VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI-590 018

An Internship Report (18MEI85)

on
“FUNCTION GAUGES DESIGN USING AUTOCAD”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
ASIF M YARAGUDI
4BD19ME003

Internship Carried Out at

SHREE RAM TECHNICAL
TRAINING FOUNDATION
BIET Road Davanagere - 577005

Guide
D.E. UMESH M.Tech, MISTE.
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

2022-23
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BAPUJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SHAMANUR ROAD, DAVANGERE – 577004, KARNATAKA
 BAPUJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SHAMANUR ROAD, DAVANGERE-577004, KARNATAKA
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Internship/ Professional Practice (18MEI85)

This is to Certify that ASIF M YARAGUDI bearing USN 4BD19ME003 of VIII semester Bachelor
of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering has submitted Internship report titled “FUNCTION
GAGES DESIGN USING AUTOCAD” as a part of the Internship as prescribed for the partial fulfillment of
Bachelor of Engineering requirement of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgavi-590018.

Guide

……………………
D.E.UMESH M.Tech,MISTE
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

HOD Principal

……………………. ………………..
Dr. G. MANAVENDRA M.E, Ph.D Dr H. B. ARAVINDA M.E Ph.D,
Professor & Head Principal
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering BIET, Davanagere

Name of the Examiners: Signature with Date

1.

2.
 Bapuji Educational Association (Regd.)
Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology
Post Box No: 325, Davanagere – 577 004 Karnataka
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University and Approved by AICTE)

Vision and Mission of the Institute

Vision

To be a center of excellence recognized nationally and internationally, in distinctive areas of

engineering education and research, based on a culture of innovation and invention.

Mission
BIET contributes to the growth and development of its students by imparting a broad based
engineering education and empowering them to be successful in their chosen field by
inculcating in them positive approach, leadership qualities and ethical values.

Vision and Mission of the

Department Vision
The department endeavors to be a center of excellence, to provide quality education leading the
students to become professional mechanical engineers with ethics, contributing to the society
through research, innovation, entrepreneurial and leadership qualities.
Key Words: Center of Excellence, Ethics, Research, Innovation, Entrepreneurial and Leadership
Qualities

Mission
M1: To impart quality technical education through effective teaching-learning process leading to
development of professional skills and attitude to excel in Mechanical Engineering.
M2: To interact with institutes of repute, to enhance academic and research activities.
M3: To inculcate creative thinking abilities among students and develop entrepreneurial skills.
M4: To imbibe ethical, environmental friendly and moral values amongst students through broad
based education.
 Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

The Mechanical Engineering graduates are able to:

PEO1: Enable to understand mechanical engineering systems those are technically viable,
economically feasible and socially acceptable to enhance quality of life.
PEO2: Apply modern tools and techniques to solve real problems in mechanical and allied
engineering streams.
PEO3: Communicate effectively using innovative tools, to demonstrate leadership and
entrepreneurial skills.
PEO4: Be a professional having ethical attitude with multidisciplinary approach to achieve
self and organizational goals.
PEO5: Utilize the best academic environment to create opportunity to cultivate lifelong
learning skills needed to succeed in profession.

Program Specific Outcomes [PSOs]

The department defines the program specific outcomes as follows:

PSO1: Apply the acquired knowledge in design, thermal, manufacturing and

interdisciplinary areas for solving industry and social relevant problems.

PSO2: To enhance the abilities of students by imparting knowledge in emerging

technologies to make them proficient mechanical engineers.
 Bapuji Educational Association (Regd.)
Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology
Post Box No: 325, Davanagere – 577 004 Karnataka
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University and Approved by AICTE)

COURSE OUTCOMES

At the end of Internship/ Professional Practice, students will be able to:

CO1: Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: Student interns will develop analytical skills,
including the ability to understand information and interpret data.
Student interns will exhibit foresight, independent thinking, resourcefulness, and the ability to make
decisions
CO2: Teamwork/Collaboration: Student interns will develop interpersonal skills which will enable
them to build professional relationships, work within a team structure, and to manage conflict in the
workplace
CO3: Professionalism/Work Ethic: Student interns will develop effective work habits, including time
management, punctuality, and personal accountability.
CO4: Oral/Written Communications: Student interns will be able to present thoughts and ideas
clearly and effectively in written and oral forms as required for particular workplace settings
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The sense of contentment and elation that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the names of people who helped in accomplishment of the work. I
would like to express our gratitude to my Guide D.E.UMESH for guiding in completing the Internship
work and for the continuous encouragement.

We express our sincere gratitude to SHREE RAM TECHNICAL TRAINING FOUNDATION for
their continuous support and encouragement.

We are also thankful to the technical advisors Mr. MANJUNATH G M , Mr. PRASHANTH for the
valuable advice and supervision.

