MTH 234 – Chapter 16C

Vector Calculus
Compiled by Ryan Maccombs

Contents

4 (A) – Green’s Theorem 2

4.1 Orientation and Proof - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4.2 Practice Turning Line Integrals into Double Integrals - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 (B) – Green’s Theorem 9

4.1 Another form of Green’s Theorem - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 More Green’s Theorem Practice - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

6 Surface Area 15
6.1 Chapter 15 – Surface Area of Explicit Surfaces - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.2 Parametric Surfaces - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.3 Surface Area of Parametric Surfaces - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

7 Surface Integrals 22
7.1 I’ve Had Enough of these Snakes on this Plane - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.3 The Game of Flux - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.4 Surface Integrals with Scalar Functions - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.5 Surface Integrals with Vector Fields - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

8 (A) – Stokes’ Theorem 32

8.1 Upgrading form Green’s to Stokes’ - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.2 Stokes’ the Two Way Street - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

8 (B) – Stokes’ Theorem 38

8.3 The Idea of the Proof - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
8.4 More Examples More Power - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

9 (A) – Divergence Theorem 44

9.1 The Statement and Introduction - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
9.2 Examples Galore - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

9 (B) – Divergence Theorem 50

9.3 I Demand Proof! - Video Before Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
9.4 The Last Time I Swear - During Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

4 (A) – Green’s Theorem

4.1 Orientation and Proof - Video Before Class
Objective(s):
• Define a curves orientation

• Go over the idea of the proof of Green’s Theorem

Green’s Theorem gives a relationship between double integrals and line integrals around simple closed curves.

(Start and end at the same point. Are not self-intersecting except at endpoints.)

Definition(s) 4.1.

(a) A simple closed curve C has positive orientation

if its parametrization traverses the curve exactly once in a

counterclockwise direction.

(b) A simple closed curve C has negative orientation

if its parametrization traverses the curve exactly once in a

clockwise direction.

Theorem 4.2. Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple closed curve in the plane and let D be the region

bounded by C. If F = hP, Qi have continuous partial derivatives on an open region that contains D then,

Z ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
P dx + Q dy = − dA
C D ∂x ∂y

or equivalently
Z ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
F · T ds = − dA
C D ∂x ∂y

The idea of the proof is important because it will come up again in

Stokes’ Theorem. The idea is “circulation”. Because we have a closed

Z
simple curve the integral F · T ds counts how the particles on the picture here. breaking up and
C
curve are circulating. Green’s Theorem says that instead of counting how canceling except at edges

the particles are circulating on the curve we can count how the particles

are circulating inside the curve.

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

That is
X X
(Circulation of points on curve) = (Circulation of points inside curve)

Idea of Proof
So now we need to determine circulation at a point. First lets

consider circulation around small rectangles.

Along the 4 boundaries of the rectangle we get:

Top: F(x, y + 4y) · (−i)4x = −P (x, y + 4y)4x

(x, y + 4y) F · (−i) (x + 4x, y + 4y)

> Bottom: F(x, y) · (i)4x = P (x, y)4x
F · (−j)

F · (j)

F(x + 4x, y) · j4y Q(x + 4x, y)4y

>

>

Right: =

> Left: F(x, y) · (−j)4y = −Q(x, y)4y

(x, y) F · (i) (x + 4x, y)

Grouping favorably we get:

Circulation of  = Top + Bottom + Right + Left

Circulation of  = −P (x, y + 4y)4x + P (x, y)4x + Q(x + 4x, y)4y + −Q(x, y)4y

(−P (x, y + 4y) + P (x, y)) Q(x + 4x, y) − Q(x, y)

Circulation of  = 4y4x + 4y4x
4y 4x

Circulation of  ≈ (−Py + Qx )4y4x

Now we need to scale from circulation on a rectangle to circulation at a point

Circulation of 
Circulation at • ≈
Area of 

(−Py + Qx )4y4x ∂Q ∂P
Circulation at • ≈ = Qx − Py = −
4y4x ∂x ∂y

And so now we are ready to see why we love Green’s Theorem

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

4.2 Practice Turning Line Integrals into Double Integrals - During Class
Objective(s):
• Use Green’s Theorem
• Use Green’s Theorem even more!

Let’s verify Green’s Theorem with a relatively easy example.

Z
Example 4.3. Calculate hy, −xi · dr where C is the unit circle oriented counter-clockwise.
C

(a) By evaluating the line integral

(b) By evaluating the double integral from Green’s Theorem.

Here both ways were relatively easy. Now let’s witness the power of Green’s Theorem

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Example 4.4. Find the work done by F = h4x − 2y, 2x − 4yi y

once counterclockwise around the curve given by the picture:

Solution. Let’s pretend we forgot Green’s Theorem on the exam.

