Testing of fresh Concrete

Slump test

Slump is a measure of consistency, or relative ability of the concrete to flow. If the concrete can’t
flow because the consistency or slump is too low, there are potential problems with proper
consolidation. If the concrete won’t stop flowing because the slump is too high, there are potential
problems with mortar loss through the formwork, excessive formwork pressure, finishing delays
and segregation.

HOW DO YOU CARRY OUT A SLUMP TEST?

This easy test is carried out in just seven stages, using a slump cone, a steel rod, and a
measuring stick. Here’s how you carry out the test:
 1. Place the cone on a flat, smooth, horizontal surface and stand on the footholds
either side to ensure the cone is planted firmly on the ground
 2. Fill the cone in three layers, using the steel tamping rod to compact — or tamp —
the concrete after each layer in an even, uniform manner (this should be done 25 times
per layer).
 3. Once the cone is filled, remove any overflowing concrete from the top, making sure
the concrete fills the cone exactly to the top level. Remove any spilled concrete from
the base of the cone, too.
 4. Lift the cone vertically, using a slow and steady motion until the cone is clear of the
concrete. Place the cone upside down on the surface next to the concrete.
 5. The concrete will subside — or slump. To measure the slump, place the steel rod
across the top of the upturned cone so it overhangs the concrete.
 6. Now, measure from the rod down to the top of the slump. The level of slump is
measured to the nearest 5mm.

RESULTS OF THE SLUMP TEST

Depending on the water-cement ratio of the mix, the concrete slump will fall under one of
four categories:
  True slump — the concrete largely retains its cone shape, demonstrating that the mix
is cohesive and its workability isn’t too high.
 Zero slump — the concrete retains its shape completely. This shows that the mix is
very dry (this kind of concrete is best used in road construction).
 Shear slump — the top half of the concrete subsides dramatically, leaning to one
side, meaning the mix has workability but low cohesion. The mix may have too much
water content and can be retested after being amended
 Collapse — the mix doesn’t retain its shape at all and completely collapses. This
means the water-cement ratio is too high and needs to be fully amended.

Air content

Air content measure the total air content in a sample of fresh concrete, but does not indicate what
the final in-place air content will be, because a certain amount of air is lost in transportation
Consolidating, placement and finishing. Three field tests are widely specified: the pressure meter
and volumetric method are ASTM standards and the Chace Indicator is an AASHTO procedure.

Unit weight

Unit weight measures the weight of a known volume of the fresh concrete.
METHOD OF TEST FOR UNIT WEIGHT OF FRESH CONCRETE

APPARATUS

The following equipment, which is necessary for this test, is available from the Division of

Procurement and Contracts, Materials and Storage Warehouse.

1. Measure: A cylindrical, watertight, steel measure with two handles. The capacity of

the measure shall conform to the requirements in the table below. It shall have an

inside height of 115% ± 15% of the inside diameter. It shall be constructed of No. 10

to No. 12 US gage steel and shall be reinforced around the top with a steel band of

the same thickness 1½ in. in width. The top rim shall be machined to a plane

surface.

Minimum Capacity of Measure

Maximum Size of Coarse Aggregate Specified Capacityof Measure 1 in. or less 0.25 ft3

1½ in. 0.50 ft3

2. Scale: A balance or scale with a capacity of 105 lb, and accuracy within 0.1% of the

required capacity for the entire range of use.

3. Tamping Rod: A round, straight, steel rod with a diameter of 5⁄8 in. ± 1⁄16 in. and

length of at least 4 in. greater than the depth of the measure in which rodding is to

be performed, but not more than 24 in. One or both ends of the tamping rod must

be rounded to a hemispherical tip of the same diameter as the rod.

4. Glass Cover Plate: Approximately 12 in. square, ¼ in. thick, and wire-reinforced, or

acrylic plastic cover plate ¼ in. thick.

5. Platform with hinged, collapsible wings on three sides, made of plywood, with level
bubbles attached to the platform at one corner.

6. Rubber gloves.

CALIBRATION OF MEASURE

The volume of the measure shall be determined accurately by determining the weight and
volume of water at 60 to 70 ºF required to fill it. A calibration factor, “F”, shall be calculated
for the measure by dividing 62.34 lb/ft3 by the weight of the water in lb required to fill it.
The calibration factor “F” is given for new measures as they are shipped. See paragraph G.5.
below.