I express sincere thanks to Dr. G. MANAVENDRA, Head of the Department, Mechanical Engineering for

providing all the necessary support.

I would like to thank our beloved principal Dr H. B. ARAVINDA for constant support

and encouragement.

I thankfully acknowledge the help received from the internship work Co-ordinators

Dr. SHARAN A.S and SUSHMA A PATIL for guiding in the right way to complete the work

according to the university requirements.

Finally I would express my sincere thanks to all the teaching and non-teaching staff of the department

for providing all the necessary support and Families & friends, who have extended their co-operation.

NAME: ASIF M

YARAGUDI USN :

4BD19ME003
 ABSTRACT
STTF was established in the year 2018 with a mission to promote a purposeful technical
education for the youth. Between 2018 and now, STTF has more than 1000 students in
Davangere. The core areas of training are in the fields of automotive design and analysis,
fixture design, HVAC design, functional gauges design, computer aided drafting and
design, CNC skills etc. STTF also committed to help the student to get better job for their
skills. STTF also conducts internships, workshops, seminars, in association with collage
to develops the student’s employability.

CAD DESK is the leading software training institute in India, which offers vast range of
training program in the fields of CAD, CAM, and CAE, more than 2 lack students believe
in CAD DESK and satisfied with their career growth with CAD DESK.

CAD DESK is the authorized training partner of Autodesk, PTC, Bentley systems and
Dassault system. And in a very short span of time.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION 01
1.1 AUTOCAD WINDOW 02
1.2 COORDINATES ENTRY 04
1.3 NAVIGATION TOOLS OBJECT DISPLAY 05
1.4 DRAWING UNITS & LIMITS 07
1.5 COMMANDS 09
2. DRAW COMMAND TOOLS 10
3. MODIFY COMMANDS 13
4. DIMENSION TOOLBAR 17
5. TEXT COMMAND 22
6. TABLE 23
7. LAYER 24
8. ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS 26
CHAPTER 2 28
COMPANY DESCRIPTION 28
2.1 OBJECTIVES 29
2.2 DEPARTMENT 29
CHAPTER 3 30
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING 30
3.1 GD&T SYMBOLS 31
3.2 GEOMETRIC MODIFYING SYMBOLS 32
3.3 DATUM 33
3.3.1 WHAT IS DATUM? 33
3.3.2 DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR (THEORETICAL) 33
3.3.3 DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR (PHYSICAL) 33
CHAPTER 4 34
TASK PERGORMED 34
4.1 CNC TURNING (SIEMENS) 34
4.2 OPERATING CNC MACHINE 34
 4.3 FINISHED PRODUCT OF TURNING 36
IN CNC TURNING MACHINE
CHAPTER 5 37
INTRODUCTION ABOUT TYPES OF GAUGES 37
5.1 SINGLE ENDED SNAP GAUGE 37
5.2 PLAIN CARBIDE RING GAUGES 37
5.3 INDUSTRIAL GAUGES 38
5.5 RING GAUGES NO GO 38
CHAPTER 6 39
6.1 TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES 39
CHAPTER 7 40
CONCLUSION 40
REFERENCES 41
 LIST OF FIGURE
Fig NO Description Page no
Figure 1.1 AUTOCAD Window 2
Figure 1.2 Drawing units and limits 9
Figure 1.3 Draw command tools 11
Figure 1.4 line 11
Figure 1.5 Rectangle 11
Figure 1.6 Polygon 12
Figure 1.7 Circle 12
Figure 1.8 Arc 13
Figure 1.9 Spline 13
Figure 1.10 Ellipse 13
Figure 1.11 Hatch 14
Figure 1.12 Modify Commands 14
Figure 1.13 Array 15
Figure 1.14 Some Drawing using Draw and modify toolbars 18
Figure 1.15 Dimension Toolbar 19
Figure 1.16 Linear Dimension 19
Figure 1.17 Radial Dimension 19
Figure 1.18 Angular Dimension 19
Figure 1.19 Ordinate Dimension 19
Figure 1.20 Arc Length Dimension 20
Figure 1.21 Continued Dimension 20
Figure 1.22 Baseline Dimension 20
Figure 1.23 Some Drawing With Dimension 21
Figure 1.24 Text Command 22
Figure 1.25 Some Drawing Including Text 22
Figure 1.26 Table 23
Figure 1.27 Some Drawings Of Tables 23
Figure 1.28 Layer 24
Figure 1.29 Some Drawings With Layers 25
Figure 1.30 Isometric Drawings 26
Figure 1.31 Some Isometric Drawing 27
Figure 3.1 Example of Dimensioning 30
Figure 3.3 Datum 33
Figure 3.4 Theoretical And Physical Datum 33
Figure 5.1 Single Ended snap Gauge 37
Figure 5.2 Plane Carbide Ring Gauges 37
Figure 5.3 Industrial Gauges 38
Figure 5.4 Ring Gauges 38
 Functional Gauges Design Using AutoCAD

CHAPTER – 1:
INTRODUCTION
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software
application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in
December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics
controllers. Prior to the introduction of AutoCAD, most commercial CAD programs ran
on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a
separate graphics terminal. Since 2010, AutoCAD was released as a mobile- and web app
as well, marketed as AutoCAD 360.

AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project managers,

engineers, graphic designers, and many other professionals.

AutoCAD is available for English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Korean, Chinese
Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Brazilian, Portuguese, Russian, Czech, Polish and
Hungarian, Albanian (also through additional Language Packs).

The latest version was released on 21 st March 2017 as AutoCAD 2018.

Autodesk has also developed a few vertical programs:

• AutoCAD Architecture

• AutoCAD Civil

• AutoCAD Electrical

• AutoCAD ecscad

• AutoCAD Map 3D

• AutoCAD Mechanical

• AutoCAD MEP

• AutoCAD Structural Detailing

• AutoCAD Utility Design

• AutoCAD P&ID

• AutoCAD Plant 3D

for discipline-specific enhancements

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1.1 AUTOCAD WINDOW

"Once the AutoCAD 2014 window is active, it should appear as shown in the
image below. However, if one looks at the upper left-hand corner, there is a
button labeled with the letter (A) written in red. This button is known as the
application menu of the AutoCAD software. Positioned to the right of this button
is the phrase “3D modeling”. This indicates that the active workspace is 3D
modeling."

Fig:1.1 AUTOCAD WINDOW

1. Application Menu
This provides the user with file options like save, open, print.
2. Menu bar
The menu bar appears just below the title bar of the AutoCAD 2014 window. It has
such tabs as home, solid, surface, mesh and view among others for the case of 3D
workspace. If user switch to 2D Drafting & Annotation he find other tabs relevant to
that workspace. Depending on which tab is on, user will see a collection of tool icons
just below it which are organized into panels. The entire collection of tool icons is
referred to as the ribbon. As a result the tabs on the menu bar are called ribbon tabs.

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3. Ribbon
This is a collection of tool panels representing groups of tools and features where user
will be selecting tools to draw, edit, or perform other functions. It occurs immediately
below the menu bar. Clicking on any of the tabs on the menu bar will give user a
different ribbon.
4. Drawing Area
This is a virtual sheet or modeling environment where user’s designs appear. It is a
boundless area on which user’s designs are created on a 1:1 scale regardless of their
actual life size. The drawing area is also called the canvas. In the default condition, the
drawing area will have three icons on display:
i. The user coordinate system icon at the bottom left corner.

ii. The cross hairs or drawing cursor which may be at any position on the screen
depending on whether the user has touched the mouse or not.

iii. The view cube at the top right corner. This is very useful in 3D drawing because
it facilitates viewing the object from multiple directions.
5. Quick Access toolbar
This includes the basic file-handling functions that user find in virtually all windows
application programs. It occurs at the immediate right of the application menu. It
carries such functions as workspace switching and title, new file, open file, save and
undo among others.
6. Info Centre
This is AutoCAD’s online help facility. If user are online type a query there in case
user get stuck.
7. UCS
UCS stands for User Coordinate System. In the lower-left corner of the drawing area,
user see an L-shaped arrow. This is the UCS icon, which tells user his orientation in
the drawing. This icon becomes helpful as user start to work with complex 2D
drawings and 3D models. The X and Y arrows indicate the X- and Y-axes of his
drawing. The little square at the base of the arrows tells user that he is in what is
called the World Coordinate System (WCS. Whenever user launch AutoCAD user
will be in the world coordinate system (WCS).

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8. Command Window.
It’s located just below the drawing area. As user type in commands on the command
line, or pick commands on the ribbon panels, a message is displayed on the command
window telling user what to do next. When user issue any command it may also
display a list of options related to that command. By so doing it prompts user on user’s
next move. Thus it is also known as the command prompt. The command window and
the ribbon complement each other i.e. user can type commands on the command line
or click on the ribbon icons. However the command prompts that appear on the
command window prevent the user from getting confused.
9. Status Bar
The status bar is a thin strip of the AutoCAD window found between the command
window and the taskbar. To the extreme left it carries the coordinate readout which
indicates to the user the current position of the cursor. Towards the right next to the
coordinate readout is the drawing aids panel which carries such tools as object snap,
object snap tracking, dynamic UCS and polar tracking among others. These aids assist
the user in managing snap and tracking actions. They are activated or deactivated by
switching them on or off respectively. To the extreme right of the status bar we find
another panel which contains the model and lausert tabs, annotation scale and
workspace switching tool (gear wheel icon) among others.