To parametrize this curve correctly I need to break it into 4 pieces x

1 3
Z Z Z Z Z
F · T ds = F · T ds + F · T ds + F · T ds + F · T ds
C BC TC LL RL

Parametrizing the four pieces we see that (in a counterclockwise direction)

BC : r(t) = hcos t, sin ti t ∈ [π, 0] r0 (t) = h− sin t, cos ti

TC : r(t) = h3 cos t, 3 sin ti t ∈ [0, π] r0 (t) = h−3 sin t, 3 cos ti

LL : r(t) = ht, 0i t ∈ [1, 3] r0 (t) = h1, 0i

RL : r(t) = ht, 0i t ∈ [−3, −1] r0 (t) = h1, 0i

Let’s calculate these individual integrals

Z Z 0 Z π
0
Z
F · T ds = h4x − 2y, 2x − 4yi · r (t) dt 0
F · T ds = h4x − 2y, 2x − 4yi · r (t) dt
BC π TC 0
Z 0 Z π
= h4(cos t) − 2(sin t), 2(cos t) − 4(sin t)i · h− sin t, cos ti dt = h4(3 cos t) − 2(3 sin t), 2(3 cos t) − 4(3 sin t)i · h−3 sin t, 3 cos ti dt
π 0
Z 0 Z π
2 2 2 2
= −4 sin t cos t + 2 sin t + 2 cos t − 4 sin t cos t dt = −36 sin t cos t + 18 sin t + 18 cos t − 36 sin t cos t dt
π 0
Z 0 Z π
= −8 sin t cos t + 2 dt = −72 sin t cos t + 18 dt
π 0

= 2(0 − π) = −2π = 18(π − 0) = 18π

Z Z −1
0
Z Z 3
F · T ds = h4x − 2y, 2x − 4yi · r (t) dt 0
F · T ds = h4x − 2y, 2x − 4yi · r (t) dt
LL −3 RL 1
Z −1 Z 3
= h4(t) − 2(0), 2(t) − 4(0)i · h1, 0i dt = h4(t) − 2(0), 2(t) − 4(0)i · h1, 0i dt
−3 1
Z −1 Z 3
= 4t dt = 4t dt
−3 1
i−1 2 3
h i
2
h
= 2t = 2(1 − 9) = −16 = 2t = 2(9 − 1) = 16
−3 1

Giving us our final answer of

Z
F · T ds = −2π + 18π − 16 + 16 = 16π
C

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Now let’s imagine you remember Green’s Theorem.

y
Example 4.4. Find the work done by F = h4x − 2y, 2x − 4yi

once counterclockwise around the curve given by the picture:

x
1 3

Z Z
Work = F · T ds = (4x − 2y) dx + (2x − 4y) dy
ZCZ
= 2 + 2 dy dx
ZZ
=4 1 dy dx (Area)
1
= 4 (π(3)2 − π(1)2 )
2
= 2(9π − 1π) = 16π

Notation 4.5.

(a) The notation

I
P dx + Q dy
C

Is sometimes used to indicate that the line integral is calculated using the positive orientation of the closed curve C.

(b) Another notation for the positively oriented boundary curve of a region D is ∂D .

Fun Reads

There is additional material in 16.4 that is covered in the book that MSU will not currently be testing on. Those wishing to

gain a greater understanding of the power of Green’s Theorem may wish to read the section on finding area using line

integrals (top of page 1111) and the section on Extended Versions of Green’s Theorem (starting on page 1111).

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

I
Example 4.6. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integral 4 cos(−y) dx + 4x2 sin(−y) dy.
C
Where C is the rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 4), and (2, 4).

I
Example 4.7. Calculate (x4 + 2y)dx + (5x + sin y)dy where C is the boundary of region shown to the right:
C
y

x
-1 1

-1

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

x2 y2 y
Example 4.8. Consider the curve C : + = 1 to the right. F = hx, yi
16 9
I
(a) Use only the picture to hypothesize an answer to hx, yi · T ds.
C

I
(b) Confirm your suspicions by evaluating hx, yi · T ds.
C

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

4 (B) – Green’s Theorem

4.1 Another form of Green’s Theorem - Video Before Class
Objective(s):

• Develop and utilize a formula for normal vectors to a parameterized curve.

• State the flux version of Green’s Theorem and get a little practice.

To discuss the alternate form of Green’s Theorem we need to first discuss normal vectors to 2D parameterized curves

Theorem 4.1. Consider the curve C parameterized by r(t) = hx(t), y(t)i. Recall from 13.2 that if r is differentiable then

a tangent vector is given by r0 (t) = hx0 (t), y 0 (t)i so then a normal vector will be given by

n = ± hy 0 (t), −x0 (t)i

Sketch and Proof:

Example 4.2. Consider the curve given by r(t) = t + 1, 3 − t2 for t ∈ [0, 2]. Find an equation of a normal vector for r that

points to the right.

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Definition(s) 4.3. The flux of F across a curve C is given by

Z
Flux = F · n ds
C

where n is a unit normal vector of C.

Just as before, Green’s Theorem gives a relationship between double integrals and line integrals around simple closed curves.

(Start and end at the same point. Are not self-intersecting except at endpoints.)

Theorem 4.4. Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple closed curve in the plane and let D be the region

bounded by C. If F = hP, Qi have continuous partial derivatives on an open region that contains D then,

Z ZZ  
∂P ∂Q
P dy − Q dx = + dA
C D ∂x ∂y

or equivalently
Z ZZ  
∂P ∂Q
F · n ds = + dA
C D ∂x ∂y

where n is an outward pointing unit normal vector.

Once you have proven one form of Green’s Theorem the other quickly follows. In this case let G = h−Q, P i and apply

Green’s theorem from last time.

Example 4.5. Calculate the outward flux of F = hx + 3, xy − 5i across C: the unit circle x2 + y 2 = 1

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

4.2 More Green’s Theorem Practice - During Class

Objective(s):
• Calculate Flux by hand
• Calculate Flux using Green’s Theorem

Example 4.6. Calculate the upward flux of F = h3x, 2yi across C: the line segment from (1, 2) to (5, −2)

Example 4.7. Can Green’s Theorem be used in the previous example? Why/Why not?