The value of the factor shall be verified at the start of each job and also at any time there is
reason to suspect a change.

Calibrate the measure by filling it with water having a temperature 60 to 70°F, as measured
with a thermometer. Place the glass plate firmly in contact with the rim of the measure and
add water if necessary to eliminate bubbles under the glass. Wipe surplus water from the
outside of the measure and glass plate. Weigh to the nearest 0.05 lb with the glass plate in
place. Subtract the tare weight of the empty, dry measure and glass plate. Compute the
calibration factor, “F”.

F = (62.34 lb/ft3)/(weight of water, lb)

PROCEDURE

1. Sampling Fresh Concrete

a. Whenever possible, take freshly mixed concrete from the mass as it isdeposited in the
work. When this is not possible, such as, when concrete is deposited in narrow forms, take
the sample from the transporting buggy, or in the case of ready-mixed concrete, by repeatedly
passing a receptacle through the discharge stream of the mixer or agitator. Do not, however,
take a sample from the beginning or end portions of the discharged batch unless it is desired
to check the uniformity of mixing.

b. Transport samples obtained by any of the above methods in watertight containers to the
place where the test is to be performed.

2. Filling the Measure with Concrete

a. Place the measure on a level, firm surface.

b. Using a scoop, fill the measure in three layers of equal depth. Move the scoop around the
perimeter of the measure opening to ensure an even distribution of the material with
minimum segregation. Fill the topmost layer to over flowing. Level the surface of each layer
with the fingers prior to tamping.

c. If harsh or stiff concrete is being tested, jig the measure after each addition of concrete to
remove major air voids before rodding. Jigging consists of raising alternate sides of the
measure about 2 in. and allowing it to drop in such a manner to impart a sharp, slapping
blow.

3. Rod each layer 25 times with the rounded end of the tamping rod distributing the strokes
evenly over the surface of the layer.

4. While rodding the first layer, penetrate nearly full depth into the layer, but avoid striking
the bottom of the base.

5. While rodding the second and third layers, penetrate approximately 1 in. into thelayer
below with each stroke. Avoid striking the top, machined edge of the measure with the rod.

6. After each layer is rodded, tap the sides of the measure with a hand or stake or jig the
measure (this will be determined by container or process) using such force so as to close any
voids left by the tamping rod and to release any large bubbles of air that may have been
trapped.

a. Level the surface of the compacted aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a
way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of coarse aggregate approximately balance
the larger voids in the surface below the top of the measure.

7. Strike-off, Cleaning, and Weighing

a. After the last layer has been rodded and tapped, use the rod, held horizontally, to strike off
the top surface to its approximately correct elevation. Work the rod or a straightedge back
and forth across the top with a sawing motion until a reasonably plane surface is obtained
with all particles of coarse aggregate well buried. Clean the rim of the measure for a distance
of about 6 in. Place one side of the glass plate firmly in position on the cleaned portion of the
rim. Advance the plate with a sawing motion across the measure using sufficient pressure to
maintain tight contact with the rim.
There should always be a slight surplus of mortar ahead of the plate. If particles of coarse
aggregate appear in front of the advancing edge of the plate, use your gloved hand to shove
them down into the concrete. Using a cloth or damp sponge, clean off all concrete or other
material adhering to the outside of the measure and glass plate.

b. Adjust the plywood platform to a level condition with the wings set in position to eliminate
the effect of wind. Place the scale on the platform and adjust the counterweight on the scale
beam so that the pointer indicates “zero.” Place the filled measure, with the glass plate in
place, on the scales and weigh to the nearest 0.05 lb. Record the weight.

c. Slide the glass plate off the measure using a sawing motion. Examine the surface for
evidence of incomplete filling of the measure. A slight depression of the surface near one
edge of the measure and shallow voids up to ¾ in. in diameter with a depth no greater than
1⁄16 in. may be disregarded. Deeper voids are indications that the measure was incompletely
filled. In case of uncertainty, add a small amount of concrete and repeat the operations of
screeding with the rod and working the glass plate into position. Weigh again. If the new
weight agrees within 0.1 lb with the first weight, the original weight may be taken as correct.
If not within 0.1 lb, repeat sampling and testing procedures.

