M. Borhanuddin, M.S.
Interfaces, 10, 21224 (2018); Alam, M.H. Rahman and A.M. Asiri, RSC Adv., 5, 46295 (2015);
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b02345 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA05620A
37. A. Thetford, G.J. Hutchings, S.H. Taylor and D.J. Willock, The 42. S.Q. Liu and H.X. Ju, Anal. Biochem., 307, 110 (2002);
Decomposition of H2O2 over the Components of Au/TiO2 Catalysts. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00014-3
In: Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and 43. D.R. Shobha Jeykumari, S. Ramaprabhu and S. Sriman Narayanan,
Engineering Sciences, The Royal Society Publishing, pp. 1885–1899 Carbon, 45, 1340 (2007);
(2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.01.006
38. J. Hofmann, U. Freier, M. Wecks and S. Hohmann, Appl. Catal. B, 70, 44. M. Comotti, C. Della Pina, R. Matarrese and M. Rossi, Angew. Chem.
447 (2007); Int. Ed., 43, 5812 (2004);
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.11.023 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200460446
39. V. Polshettiwar and R.S. Varma, Org. Biomol. Chem., 7, 37 (2009); 45. S. Kozuch and J.M.L. Martin, ACS Catal., 2, 2787 (2012);
https://doi.org/10.1039/B817669H https://doi.org/10.1021/cs3005264

View publication stats