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Example 4.8. Consider the circle C given by x2 + y 2 = 9. Calculate the outward flux of F = (x2 y)i + (y)j across C using

(a) a line integral

(b) a double integral

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Example 4.9. Calculate the outward flux of the vector field F = hsin(y)ey + 3x, csc x − 5yi across the rectangle

R = [−1, 1] × [−2, 5]

Example 4.10. Calculate the inward flux of the vector field F = x − y 2 , y 2 − x across the boundary of region bounded by

y = x and y = x2 .

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Let C be a triangle with vertices (0, 0), (2, 4) and (5, 0). Find the outward flux of F = −4x2 + 5y, 2xy + 3 across C.

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

6 Surface Area
6.1 Chapter 15 – Surface Area of Explicit Surfaces - Video Before Class
Objective(s):

• Define and calculate surface area over explicit surfaces

Just as arc length is an application of a single integral, surface area is an application of double integrals.

• Just as the title suggests in this subsection we are covering the 15.6 version of surface area. That is, surface area for

explicit surfaces z = f (x, y) .

Theorem 6.1. The area of the surface with equation z = f (x, y) with (x, y) ∈ D, where fx and fy are continuous, is:

ZZ q
A(S) = [fx ]2 + [fy ]2 + 1 dA
D

I know what your are thinking... “Ooh a theorem, that means there’s a proof ! I hope we get to see it! ”. Yes there is a proof,

but we will prove a stronger case which will make this a small corollary. So don’t you worry!

Example 6.2. Find the surface area of the part of the surface z = x2 + 2y that lies above the triangular region T

in the xy- plane with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), and (1, 1).
R1Rx√
0 0
4x2 + 5 dy dx
1 √
(27 − 5 5)
12

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Example 6.3. Find the area of the part of the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 that lies under the plane z = 9.
RR √
1 + 4r2 r dr dθ
π √
(37 37 − 1)
6

6.2 Parametric Surfaces - Video Before Class

Objective(s):

• Upgrade from lines to surfaces

• Recall that curves in space are 1 dimensional so we need 1 dimensional =⇒ 3 dimensional so they look like

r(t) = hx(t), y(t), z(t)i

• Recall that surfaces in space are 2 dimensional so we need 2 dimensional =⇒ 3 dimensional so they look like

r(s, t) = hx(s, t), y(s, t), z(s, t)i

Remark 6.4. In the book they have a habit of instead writing:

r(u, v) = hf (u, v), g(u, v), h(u, v)i = f (u, v)i + g(u, v)j + h(u, v)k

Example 6.5. Give a parametrization r(s, t) of the plane x + y + z = 2

over the square x ∈ [−1, 1] and y ∈ [−1, 1]. (Picture to right) x+y+z =2
z

(−1, −1, 0) (−1, 1, 0)

y
(1, −1, 0) (1, 1, 0)

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

6.3 Surface Area of Parametric Surfaces - During Class

Objective(s):
• Learn how to calculate surface area over parametric surfaces
• Practice calculating more surface area!

Now our goal is to find and area equation for smooth parametrized surfaces. The idea is as follows

If we chop our surface into lots of small rectangles

that have side lengths 4s and 4t (where

s, t parametrize the surface) then the area of

z = f (x, y) =
5xy the small surface piece is about the area of the
ex2 +y2
parallelogram made by the vectors 4srs

and 4trt

Then we can sum all these areas together to get

the summation:

X
area of the parallelograms
n
X
|4s rs × 4t rt |
n
X
|rs × rt | 4t 4s
n

Since |rs × rt | is continuous we know that

X ZZ
Surface Area = |rs × rt | 4t 4s = |rs × rt | ds dt
n R

Theorem 6.6. The area of a smooth surface r(s, t) = hx(s, t), y(s, t), z(s, t)i with s ∈ [a, b] and t ∈ [c, d] is:

Z d Z b
Area = |rs × rt | ds dt
c a

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Or the book writes:

Theorem 6.6. The area of a smooth surface r(u, v) = f (u, v)i + g(u, v)j + h(u, v)k with a ≤ u ≤ b and c ≤ v ≤ d is:

Z d Z b
Area = |ru × rv | du dv
c a

Remark 6.7. Note we can use this theorem along with the parametrization r(x, y) = hx, y, f (x, y)i to prove the 15.6 formula

for surface area.

There is still much to cover so lets talk about the following worked out example:

Example 6.8. Find the area of the portion of the tilted plane x − y + 3z = 5 that lies inside of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4.

5 + s sin t − s cos t
Solution. From Example 5.2 we have that the tilted plane is parametrized by r(s, t) = hs cos t, s sin t, i
3
where s ∈ [0, 2] and t ∈ [0, 2π]

So we first need to calculate out:

sin t − cos t
rs = hcos t, sin t, i
3
s cos t + s sin t
rt = h−s sin t, s cos t, i
3
Now we can calculate |rs × rt |

i j k
sin t − cos t
|rs × rt | = cos t sin t
3
s cos t + s sin t
−s sin t s cos t
3
s cos t + s sin t sin t − cos t s cos t + s sin t sin t − cos t
= (sin t − s cos t )i − (cos t + s sin t )j + (s cos2 t + s sin2 t)k
3 3 3 3

s sin cos t + s sin2 t −s sin t cos t + s cos2 t s cos2 t + s sin t cos t s sin2 t − s sin t cos t
= ( + )i − ( + )j + (s)k
3 3 3 3

s sin2 t s cos2 t s cos2 t s sin2 t

= ( + )i − ( + )j + (s)k
3 3 3 3

s s
= ( )i − ( )j + (s)k
3 3
q

s 2

2
= 3 + −s3 + s2

s√
q q
s2 s2 9s2 11s2
= 9 + 9 + 9 = 9 = 11
3

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Integrating finally we get:

2π 2 2π
s√ 2
Z Z Z Z
|rs × rt | ds dt = 11 ds dt
0 0 0 0 3

s√
Z 2π  Z 2 
= 1 dt 11 ds
0 0 3
2
s √
 2
= [2π] 11
6 0

4√
= 2π 11
6

4π √
= 11
3

Intuitively a slanted circle like this should have more area than a non-slanted circle in the cylinder so we could check:

4π √
π(22 ) = 4π < 11
3

√
Since 11 > 3. So our answer seems reasonable!

Remember: unless the problem specifies you can use 15.6 to help your evaluation.

5−x+y
Example 6.9. Find the area of the portion of the tilted plane z = (Look familiar?. . . x − y + 3z = 5) that lies
3
inside of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4

ZZ q
Area = fx2 + fy2 + 1dy dx
R
5−x+y ZZ r
1 1
z= = + + 1dy dx
3 9 9
R
5−x+y
f (x, y) = ZZ r
11
3 = dy dx
−1 9
fx (x, y) = √ R ZZ
3 11
1 = dy dx
fy (x, y) = 3 R
3 √ √
11 2 4π 11
= (π2 ) = ;
3 3

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Example 6.10. Find the area of the part of the cylinder y 2 + z 2 = 9 that lies above the rectangle

with vertices (0, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2), and (4, 2).

2
−y 2
Example 6.11. Express that area of the surface z = e−x that lies above the disk x2 + y 2 ≤ 4 in terms of a single

integral. Do not evaluate.

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Example 6.12. Consider the surface S, given by z = xy 2 , over the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), and (1, 1) in the

xy−plane.

Note: a parameterization for the surface S can be given by: r(s, t) = s, t, st2 , s ∈ [0, 1], t ∈ [0, s]

Use this parametrization to express the surface area as a double integral. Simplify as much as possible without evaluating the

integrals.

Here are some additional videos that may come in useful (they are hyper links so just click on them on your computer).

Video 1: https://www.khanacademy.org/math/calculus/multivariable- calculus/surface_parametrization/v/introduction- to- parametrizing- a- surface- with- two- parameters

Video 2: https://www.khanacademy.org/math/calculus/multivariable- calculus/surface_parametrization/v/determining- a- position- vector- valued- function- for- a- parametrization- of-two-parameters

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

7 Surface Integrals
7.1 I’ve Had Enough of these Snakes on this Plane - Video Before Class
Objective(s):

• Calculate surface integrals of scalar functions

(a) Given an explicit surface, z = g(x, y).
(b) Given a parametric surface, r(s, t).
Z Z
In 16.2 we upgraded from finding arc length, 1 ds to finding line integrals of scalar functions f (x, y, z)ds where that
s  C C
2  2
dx dy
ds = + +1 . We will now upgrade from surface area to surface integrals.
dt dt

Definition(s) 7.1.
s 2  2
∂g ∂g
(a) If a surface S is given explicitly as z = g(x, y) then define dS = + + 1 dy dx
∂x ∂y

(b) If a surface S is given parametrically as r(s, t) then define dS = |rs × rt | ds dt

Bonus Exercise: Show that explicit surfaces can be parametrized x = s, y = t, and z = g(s, t).
s 
2  2
∂g ∂g
When done so then |rs × rt | = + + 1.
∂x ∂y
ZZ
Remark 7.2. With this definition surface area of a surface S can be expressed as 1 dS .
S

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Definition(s) 7.3. The surface integral of f over the surface S is given by

ZZ
f (x, y, z) dS
S

which can be expressed

(a) Explicitly: s
ZZ ZZ 2  2
∂g ∂g
f (x, y, z) dS = f (x, y, g(x, y)) + + 1 dy dx
S S ∂x ∂y

(b) Parametrically:
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y, z) dS = f (r(s, t))|rs × rt | ds dt
S S

Example 7.4 (FS14 Exam 4 Question). Consider the entire plane 2x + y + z = 4 which I have loaded with snakes according
50 2 2 snakes
to the snake density function N (x, y, z) = √ e−x −y . How many snakes are on the plane?
π 6 m2

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7.3 The Game of Flux - Video Before Class

Objective(s):
• Definitions
• Gain an intuitive understanding of an oriented surface with orientation given by the unit normal vector and the
concept of positive orientation

• More definitions

We are moving into defining surface integrals of vector fields (just as in 16.2 after line integrals of scalar functions we moved

into line integrals of vector fields). To do this correctly we need a sense of orientation.

The book goes into a very formal definition for orientation. However non orientable surfaces are quite rare (extinct in this

class). We will just settle with an intuitive definition

Definition(s) 7.5 (ish).

(a) A surface S is called an oriented surface if it has two sides .

EX: Planes, Spheres, All Quadric Surfaces.

EX: Non oriented surfaces: Mobius strip, Klein Bottle.

(b) An orientation is just a choosing of one of the two sides. Some common orientations include:

i. Outward (for closed surfaces [see below])

ii. Upward has a positive z-component.