CALCULATIONS

1. Unit Weight, W, lb/ft3:

The net weight of the concrete sample is equal to the combined weight of the measure,
concrete, and cover plate minus the combined weight of the measure and cover plate.
Calculate the density of the concrete in lb/ft3 by multiplying the net weight of the concrete in
the container by the calibration factor, “F,” determined forthe measure used. Express the unit
weight to the nearest 0.1 lb.

W = Unit weight, lb/ft3 = Net weight of concrete × calibration factor, F.

2. The volume of concrete, S, per batch is calculated as follows:

S = (Wa +Wf + Wc + Ww)/W

Where: S = Volume of concrete per batch, ft3

Wa = Total weight of cement in the batch, lb

Wf = Total weight of fine aggregate, including moisture as batched, lb

 Wc = Total weight of coarse aggregate, including moisture as batched, lb

Ww = Total weight of water added, during mixing per batch, lb

W = Unit Weight of fresh concrete as determined under F.1. above, lb/ft3

The volume of the batch in cubic yards (CY) is determined by dividing the

number of cubic feet in the batch, S, by 27.

3. The cement content, “CC”, lb/yd3 of concrete produced is calculated as follows:

CC = N/CY

Where: N = cement in the batch, lb

CY = concrete produced per batch as determined in (2) above, yd3

Compressive strength

Compressive strength is testes by pouring cubes of fresh concrete and measuring the force needed
to break the concrete cubes at prescribed interval as they harden. According to Building Code
Requirements for reinforced concrete (ACI 318) as long as no single test more than 500 psi below
the design strength and the average of three consecutive tests equals or exceed the design strength
then the concrete is acceptable. If the strength tests don’t meet these criteria, steps must be taken
to raise the average

Procedure of Test
For this test mainly 150mm * 150 mm * 150 mm cubes are used

 Clean the mounds properly and apply oil inside the cube frame
 Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 50mm thick
 Compact each layer with not less than 35 strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel
bar 16mm diameter and 600 mm long, )
 Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel
 The concrete cubes are removed from the moulds between 16 to 72 hours, usually this
done after 24 hours. Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and
wipe out excess water from the surface. Take the dimension of the specimen to the
nearest 0.2mm And then place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the
load shall be applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast. Align the specimen
 centrally on the base plate of the machine. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand
so that it touches the top surface of the specimen.
 Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140
kg/cm2/min. till the specimen fails
 Record the maximum load and note it

Testing of Hardened Concrete

Testing of hardened concrete plays an important role in controlling and confirming the quality of
cement concrete works. Systematic testing of raw materials, fresh concrete and hardened concrete
are inseparable part of any quality control programme for concrete, which helps to achieve higher
efficiency of the material used and greater assurance of the performance of the concrete with
regard to both strength and durability. The test methods should be simple, direct and convenient
to apply.

How to determine the workability of concrete?

One of the purposes of testing hardened concrete is to confirm that the concrete used at site has
developed the required strength. As the hardening of the concrete takes time, one will not come to
know, the actual strength of concrete for some time. This is an inherent disadvantage in
conventional test. But, if strength of concrete is to be known at an early period, accelerated
strength test can be carried out to predict 28 days strength. But mostly when correct materials are
used and careful steps are taken at every stage of the work, concretes normally give the required
strength.

The tests also have a deterring effect on those responsible for construction work when testing of
hardened concrete is done. The results of the testing on hardened concrete, even if they are
known late, helps to reveal the quality of concrete and enable adjustments to be made in the
production of further concretes. Tests are made by casting cubes or cylinder from the
representative concrete or cores cut from the actual concrete. Knowledge of the strength of
concrete in structure can not be directly obtained from tests on separately made specimens.

Compression Test
Compression test is the most common testing conducted on hardened concrete, partly because it
is an easy test to perform, and partly because most of the desirable characteristic properties of
concrete are qualitatively related to its compressive strength.

The compression test is carried out on specimens cubical or cylindrical in shape. Prism is also
sometimes used, but it is not common in our country. Sometimes, the compression strength of
concrete is determined using parts of a beam tested in flexure. The end parts of beam are left
intact after failure in flexure and, because the beam is usually of square cross section, this part of
the beam could be used to find out the compressive strength.