1.2 COORDINATES ENTRY

1. OVERVIEW.

When a command prompts user for a point, user can use the mouse to specify a point,
or one can enter a coordinate value at the command prompt. If the dynamic input is
switched user can enter coordinate values in tooltips near the cursor.
Two-dimensional coordinates can be entered as either Cartesian (X, Y) or Polar
coordinates.
I. Cartesian Coordinate System

A Cartesian coordinate system has three axes, X, Y, and Z. when user enter coordinate
values, one indicate a point’s distance in units and its direction (+ or -) along the X, Y,
and Z axes relative to the coordinate system origin (0,0,0).

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In 2D, user specify points on the XY plane, also called the work plane. The X value of
Cartesian coordinate specifies the horizontal distance, and the Y value specifies the
vertical distance. The origin point (0, 0) indicates where the two axes meet.
II. Polar Coordinate System
Polar coordinates use a distance and an angle to locate a point.

III. Absolute and Relative Coordinates

i. Absolute coordinates

Represents a specific point in the current work plane relative to the origin point
(0,0). To enter an absolute coordinate, type the values as a Cartesian coordinate
(X,Y) or Polar coordinate (distance, angle).
ii. Relative coordinate

A relative coordinate is a point specified with reference to the last point specified.
One emphasize that it is with reference to his last specified point and not to the
origin. This is the distinguishing aspect between relative and absolute coordinates.

IV. Dynamic Input

When dynamic input is on, tooltips display information near the cursor as it moves. It
is called dynamic input because the information moving with the cursor is updated
with the motion of the cursor. If user type the X value and press tab, the X field (box)
displays a lock icon, The Y field is active and user can enter its value. If user type the
X value and press enter, the Y value is ignored and AutoCAD interprets it as direct
distance entry. This procedure applies to any other set of fields for instance distance
and angle.

1.3 NAVIGATION TOOLS OBJECT DISPLAY

I. Overview
When drawing in both 2D and 3D, user may wish to:

a. Get a closer look (magnify his drawing).

b. View hidden details.

c. Bring the whole drawing into focus.

d. View the hidden details of his 3D drawing.

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For a, b and c use the zoom and pan tools as follows:

i. Zoom in to magnify and zoom out to minimize the size. Zooming out enables user
to see the details that are currently spilt out of the screen or make the object
smaller in readiness to add details.
ii. The pan tool allows user to drag his drawing to a convenient location on the screen.
iii. For d use the orbit tool. It is the tool that enables user to view the objects in his
drawing from different angles. It is very essential, when drawing in 3D.

II. Accessing the tools A. Zoom

a. To zoom a view with a single click.
i. Display a wheel.
ii. Right-click the wheel and click Steering Wheel Settings.
iii. In the Steering Wheels Settings dialog box, under Zoom Tool, select Enable
Single Click Incremental Zoom.
iv. Click OK.
v. Display one of the Full Navigation Wheels or the mini View Object Wheel.
vi. Click the Zoom wedge. The magnification of the model is increased and user
are zoomed in closer to the model. If user hold down the Shift key while
clicking the Zoom wedge, the model is zoomed out or user can hold down the
Ctrl key to zoom in.
vii. Click Close to exit the wheel.
b. To zoom a view in and out by dragging.

i. Display the 2D Navigation wheel, one of the Full Navigation wheels, or the
mini View Object wheel.
ii. Click and hold down the Zoom wedge. The cursor changes to the Zoom cursor.
iii. Drag vertically to zoom in or out.
iv. Release the button on his mouse to return to the wheel.

NB: The mouse wheel is a very convenient way of zooming in and out.

B. Pan

a. To pan the drawing with the pan tool.

i. Display the 2D Navigation wheel, one of the Full Navigation wheels, or the
mini View Object wheel.

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ii. Click and hold the Pan wedge. The cursor changes to the Pan cursor.

iii. Drag to reposition the model.

iv. Release the button on his pointing device to return to the wheel.

b. To pan using the middle mouse button or the mouse wheel.

i. Press and hold down the scroll wheel or middle button. The cursor changes to
the Pan cursor.

ii. Drag to reposition the model.

iii. Release the wheel or button on his mouse.

C. Orbit

i. Display one of the View Object or Full Navigation wheels.

ii. Click and hold down the Orbit wedge. The cursor changes to the Orbit cursor.
iii. Drag to rotate the model.
iv. Release the button on his mouse.

NB: To navigate to the zoom, pan or orbit tools, go to:

a. View tab> navigate panel> zoom or

b. View tab> navigate panel> pan or

c. View tab> navigate panel> orbit.

1.4 DRAWING UNITS & LIMITS

 UNITS
The format, precision, and other settings used to display coordinates, distances,
and angles are set through this dialog box, and are saved in the current drawing. It
is recommended that user save these settings to his drawing template files to
reduce

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his setup time when one start a new drawing. The Drawing Units dialog box is
displayed. Enter -units at the Command prompt to display options.