(c) In this class choosing an orientation comes down to selecting the correct normal vector .

One of our remain big theorems, the divergence theorem, will depend on closed surfaces so we will give it a few extra

definitions.

Definition(s) 7.6.

(a) A surface is called closed if it is the boundary of a solid region .

(b) Outward orientation is also referred to as positive orientation .

Insert Ryan rant about why orientation is necessary for the upcoming material.

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Now we are ready to transition into surface integrals of vector fields.

Definition(s) 7.14. If F is a continuous vector field defined on an oriented surface S with unit normal vector n, then

the surface integral of F over S is

ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · n dS
S S

This integral is also called the flux of F across S.

To help evaluate these we need to determine a more concrete formula for n.

(a) If the surface is defined parametrically by r(s, t), then

rs × rt
ZZ ZZ
F · n dS = F·± dS
S |rs × rt |
Z ZS
= F · ±(rs × rt ) dA
D

(b) If the surface is defined explicitly by z = g(x, y), then

ZZ ZZ D ∂g ∂g E
F · n dS = F·± , , −1 dA
S D ∂x ∂y

2 Notes: The n in the explicit equation should look familiar from 14.4 (Tangent Planes). All these ± signs are determined

by the surface’s orientation .

Example 7.15. Find the upward flux of F = hx, y, zi across the plane z = 2 over the region D = {(x, y) | x ∈ [0, 1], y ∈ [0, 1]}

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

7.4 Surface Integrals with Scalar Functions - During Class

Objective(s):
• More surface integrals with scalar functions.
ZZ
Example 7.16. Compute the surface integral z 2 dS, where S is the unit sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
S

(a) by expressing the surface parametrically.

r(s, t) = h1 cos t sin s, 1 sin t sin s, 1 cos si

rs = hcos t cos s, sin t cos s, − sin si

rt = h− sin t sin s, 1 cos t sin s, 0i

rs × rt = (0 + cos t sin2 s)i − (0 − sin t sin2 s)j + (cos2 t cos s sin s + sin2 t sin s cos s)k

= hcos t sin2 s, sin t sin2 s, cos s sin si

q
|rs × rt | = (cos t sin2 s)2 + (sin t sin2 s)2 + (cos s sin s)2
p
= cos2 t sin4 s + sin2 t sin4 s + cos2 s sin2 s
p
= sin4 s + cos2 s sin2 s
p
= sin2 s = sin s
ZZ Z 2π Z π
2
z dS = cos2 s sin s ds dt
S 0 0
π
cos3 s

= 2π −
3 0
 
−1 1 4π
= 2π − + =
3 3 3

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

(b) by carefully ripping the surface into two surfaces that can be expresses explicitly.
p p
Consider S1 : g1 (x, y) = 1 − x2 − y 2 and S2 : g2 (x, y) = − 1 − x2 − y 2 then we have:

v !2 !2
u
−x −y
q u
2 2
((g1 )x ) + ((g1 )y ) + 1 = t p + p +1
1 − x2 − y 2 1 − x2 − y 2
s
x2 y2
= 2 2
+ +1
1−x −y 1 − x2 − y 2
r
1 1
= 2 2
=p
1−x −y 1 − x2 − y 2

q
2 2
Note that this will be the same value as ((g2 )x ) + ((g2 )y ) + 1 because of all the (?)2 . So we have:

ZZ ZZ ZZ
2 2
z dS = z dS1 + z 2 dS2
S S1 S2
ZZ ZZ
2 2 1 1
= (1 − x − y ) p dA + (1 − x2 − y 2 ) p dA
D 1 − x2 − y 2 D 1 − x2 − y 2
ZZ p
=2 1 − x2 − y 2 dA
D
Z 2π Z 1 p
=2 r 1 − r2 dr dθ
0 0
1
−(1 − r2 )3/2

= 4π
3 0
 
0 1 4π
= 4π + =
3 3 3

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

ZZ
Example 7.17. Evaluate y dS, where S is the surface z = x + y 2 , x ∈ [0, 1], y ∈ [0, 2].
S

√
Ans=13 2/3

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

7.5 Surface Integrals with Vector Fields - During Class

Objective(s):
• Calculate surface integrals of vector fields.
(a) Given an explicit surface, z = g(x, y).
(b) Given a parametric surface, r(s, t).

• Recognize the physical interpretation of the above calculations.

Example 7.18. Find the upward flux of F = hx, y, zi across the portion of the plane x + y + z = 1

inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1.

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Remark 7.19. Unless otherwise specified assume that your closed surfaces are always positively oriented .
ZZ
Example 7.20. Evaluate F · dS, where F = yi + xj + zk and S is the boundary of the solid region E enclosed by the
S
paraboloid z = 1 − x2 − y 2 and the plane z = 0

S1 = plane, S2 = paraboloid.

n1 = h0, 0, −1i

n = −h−2x, −2y, −1i

Z 2Z
F · dS = 0
Z ZS1
F · dS = π/2
S2

Remark 7.21. In the flux definition:

ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · n dS
S S

We can interpret this calculation as summing up movement of particles induced by the vector field

across the surface S (Hence the F · n ).