The cube specimen is of the size 15 x 15 x 15 cm. If the largest nominal size of the aggregate
does not exceed 20 mm, 10 cm size cubes may also be used as an alternative. Cylindrical test
specimens have a length equal to twice the diameter. They are 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm long.
Smaller test specimens may be used but a ratio of the diameter of the specimen to maximum size
of aggregate, not less than 3 to 1 is maintained.

Specimen (Cube and Cubical) under Universal Compression Testing Machine

Moulds
Metal moulds, preferably steel or cast iron, thick enough to prevent the distortion are required.
They are made in such a manner as to facilitate the removal of the moulded specimen without
damage. The angle between the adjacent faces and top and bottom planes of the mould is 90°.
Each mould is provided with a metal base plate of 6.5 mm thick. Square mould should have
internal distance 15 cm (+- 0.02 mm) between adjacent faces.

During assembling the mould, it is coated with thiny layer of oil. When assembled ready for use;
the mean internal diameter of the cylindrical mould should be 15 cm (+- 0.02 mm). The height
maintained is 30 cm (+- 0.1 mm). A steel bar 16 mm in diameter and 0.6 m long; bullet pointed at
the lower end serves as a tamping bar.

Compacting by Hand

Tamping bar is used for compacting by hands. Concrete should be compacted by giving the
uniform number of strokes per layer. For square mould; 35 strokes for 15 cm layer and 25 strokes
for 10 cm layer of concrete in cubes. For cylindrical specimen, should have minimum 30 strokes
per layer. Where voids are left by tamping bar, the sides of the mould are tapped to close the
voids.

Compacting by Vibration

In this each layer is compacted by vibration. This is done by the means of an electric or
pneumatic hammer or vibrator or vibrating table. If care is not taken care of then severe
segregation takes place in the mould. Segregation results in low strength when cubes are crushed.

Curing

The test specimens are stored on the site at a place free from vibrations. It is stored in damp /
moist place for 24 hours at 27°C (+- 2°C). After this period, the specimen is removed from
mould. Then it is cured in fresh water for next 24 hours at 27°C (+- 2°C).

Making and Curing test specimen in the field

The test specimens are stored under damp matting, sacks or other similar material for 24 hours
from the time of addition of water to the other ingredients. The temperature of the place of
storage should be within the range of 22° to 32°C. After the period of 24 hours, they should be
marked for later identification removed from the mould. Unless required for testing within 24
hours, stored in clean water at a temperature of 24° to 30°C until they are transported to the
testing laboratory.

They should be sent to the testing laboratory well packed in damp sand, damp sacks, or other
suitable material. So as to arrive there in a damp condition not less than 24 hours before the time
of test. On arrival at the testing laboratory, the specimens are stored in water at a temperature of
27° (+- 2°C). Records of the daily maximum and minimum temperature should be kept both
during the period the specimens remain on the site and in the laboratory particularly in cold
weather regions.

Comparison between Cube and Cylinder Strength

It is difficult to say whether cube test gives more realistic strength properties of concrete or
cylinder gives a better picture about the strength of concrete. However, it can be said that the
cylinder is less affected by the end restrains caused by platens and hence it seems to give more
uniform results than cube. Therefore, the use of cylinder is becoming more popular,
particularly in the research laboratories.

Cylinders are cast and tested in the same position, whereas cubes are cast in one direction and
tested from the other direction. In actual structures in the field, the casting and loading is similar
to that of the cylinder and not like the cube. As such, cylinder simulates the condition of the
actual structural member in the field in respect of direction of load.

The points in favour of the cube specimen are that the shape of the cube resembles the shape of
the structural members often met with on the ground. The cube does not require capping, whereas
cylinder requires capping. The capping material used in case cylinder may influence to some
extent the strength of the cylinder.

Flexural Strength of Concrete

Concrete as we know is relatively strong in compression and weak in tension. In reinforced

concrete members, little dependence is placed on the tensile strength of concrete since steel
reinforcing bars are provided to resist all tensile forces. However, tensile stresses are likely to
develop in concrete due to drying shrinkage, rusting of steel reinforcement, temperature gradients
and many other reasons. Therefore, the knowledge of tensile strength of concrete is of
importance.
A concrete road slab is called upon to resist tensile stresses from two principal sources- wheel
loads and volume change in the concrete. Wheel loads may cause high tensile stresses due to
bending, when there is an inadequate subgrade support. Volume changes, resulting from changes
in temperature and moisture, may produce tensile stresses, due to warping and due to the
movement of the slab along the subgrade.