Fig:1.2 Drawing Units And Limit

 Limits:
When user start a new drawing, and then decide how much space I need for my
drawing. Think of it as the size of his drawing area. Then user can define drawing
limits correctly. Type LIMITS enter. Type 0,0 as lower left corner then type or
click the coordinate for upper right corner based on the units which is in Inches or
mm.

 Command: LIMITS
Reset Model space limits:

Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0000, 0.0000>: 0, 0

Specify upper right corner <100.0000, 100.0000>: 300,200

1.5 COMMANDS
1. OVERVIEW AND DEFINITIONS

User communicate with AutoCAD by using tools and Menu options. These devices
invoke AutoCAD commands.

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I. What is a command?
It’s a single-word instruction user give to AutoCAD telling it to do something such as
draw a line (the line tool in the Draw Ribbon Panel) or erase an object (the Erase tool
in the Modify Ribbon Panel). Whenever user invoke a command, by either typing it or
selecting a menu option or tool, AutoCAD responds by presenting messages to user in
the Command Window and the Dynamic Input display or by displaying a dialogue
box. By right clicking during the drawing process, a context-sensitive short cut menu
is displayed; i.e. if user is in the middle of a command, this menu displays a list of
options specifically related to that command.
II. Command tools.

Move the arrow cursor to the Line tool and rest it there. Do not click yet. Hold it there
for a little while and then for a longer while. User will see two tool tips. The first tip
gives user the tool tip name and the keyboard command associated with the tool. The
second tip gives a brief explanation of how to use the tool. This happens to all other
tools on the ribbon. To be able to draw effectively with AutoCAD, user must learn
how to tell AutoCAD what user want, and even more important, understand what
AutoCAD wants from user.
III. Methods of Accessing/Activating Commands.

i. Clicking on the command tool/icon on the Ribbon Panels.

ii. Typing the command on the Keyboard.

iii. Use of Accelerator Keys. These are special keystrokes that open and activate
drop down menu options. Example is Ctrl+S for save and Ctrl+C for copy.
iv. Use of Aliases; (one, two or three letter abbreviations of a command name).
These are also typed on the key board.

2. Draw Command Tools

Fig:1.3 Draw Command Tools

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i. Line: With the Line command user can draw a simple line from one
point to another.

Fig:1.4 Line

ii. Construction Line: The construction line commands creates a line of

infinite length which passes through two picked point.

iii. Polyline: The Polyline command is similar to the line command except that
the resulting object may be composed of a number of segments which form a
single object.

iv. Rectangle: The Rectangle command is used to draw a rectangle whose

sides are vertical and horizontal. The position and size of the rectangle are
defined by picking two diagonal corners.

Fig:1.5 Rectangle
v. Polygon: The Polygon command can be used to draw any regular polygon
from 3 sides up to 1024 sides. This command requires four inputs from the
user, the number of sides, a pick point for the centre of the polygon, whether
user want polygon inscribed or circumscribed and then a pick point which
determines both the radius of this imaginary circle and the orientation of the
polygon. The polygon command creates a

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closed polyline in the shape of the required polygon.

Fig:1.6 Polygon

vi. Circle: The Circle command is used to draw circles. There are a number of
ways user can define the circle. The default method is to pick the centre point
and then to either pick a second point on the circumference of the circle or
enter the circle radius at the keyboard.

Fig:1.7 Circle
vii. Arc: The Arc command allows user to draw an arc of a circle. There are
numerous ways to define an arc; the default method uses three pick points, a
start point, a second point and an end point.

Fig:1.8 Arc
viii. Spline: A spline is a smooth curve that is fitted along a number of control
points. The Fit Tolerance option can be used to control how closely the spline
conforms to the control points. A low tolerance value causes the spline to
form close to the control points.

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Fig:1.9 Spline
ix. Ellipse: The Ellipse command gives user a number of different creation
options. The default option is to pick the two end points of an axis and then a
third point to define the eccentricity of the ellipse.

Fig:1.10 Ellipse

x. Hatch: Hatch is used to add shaded patterns to objects and shapes. User
can pick: Pattern, Scale, Angle, Points.

Fig:1.11 Hatch

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3. MODIFY COMMANDS

Fig:1.12 Modify Commands

• Offset: Create a duplicate object parallel with the original object. If this
object is a Polyline or a Circle, the duplicate shape will be transformed inwards or
outwards.

• Copy: Copy’s one or more objects.

• Mirror: Create a mirror image of an object. It is useful for creating

symmetrical objects because user can quickly draw half the object and then mirror
it instead of drawing the entire object.

• Array: Create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar pattern. This is

especially useful when user need to duplicate several objects at the same distance
from each other.