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Example 7.22. Find the (outward) flux of vector field F = hz, y, xi across the sphere parametrized by

r(s, t) = hsin s cos t, sin s sin t, cos si with s ∈ [0, π], t ∈ [0, 2π]. Hints: Recall rs × rt = hsin2 s cos t, sin2 s sin t, sin s cos si,
Rπ 3 R 2π
0
sin u du = 4/3, and 0 sin2 u du = π.

check that you have outward by (s, t) = (π/2, 0) =⇒ r(π/2, 0) = h1, 0, 0i and our normal vector rs × rt = h1, 0, 0i so this is

indeed pointing outward.

Z 2π Z π
(2 sin2 s cos s cos t + sin3 s sin2 t) ds dt
0 0

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

8 (A) – Stokes’ Theorem

8.1 Upgrading form Green’s to Stokes’ - Video Before Class
Objective(s):

• Understand the upgrade from Green’s Theorem to Stokes’ Theorem including the statement of Stokes’ Theorem.

As we saw in 16.5 Green’s Theorem can be expressed as

Green’s Theorem C is a closed curve that bounds D in the xy plane.... blah blah other conditions.
Z ZZ
F · dr = (curl F) · k dA
C D

We can easily upgrade C to a curve in space bounding a surface S. r can parametrize C and F can be a vector field in three

dimensions. The question becomes how do we upgrade k ? What was special about it in Green’s Theorem?

Theorem 8.1 (Stokes’ Theorem). Let S be an oriented piecewise-smooth surface that is bounded by a simple, closed,

piecewise-smooth boundary curve C with positive orientation. Let F be a vector field whose components have continuous

partial derivatives on an open region in R3 that contains S. Then

Z ZZ
F · dr = (curl F) · n dS
C S

Remark 8.2. It is important that n is an upward pointing unit normal vector and C is

positively oriented when viewed from above. The can be generalized using the

right-hand rule . As your fingers go around the curve your thumb will point in the direction of

the unit normal vector .

Remark 8.3. Unlike some theorems, Stokes’ equal sign is really a two way street.

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Example 8.4. Consider the vector field F = hx, y, zi and the surface S given by x = 0 where y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1

oriented in the i direction.

ZZ
(a) Evaluate curl(F) · dS
S

Z
(b) Evaluate F · dr
∂S

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

8.2 Stokes’ the Two Way Street - During Class

Objective(s):
• Practice turning surface integrals into line integrals
• Practice turning line integrals into surface integrals
ZZ
Example 8.5. Use Stokes’ Theorem to compute the integral curl F · dS, where F = hxz, yz, xyi and S is the part of the
S
sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 that lies inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 and above the xy−plane.

Remark 8.6. Sometimes the difficulty in these problems identifying the boundary curve of the surface and making sure your

parametrization orients the curve correctly.

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Z
Example 8.7. Evaluate F · dr where F = hy, z, xi and C is unit square shown below
C
z

>
1

>

>
> y
1

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Z
Example 8.8. Evaluate F · dr, where F(x, y, z) = −y 2 i + xj + z 2 k and C is the curve of intersection of the plane
C
y + z = 2 and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1. (Note: C is to be oriented counterclockwise when viewed from above.)

Remark 8.9. If we wanted to evaluate the line integral in Ex 8.7 we would end up integrating:
Z 2π
(sin3 t + cos2 t − 4 cos t + 4 sin t cos t − sin2 t cos t)dt.
0

Remark 8.10. The surface in Ex 8.7 is not unique. However it is clearly the correct choice.

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Example 8.11. Let S be the surface formed by capping the piece of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 4 with the top half of

the sphere x2 + y 2 + (z − 4)2 = 2.

(a) Draw a rough sketch of S.

(b) What is C = ∂S? Parametrize C so that it has a positive orientation with respect to the outward normal.

ZZ
(c) Evaluate curl F · dS, where F = hzx + z 2 y + x, z 3 yx + y, z 4 x2 i.
S

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

8 (B) – Stokes’ Theorem

8.3 The Idea of the Proof - Video Before Class
Objective(s):

• Tolerate the idea of the proof of Stokes’ Theorem.

Recall the statement of Stokes’ Theorem

Stokes’ Theorem Let S be an oriented piecewise-smooth surface that is bounded by a simple, closed, piecewise-smooth

boundary curve C with positive orientation. Let F be a vector field whose components have continuous partial derivatives

on an open region in R3 that contains S. Then

Z ZZ
F · dr = (curl F) · n dS
C S

Today we will start by trying to gain an intuitive idea of what Stokes’ Theorem is trying to convey.

Remark 8.9 (Idea of a Proof of Stokes’ Theorem).

First we must verify that curl F has something to do with circulation.

Originally we considered circulation around a point when things rotated in the xy-plane perpendicular to k.

Now there could be circulation in the xz-plane perpendicular to j and circulation in the yz-plane perpendicular to i. We want

to consider all three types of circulation. To help us we will create a vector to try to capture all these pieces of information.

(Circulation in the yz-plane)i + (Circulation in the xz-plane)j + (Circulation in the xy-plane)k

Picture:

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

We already know from before that:

(Circulation in the xy-plane) = Qx − Py

Spending a long time drawing pictures of rectangles like these:

We can get the circulation in the other two planes. Mainly:

(x, y + 4y) F · (−i)
> (x + 4x, y + 4y)

F · (−j)
(Circlulation in the xz-plane) = Pz − Rx

F · (j)
>

>
(Circlulation in the yz-plane) = Ry − Qz >
(x, y) F · (i) (x + 4x, y)

And we can see there is some beautiful symmetry happening here.