Stresses due to volume changes alone may be high. The longitudinal tensile stress in the bottom
of the pavement, caused by restraint and temperature warping, frequently amounts to as much as
2.5 MPa at certain periods of the year and the corresponding stress in the transverse direction is
approximately 0.9 MPa. These stresses are additive to those produced by wheel loads on
unsupported portions of the slab.
Flexural Strength of Concrete

Determination of Tensile Strength

Direct measurement of tensile strength of concrete is difficult. Neither specimens nor testing
apparatus have been designed which assure uniform distribution of the “pull” applied to concrete.
After number of investigations beam tests are found to be dependable to measure flexural
strength of concrete.

The mould should be metallic i.e. steel or cast iron. The standard size of the specimen is 15 x 15 x
70 cm. Alternatively, if the largest nominal size of the aggregate does not exceed 20 mm; the size
of the specimen 10 x 10 x 50 cm may be used. The tamping bar should be of steel, weighing 2 kg.
It has length of 40 cm, ramming face 25 mm square.

Procedure

Test specimens are stored in water at a temperature of 24° to 30°C for 48 hours before testing.
They are tested immediately on removal from the water whilst they are still in a wet condition.
The dimensions of each specimen should be noted before testing. No preparation of the surfaces
is required.

Specimen is placed in the machine in such a manner that the load is applied to the uppermost
surface. Axis of specimen is carefully aligned with the axis of loading device. Load is applied
without any shock and increasing continuously. It is applied at the rate of 400 kg/min for 15 cm
specimen; and 180 kg/min for 10 cm specimen. Load is kept on increasing until the specimen
fails. Maximum applied load is recorded.

Indirect Tension Test Methods

1. Cylinder Splitting Tension Test

This is also known as “Brazilian Test”. This test was developed in Brazil in 1943. This test is
carried out by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between the machine. Load is applied
until the failure of the cylinder, along the vertical diameter.
Cylinder Splitting Tension Test
The main advantage of this method is that the same type of specimen and the same testing
machine as are used for the compression test can be employed for this test. That is why this test is
gaining popularity. Splitting strength gives about 5 to 12% higher value than the direct tensile
strength.

2. Ring Tension Test

Another test for finding out the tensile strength of concrete is known as “Ring Tension test”.
Briefly, a hydro-static pressure is applied radially against the inside periphery of 15 cm diameter,
4 mm thick and 4 mm high concrete ring specimen.

3. Double Punch Test

Yet another test to find out the indirect tensile strength of concrete is known as “double punch
test”. In this test, a concrete cylinder is placed vertically between the loading plates of the
compression test machine. And is compressed by the steel punches located concentrically on the
top and bottom surfaces of the cylinder.

Test Core

The test specimen, cube or cylinder is made from the representative sample of concrete used for a
particular member, the strength of which we are interested. As the member can not be in fact
tested, we test the parallel concrete by making cubes or cylinders. It is to be understood that the
strength of the cube specimen cannot be same as that of the member because of the differences
with respect to the degree of compaction, curing standard, uniformity of concrete, evaporation,
loss of mixing water etc. At best the result of cube or cylinder can give only a rough estimate of
the real strength of the member.

Core test of concrete

To arrive at a better picture of the strength of the actual member; attempts are made to cut cores
from the parent concrete and test the cores for strength. Perhaps this will give a better picture
about the strength of actual concrete in the member.

Core can be drilled at the suspected part of the structure; to detect segregation or honey combing;
to check the bond at construction joint or to verify the thickness of pavement.

Strength of Cores

The reduction in strength of cores appear to be greater in stronger concrete. The reduction in the
strength can be as high as 15 per cent for 40 MPa concrete. Generally, a reduction of 5 to 7 per
cent is considered reasonable. It has been reported by man investigators that in situ concrete gains
very little strength after 28 days. Tests on high strength concrete show that, although the strength
of cores increase with age, the core strength, even up to the age of 1 year, remains lower than the
strength of standard 28 day cylinders.