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For rectangular arrays, one control the number of rows and columns and the
distance between each. For polar arrays, user control the number of copies of the
object and whether the copies are rotated.

Fig:1.13 Array

• Move: Moves one or more objects.

• Rotate: User can rotate objects with an absolute or relative angle. When using
an absolute angle: Specify the base point and then specify the rotation angle.

• Scale: A scale factor greater than 1 enlarges the object. It is also possible to
scale an object using a reference object. This method scales the object equally in
all directions.

• Trim: With the trim option objects can be shortened or lengthened with the
edges of other objects. Objects can exactly be fitted between these objects.

• Extend: With the extend option user can shorten or lengthen objects to meet
the edges of other objects. For example a line can be exactly fitted between
objects. Extending an object works in the same way as trimming.

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• Fillet: User can use the fillet tool to connect two objects with an arc with a
specified radius. The inside corner is called a fillet and an outside corner is called
a round.

• Chamfer is almost identical to fillet, but it will make a straight line instead of
an arc.

• Join: One can use the join option to combine similar objects into one single
object. It is also possible to create complete circles from arcs.

• Explode: Polylines, hatches or blocks can be converted into individual

elements with the explode option. If user explode a polyline every segment will
become a separate line.

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Some Drawings using Draw and Modify Toolbars

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Fig:1.14 Some Drawings Using Draw Modify Toolbars

4. DIMENSION TOOLBAR
User can create several types of dimensions for a variety of object types in many
orientations and alignments.
The basic types of dimensioning are linear, radial, angular, ordinate, and arc length.
Use the DIM command to create dimensions automatically according to the object
type that user want to dimension.
User can control the appearance of dimensions by setting up dimension styles, or by
editing individual dimensions in special cases. Dimension styles allow user to specify
his conventions quickly and maintain industry or project dimensioning standards.

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Fig:1.15 Dimension Toolbar

1. Linear Dimensions - Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, or aligned.

User can create an aligned, horizontal, or vertical dimension with the DIM
command depending on how user move the cursor when placing the text.

Fig:1.16 Linear Dimension

2. Radial Dimensions - A radial dimension measures the radius or diameter of arcs
and circles with an optional centreline or center mark.

Fig:1.17 Radial Dimension

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3. Angular Dimensions - Angular dimensions measure the angle between two

selected geometric objects or three points.

Fig:1.18 Angular Dimension

4. Ordinate Dimensions - Ordinate dimensions measure the perpendicular distances

from an origin point called the datum, such as a hole in a part. These dimensions
prevent escalating errors by maintaining accurate offsets of the features from the
datum.

Fig:1.19 Ordinate Dimensions

5. Arc Length Dimensions - Arc length dimensions measure the distance along an
arc or polyline arc segment. Typical uses of arc length dimensions include
measuring the travel distance around a cam or indicating the length of a cable.

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Fig:1.20 Arc Length Dimensions

6. Baseline and Continued Dimensions - Continued dimensions, also called

chained dimensions, are multiple dimensions placed end-to-end.

Fig:1.21 Continued Dimension

Baseline dimensions are multiple dimensions with offset dimension lines
measured from the same location.

Fig:1.22 Baseline Dimension

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Some Drawings with Dimensions:

Fig:1.23 Some Drawing with Dimensions

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5. TEXT COMMAND

1. Multiline Text - For longer notes and labels with internal formatting, use
multiline text

2. Single-line Text - For short, simple notes and labels, use single-line text.

Fig:1.24 TEXT COMMAND

Some Drawings including Text

Fig:1.25 Some Drawing Including Text

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6. TABLE
A table is a compound object that contains data in rows and columns. It can be created
from an empty table or a table style. A table can also be linked to data in a Microsoft
Excel spreadsheet.

Fig:1.26 Table

Some Drawings of Tables

Fig:1.27 Some Drawings of Tables

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7. LAYER

Layers are the primary method for organizing the objects in a drawing by function or
purpose. Layers can reduce the visual complexity of a drawing and improve display
performance by hiding information that user don’t need to see at the moment. User
gain this level of control by organizing the objects in his drawing on layers that are
associated with a specific function or a purpose. It might be helpful to think of layers
as clear plastic sheets:

Fig:1.28 Layer

With layers, user can

• Associate objects by their function or location

• Display or hide all related objects in a single operation

• Enforce line type, color, and other property standards for each layer.

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Some Drawings with Layers

Fig:1.29 Some Drawings With Layers

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8. ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

A 2D isometric drawing is a flat representation of a 3D isometric projection. This

method of drawing provides a fast way to create an isometric view of a simple design.
Distances measured along an isometric axis are correct to scale, but because user are
drawing in 2D, user cannot expect to extract other 3D distances and areas, display
objects from different viewpoints, or remove hidden lines automatically.