So we get our mega vector that considers the circulation in all three coordinate planes:

Mega Circulation Vector = hRy − Qz , Pz − Rx , Qx − Py i

But Mega Circulation Vector isn’t very official and won’t make it into any math books so instead we recognize it as curl F.

It helps us measure the rate of rotation that is occurring at every point in the vector field.

To finish up we need to remember that Circulation (even at a point) needs to be a number

(Recall 0 circulation means no rotation, + circulation is counterclockwise, - is clockwise) So we need to turn this Mega

Circulation Vector into a number. . .

In addition since our ”water, beads, particles, etc” are trapped on a surface we really don’t care about certain directions.

So it makes a certain amount of sense to have:

Circulation at a point = curl F · n

where n is a unit normal vector to the surface’s tangent plane at that point.

And this is how we finally see that curl F · n = Circulation at a pt.

Now we can use a similar argument to Green’s Thoerem to get

X X
(Circulation around boundary of S) = (Circulation around each point in S)
Z ZZ
F · dr = curl F · ndS
C S

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8.4 More Examples More Power - During Class

Objective(s):
• Cement your knowledge of how to use Stokes’ Theorem.
ZZ
Example 8.10. Evaluate (∇ × F) · dS where F = xyzi + xyj + x2 yzk where S consists of the top and the four sides (but
S
not the bottom) of the cube with vertices (±1, ±1, ±1).

Note: WW # 3 has you do this by applying Stokes’ Theorem once. Here we will be extra clever and apply it twice!

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ZZ
Example 8.11 (on SS01 Final Exam). Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate ∇ × (yi) · dS where S is the hemisphere:
S
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, z ≥ 0.

The boundary curve C is parametrized by r(t) = hcos t, sin t, 0i, t ∈ [0, 2π] and F = hy, 0, 0i. Therefore...

ZZ I
∇ × (yi) · n dσ = F · dr
S C
Z 2π
= hy, 0, 0i · h− sin t, cos t, 0i dt
0
Z 2π
= − sin2 t dt
0
Z 2π  
1 − cos(2t)
= − dt
0 2
 2π
t − sin(2t)/2
=−
2 0
2π
=− = −π
2

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

ZZ
Example 8.12 (Old Exam Question). Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate curl F · dS
S z
where F(x, y, z) = xyzi + 2xyj + x2 yzk and S consists of the cylinder

y 2 + z 2 = 1, x ∈ [−1, 1] along with the disk y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1, x = −1,

oriented outward, shown to the right.

y
(a) Identify and parametrize the boundary curve of S with the correct orientation.
x
The boundary curve is x = 1 and y 2 + z 2 = 1 which can be parametrized by

r(t) = h1, cos t, − sin ti, t ∈ [0, 2π] or

r(t) = h1, sin t, cos ti, t ∈ [0, 2π]

(any parametrization works so long as it goes clockwise when viewed from the positive x axis).

ZZ
(b) Write curl F · dS as an equivalent line integral and then evaluate.
S

By Stokes’ Theorem

ZZ Z
curl F · dS = F · dr
S C
Z 2π
= hxyz, 2xy, x2 yzi · h0, cos t, − sin ti dt
0
Z 2π
= hsin t cos t, 2 sin t, sin t cos ti · h0, cos t, − sin ti dt
0
Z 2π
= (2 sin t cos t − sin2 t cos t) dt
0
2π
sin3 t

= sin2 t − = 0
3 0

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Z
Example 8.13. Evaluate F · dr where F = z 2 i + y 2 j + xk and C is the triangle with vertices (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1)
C
with counter-clockwise rotation
R1
Hint: 0
[1 − u − u(1 − u) − (1 − u2 )/2] du = 1/6

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

9 (A) – Divergence Theorem

9.1 The Statement and Introduction - Video Before Class
Objective(s):

• Understand the statement of the Divergence Theorem and when it can be applied.
• Apply the Divergence Theorem to problems

Let’s quickly upgrade the alternate version of Green’s Theorem so we can start doing some problems.

Recall from 16.5

Green’s Theorem Alternate Bunch of conditions up here.

I ZZ  
∂P ∂Q
F · n ds = + dA
C D ∂x ∂y
ZZ
= div F dA
D

This can be naturally upgraded to

Theorem 9.1 (The Divergence Theorem). Let E be a simple solid region and let S be the boundary surface of E, given

with positive (outward) orientation. Let F be a vector field whose component functions have continuous partial derivatives

on an open region that contains E. Then

ZZ ZZZ
F · n dS = div F dV
S E

The main condition here is that S needs to be closed .

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Example 9.2 (Old Exam Question). E is a solid region in the first octant that lies beneath the plane 2x + 3y + 2z = 6.

Let S be the boundary of E (S consists of 4 triangles). If F = x2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k use the Divergence Theorem to write
ZZ
F · dS as a triple integral. Do not evaluate the integral.
S

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

9.2 Examples Galore - During Class

Objective(s):
• Apply the divergence theorem to more problems.
ZZ
2
Example 9.3. Evaluate F · dS where F = hxy, y 2 + exz , sin(xy)i and S is the surface of the region E bounded by the
S
parabolic cylinder z = 1 − x2 and the planes z = 0, y = 0, and y + z = 2.

integrate y −→ z ←→ x
184
Final answer is kind of messy but you get
35
Mention this is WAY better than integrating the surface integral itself... 4 surfaces!