Non-Destructive Testing Methods

Non-destructive methods have been in use for about four decades. In this period, the development
has taken place to such an extent that it is now considered as a powerful method for evaluating
existing concrete structures, also with regard to their strength and durability apart form
assessment and control of quality of hardened concrete when testing. In certain cases, the
investigation of crack depth, micro-cracks, and progressive deterioration are also studied by this
method.

Though non-destructive testing methods are relatively simple to perform, the analysis and
interpretation of test results are not so easy. Therefore, special knowledge is required to analyses
the testing of hardened properties of concrete. In the non-destructive methods of testing, the
specimen are not loaded to failure. And as such the strength inferred or estimated cannot be
expected to yield absolute values of strength. These methods, therefore, attempt to measure some
other properties of concrete from which an estimate of its strength, durability and elastic
parameters are obtained.

Based upon the above, various non-destructive methods of testing concrete have been developed:

1. Surface hardness tests:

These are of indentation type, include the Williams testing pistol and impact hammers, and are
used only for estimation of concrete strength.

2. Rebound test:

The rebound hammer test measures the elastic rebound of concrete and therefore, is primarily
used for estimation of concrete strength and for comparative investigations.

3. Penetration and Pull out techniques:

These include the use of the Simbi hammer, Spit pins, the Windsor probe, and the pullout test.
These measure the penetration and pullout resistance of concrete and are used for strength
estimations, but they can also be used for comparative studies.

4. Dynamic or vibration tests:

These include resonant frequency and mechanical sonic and ultrasonic pulse velocity methods.
These are thus used to evaluate durability and uniformity of concrete and to estimate its strength
and elastic properties.
5. Combined methods:

The combined methods involving ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound hammer have been used
to estimate strength of concrete.

6. Radioactive and nuclear methods:

These include the X-ray and Gamma-ray penetration tests for measurement of density and
thickness of concrete. Also, the neutron scattering and neutron activation methods are used for
moisture and cement content determination.

7. Magnetic and electrical methods:

The magnetic methods are primarily concerned with determining cover of reinforcement in
concrete, whereas the electrical methods, including microwave absorption techniques, have been
used to measure moisture content and thickness of concrete.

8. Acoustic emission techniques:

These have been used to study the initiation and growth of cracks in concrete.

9. Surfaces Hardness Methods:

The fact that concrete hardens with increase in age, the measure of hardness of surface may
indicate the strength of concrete. Various methods and equipments are devised to measure
hardness of concrete surface. William testing pistol, Frank spring hammer, and Einbeck
pendulum hammer are thus some of the devices for measuring surface hardness.

Schmidt’s Rebound Hammer

Schmidt’s rebound hammer developed in 1948 is one of the commonly adopted equipments for
measuring the surface hardness.

It consist of a spring control hammer that slides on a plunger within a tubular housing. When the
plunger is pressed against the surface of the concrete, the mass rebound from the plunger. It
retracts against the force of the spring. The hammer impacts against the concrete and the spring
control mass rebounds, therefore taking the rider with it along the guide scale. By pushing a
button, the rider can be held in position to allow the reading to be taken. The distance travelled by
the mass, is therefore called the rebound number. It is indicated by the rider moving along a
graduated scale.

Each hammer varies considerably in performance and needs calibration for use on concrete made
with the aggregates from specific source. The test can be conducted horizontally, as well as
vertically-upwards or onwards or at any intermediate angle. At each angle the rebound number
will be different for the same concrete and thus will require separate calibration or correction
chart.

Schmidt’s
Rebound Hammer

Limitation:

Although, rebound hammer provides a quick inexpensive means of checking uniformity of

concrete, it has thus serious limitations and these must be recognized. The results are thus
affected by:

1. Smoothness of surface under test.

2. Size, shape and rigidity of the specimen.
3. Age of specimen.
4. Type of cement.
5. Surface and internal moisture condition of the concrete.
6. Type of coarse aggregate.
7. Type of Mould.
8. Carbonation of concrete surface.
names of the relevant tests as follows –

 Pullout Test
 Dynamic or Vibration Methods
 Resonant Frequency Method
 Pulse Velocity Method (Mechanical sonic PVM and Ultrasonic PVM)
 Combined Methods
 Radioactive Methods
 Nuclear Methods
 Magnetic Methods
 Electrical Methods

Testing on Composition of Hardened Concrete

 Determination of cement content

 Determination of the original water / cement Ratio
 Physical Methods
 Accelerated Curing Methods