By using the ISODRAFT command, several system variables and settings are
automatically changed to values that facilitate isometric angles. The standard
isometric planes, called isoplanes, are as follows:

• Right. Aligns snap and grid along 30- and 90-degree axes.

• Left. Aligns snap and grid along 90- and 150-degree axes.

• Top. Aligns snap and grid along 30- and 150-degree axes.

Choosing one of the three isoplanes automatically causes the crosshairs cursor, and
precision drawing and tracking tools to be aligned along the corresponding isometric
axes. Therefore, user can draw the top plane, sw itch to the left plane to draw a side,
and switch to the right plane to complete the drawing.

Fig:1.30 Isometric Drawings

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Some Isometric Drawing

Fig:1.31 Some Isomeric Drawing

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CHAPTER-2
COMPANY DESCRIPTION
STTF was established in the year 2018 with a mission to promote a purposeful technical
education for the userth. Between 2018 and now, STTF has trained more than 1000
students in Davanagere. The core areas of training are in the fields of automotive design
and analysis, Fixture design, HVAC Design, functional gauges design, computer Aided
drafting and design, CNC skills etc. STTF also committed to help the students to get
better Jobs for their skills. STTF also conducts internships, Workshops, Seminars, in
association with colleges to develops the students employability.

CAD DESK is the authorized Training Partner of Autodesk PTC, Bentley Systems and
Dassault Systems. It enables us to work on a wide range of software – Civil CAD,
Mechanical CAD, Electrical CAD. CAD DESK provides professional software training
on a vast array of courses in the fields of CAD, CAM and CAE. Since its founding in
2007 CAD DESK has provided training to over 1.5 Lakhs + students and professionals.

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OBJECTIVES
To conduct Industry Oriented Technical Training Programs. To assist students in
Technological upgrading by providing quality tools. To provide highly Skilled Work
force to existing and emerging Industries.
Mission
To continuously improve the skills in Training & Develop Innovative Process to
create employable candidates, using Latest Facilities, Trends, Techniques to meet
industry needs.
PROGRAMS
CAD DESK is the leading software training institute in India, which offers vast range
of training programs in the fields of CAD, CAM and CAE. More than 2 lack students
believe in CAD DESK and satisfied with their career growth with CAD DESK. CAD
DESK is the authorised training Partner of Autodesk, PTC, Bentley Systems and
Dassault systems. And in a very short span of time.

2.1 Departments
Highlights of our GD&T Training
 Industry Experienced Trainers.
 ASME Y14.5 GD&T Standard Complete Training.
 55 Assemblies.
 250 3D models
 Gauges design exercises.
 Work book.
 Reference book.
CAD Courses
 Mechanical cad.
 CAD Courses.
 Civil CAD.
 Live projects.

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Chapter-3
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
Introduction Geometric dimensioning and tolerance (GD&T) is a language used to
communicate engineering configuration from the designer to the manufacturing through
a mechanical drawing. When properly applied GD&T promotes a uniform understanding
and interpretation among all person involved with the drawing. The universal problem
expressed with the Y14.5 standard is the failure to adequately educate the drawing
originators, manufactures and quality control personnel in a complete understanding of
this communicative tool. As a result, both design and manufacturing suffer due to at this
training oversight.

Fig3.1: Example of dimensioning

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3.1 GD&T Symbols

Table 3.1: GD&T symbols

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3.2 Geometric Modifying Symbols

Table3.2: Geometric modifying symbols

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3.3 Datum

3.3.1 What is datum?

Datum is a theoretically exact point, axis, line, plane or combination thereof, derived from
theoretical datum feature simulator. It is origin for dimensional measurements.

Fig 3.3: Datum

3.3.2 Datum feature simulator (theoretical)

It is the theoretically perfect boundary used to establish a datum from a specified datum
feature.
3.3.3 Datum feature simulator (physical)

It is the physical boundary used to establish a simulated datum from a specified datum
feature.

Fig 3.4: Theoretical and physical datum

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CHAPTER 4
Task Performed (Machining Processes)
4.1 CNC Turning (SIEMENS)
CNC Lathe is a Computer Numerical Control machine in which turning, facing, grooving,
threading, grooving and parting operations can be done on cylindrical work piece to make
desired profile product.
CNC machining services offer user precision fabrication of plastic and metal parts in any
volume. The reference to axes is used to describe CNC machines which operate along
multiple axis points. CNC machining is the process of removing material from a
workpiece until the desired shape is configured. These machines have at least 3 axes
and operate along an XYZ plane: X axis (vertical), Y axis (horizontal), and a Z axis
(depth).

4.2 Operating CNC machine

In an internship we participated in part programming and handling of CNC machine
with help of industrial expert (worker) in BIET collage Davangere.