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Example 9.4 (Old Exam Question). Consider the surfaces S from Exam 3 shown z

below:
√
x = 3 y = 3

y = x z = 4−x

z = 0
y
Calculate the flux of F = (3x + tan y)i + (y − ln(z + 1))j + (3xy − 2z)k outward
√
through S. (Hint: the volume enclosed by S is 24 − 13 3) x

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

D xy 2 y 3 E
Example 9.5. Consider F = , , zx2 over the surface S, where S is the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1
2 6
capped by the planes z = ±1.

(a) Is the net flux of F from the surface positive or negative?

Positive

(b) What is the value of the flux across S?

Ans= π

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

ZZ
Example 9.6. Challenging problem Evaluate (x + y 2 + 2z) dS, where R is the solid sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 4 using
S=∂R
the divergence theorem.

F = h2, 2y, 4zi

32
Ans= π
3

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9 (B) – Divergence Theorem

9.3 I Demand Proof ! - Video Before Class
Objective(s):

• Pay our respects by going through a proof of the Divergence Theorem

The Divergence Theorem

Let E be a solid region and let S be the boundary surface of E, given with positive (outward) orientation. Let F be a

vector field whose component functions have continuous partial derivatives on an open region that contains E. Then

ZZ ZZZ
F · n dS = div F dV
S E

Idea of Proof Here I will give a more rigorous proof then I do normally. Those pursuing a degree in Mathematics should

pay extra attention to this proof technique as it is a common technique used again and again, that is:

1. Proof in a special case

2. How to expand the special case to a general region

3. How to expand the special case to a general vector field

Proof in special case: F = h0, 0, Ri and E is vertically simple .

E is called vertically simple if:

1. E is bounded on top by z = z2 (x, y) and on bottom by z = z1 (x, y)

where x and y for these surfaces are over the same planar region D.

2. E includes all line segments from z1 (x0 , y0 ) to z2 (x0 , y0 ) where

x0 , y0 are in D.

Now let’s expand the right hand side of the divergence theorem

ZZZ ZZZ
div F dV = Rz (x, y, z) dV
E E

Z Z Z z2 (x,y)
= Rz (x, y, z) dz dy dx
z1 (x,y)

ZZ
= [R(x, y, z2 (x, y)) − R(x, y, z1 (x, y))] dy dx
D

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

Now we evaluate the left side to hopefully get the same thing:

ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
F · n dS = F · n dS + F · n dS + F · n dS
S bottom sides top
ZZ D ∂z
1∂z1 E
= h0, 0, Ri · ,, −1 dy dx
bottom ∂x ∂x
ZZ D E
+ h0, 0, Ri · XXX, XXX, 0 dy dx
sides
ZZ D ∂z2 ∂z2 E
+ h0, 0, Ri · − ,− , 1 dy dx
top ∂x ∂x
ZZ ZZ ZZ
= −R(x, y, z) dy dx + 0 dy dx + R(x, y, z) dy dx
bottom sides top
ZZ ZZ
= −R(x, y, z1 (x, y)) dy dx + R(x, y, z2 (x, y)) dy dx
D D
ZZ
= [R(x, y, z2 (x, y)) − R(x, y, z1 (x, y))] dy dx
D

How to expand the special case to a general region

Any region can be decomposed into into the sum of vertically

simple regions. Compute the surface integrals and triple

integrals over each one.

How to expand the special case to a general vector field

ZZ ZZZ
F · n dS = div F dV
S E
ZZ ZZZ
hP, Q, Ri · hn1 , n2 , n2 i dS = (Px + Qy + Rz ) dV
S E
ZZ ZZZ
P n1 + Qn2 + Rn3 dS = (Px + Qy + Rz ) dV
S E
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
P n1 dS + Qn2 dS + Rn3 dS = Px dV + Qy dV + Rz dV
S S S E E E

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

ZZ ZZZ
We have already shown that Rn3 dS = Rz dV . Similar proofs can be used to show
S E
ZZ ZZZ ZZ ZZZ
P n1 dS = Px dV and Qn2 dS = Qy dV .
S E S E

9.4 The Last Time I Swear - During Class

Objective(s):
• Try a few more Divergence Theorem Problems
ZZ
Example 9.1. Evaluate the surface integral hxz, −2y, 3xi · dS where S is the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 with outward
S
orientation.

ZZ
Example 9.2. Find F · dS where F(x, y, z) = xi + yj + zk and S is the outwardly oriented surface shown in the figure
S
below.
z

(0, 2, 2)
(2, 0, 2)

y
x
(2, 2, 0)

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

ZZ
Example 9.3. Prove that curl F · dS = 0 assuming S and E satisfy the conditions of the Divergence Theorem and the
S
scalar functions and components of the vector fields have continuous second-order partial derivatives.

ZZ
Example 9.4. Use the Divergence Theorem to evaluate (2x + 2y + z 2 ) dS where S is the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
S

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

ZZ
Example 9.5. Compute F · dS where F = (x − z)i + (y − x)j + (z − y)k
S=∂R
and S is the cylinder x2 + y = 1 capped by the planes 2z = 1 − x and 2z = x − 1.
2

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MTH 234 Chapter 16C - Vector Calculus MSU

ZZ
Example 9.6. Use the divergence theorem to evaluate F · dS where F = xyi − 21 y 2 j + zk and the surface consists of the
S
three surfaces, z = 4 − 3x2 − 3y 2 , 1 ≤ z ≤ 4 on the top, x2 + y 2 = 1 , 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 on the sides and z = 0 on the bottom.

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