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G0 G40 D0X0Z0; G0Z0X0;

G94M4S200LIMS=250 G1X10RND=
0; M6T7D1; 5; Z-10;
G0X28.0Z2. X14;
0; Z0.6; Z-
G1X- 12X16;
1F0.25; Z-25;
G0Z1.0; Z-
X28.0; 35X23
Z0.0; Z-45;
G01X- X26;
1.0; ;
G0Z1.0;
G0X27.0Z0.0;
0.500,0.2000,0.2000…
..; G0X28.0Z2.0;
M05;
G0D0X0.0Z0.
0; M6T3D1;
G95M45650;
G0X17.0Z-
9.0;
2.000,0,-9.000,-
20.0000….;
G0X28.0Z2.0;
M5;

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4.3 Finished product of turning operation in CNC turning machine.

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CHAPTER 5
Introduction about types of gauges

5.1 Single Ended Snap Gauge

The offered gauge is especially used for matching pre-set dimensions under defined
tolerance with outside dimensions.

Fig 5.1: Single ended snap gauge

5.2 Plain Carbide Ring Gauges

These gauges are manufactured under the stern guidance of highly experienced
professionals using excellent quality components as per international quality
standards. Especially used for controlling the size of external diameters, the offered
gauges find usage in various engineering applications, laboratories or research
centres.

Fig5.2: Plain carbide ring gauges

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5.3 Industrial Gauges

Made available in standard as well as customized specifications. Especially used for

measurement of diameter, thickness, length and various other physical quantities of
components, the provided gauges are highly demanded in various industries.

Fig5.3: Industrial gauges

5.5 Ring Gauges No Go

Salient features of Ring Gauges No Go:-

The Reference Gauges are made out of superior quality high Carbon Chrome Alloy
Steel. Quality heat treated and hardened to 58-60 HRC, to provide a High Degree of
Wear Resistance. The Gauges are manufactured to close tolerance and calibrated, in
controlled conditions, to within 1 micron.

Fig 5.4: Ring Gauges

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Chapter:6

TASK PERFORMED

6.1 Technical Activities

Involved in below activities in company are:

 Studied the basics of AutoCAD.

 Studied how operations are carried on the machine tool in a work
shop.
 Studied the basics of GD&T
 Studied about different types of gauges.

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Chapter:7

Conclusion

It is an excellent learning experience of technical and non-technical activities/skills to

work under gauges manufacturing, inspection and quality department because it helps in
partial improving the knowledge about quality, inspection techniques and operations
carried on different machines. It helps in future professional jobs. Learned designing of
functional gauges using the software AutoCAD, Understood the concept of GD&T and its
implementation in design. Gauging is the method used to inspect the parts with in the
specified limits or not. The tools which are used for the same are called gauges. Materials
which are used for making gauges are high carbon and alloy steels, cemented carbides,
etc. Gauges are mainly used by mass production industries.

GD&T is an efficient way to describe the dimensions and tolerance of a design. It

communicates the design purpose of a component and the functional requirements in
a clear and understandable manner.

CNC machining offers a reliable solution for rapidly manufacturing the parts. The current
approach, using an indexable tool, managed to eliminate multiple set-ups of the workpiece.
The visibility programme is an effective method to identify orientations for finishing
operations. However, performing roughing operations within a finishing orientation set
tends to constrain the roughing task and causes several inefficiencies. This study
overcomes this constraint by formulating an alternative method to find optimum
orientations for roughing operations. Implementing four roughing orientations reduced
machining time and tool contact length. This approach is considered as a feasible solution
to optimize the process.

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References

1. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 1972. ANSI B89.3.1-1972.

Measurement of Out-Of-Roundness. New York, New York: The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers.
2. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 1972. ANSI B4.1-1967. Preferred
Limits and Fits for Cylindrical Parts. New York, New York: The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers.
3. Finkelstein E. (2009). AutoCAD 2010 and AutoCAD LT 2010 Bible (Vol. 572). John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Grechka M. (2008). ElectriCS + Autodesk Inventor: steps to integrated automation.
CAD and graphics, 11, 16-18.
5. Shepherd, D.W., "Geometric Tolerancing," Quality, Jan. 1987, 43-48.
6. Sprow, E., "Challenges to CMM Precision," Tooling and Production,
Nov. 1990, 54-61.
7. Srinivasan, V. and Jayaraman, R., "Issues in Conditional Tolerances for
CAD.
8. Ozkaya S. I. (2018). FRACOR-software toolbox for deterministic mapping of
fracture corridors in oil fields on AutoCAD platform. Computers & Geosciences,
112, 9-22.
9. Shumaker T. M., Madsen, D. A., Madsen, D. P., Laurich J. A., Malitzke J. C., & Black
C. P. (2013). AutoCAD and Its Applications Comprehensive 2014. Goodheart-
Willcox Co..

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