SHRI VAISHNAV VIDYAPEETH VISHWAVIDYALAYA

INDORE

Session: 2023-24

Major Project Report on

“Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

in

Electrical Engineering

Mr. Anil Kumar Jain Shreshth Vijayvargiya

Assistance Professor 20010BTEE07688

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology & Science, Indore
SHRI VAISHNAV VIDYAPEETH VISHWAVIDYALAYA
INDORE

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled “Piezoelectric Footstep Power

Generation” is a bonafide record of the major project done by Shreshth

Vijayvargiya Enrollment No: 20010BTEE07688 in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in

Electrical Engineering from Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology and

Science of Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya, Indore for the

academic year 2023-24

________________ _________________
Internal Examiner External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere gratitude to Mr. Anil Kumar Jain, Assistant

Professor in the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering at
Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology and Science, for his exceptional
mentorship, unwavering support, and invaluable guidance throughout the
entire journey of researching and developing the project on
"Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation." His expertise, enthusiasm,
and commitment to our project have been instrumental in its successful
realization.

I am equally thankful to Dr. Namit Gupta, Professor & Head of the

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, for his profound
encouragement, insightful feedback, and continuous support. His
visionary leadership and scholarly guidance have significantly
contributed to shaping the project into its current form.

I am fortunate to have had the opportunity to work under the mentorship

of both Mr. Anil kumar Jain and Dr. Namit Gupta, whose combined
efforts have fostered an environment of learning, innovation, and
academic excellence. Their dedication to our success has been a driving
force, and I am truly grateful for their contributions to this endeavor.

Shreshth Vijayvargiya
 20010BTEE07688

ABSTRACT

Throughout human history, the quest for energy has been paramount for sustenance
and well-being. Over the course of millions of years, mankind has witnessed a
growing need for energy, leading to the depletion and squandering of various
resources. In densely populated countries such as India and China, where bustling
roads, railway stations, bus stands, and temples are the norm with millions in constant
motion, the idea of harnessing waste energy from human locomotion becomes
particularly pertinent.

The proposal suggests tapping into the typically discarded energy associated with foot
power, creating an innovative solution for countries grappling with overwhelming
crowds. The concept revolves around capturing and converting the energy
surrounding a system into electrical energy. This can potentially extend the lifespan of
a system's power supply or even provide an endless energy source for electronic
devices—a phenomenon known as power harvesting. One intriguing avenue is the use
of piezoelectric materials, especially in the context of mechanical energy harvesting.

The research emphasizes piezoelectricity as an alternative energy source with the goal
of achieving a pollution-free and optimized use of wasted energy. The crystalline
structure of piezoelectric materials enables the conversion of mechanical strain into
electrical potential and vice versa. This unique property positions these materials as
ideal candidates for power harvesting, where ambient vibrations around structures can
be harnessed to generate electrical energy.

The proposed project focuses on generating electrical power through a non-

conventional method—walking or running on footsteps. In the current era, non-
conventional energy systems are crucial for nations, and the conversion of mechanical
energy into electrical energy through footsteps aligns with this need. By exploring the
potential of piezoelectric materials, the project aims to contribute to the development
of crowd energy farms, offering a sustainable and efficient energy source for densely
populated regions.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 background 1
1.2 objective of the report 2
1.3 Scope & importance of Piezoelectric Footstep power generation 3

2 PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT 6
2.1 Definition and principles 6
2.2 Types of Piezoelectric Materials 7
3.3 mechanism of Piezoelectric Energy Conversion 3

3 WORKING MECHANISM 10
3.1 Polling process in artificial piezoelectric materials 10
3.2 Integration of piezoelectric elements in flooring 11
3.3 Generation of electric charges from footsteps 12
3.4 Collecting and storage of electrical energy 14

4 COMPONENTS USED 15

5 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 31

6 BLOCK DIAGRAM 32

7 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 33

8 HARDWARE MODEL 34
9 APPLICATIONS 37
9.1 Smart cities and infrastructure integration 37
9.2 Wearable devices and personal electronics 37
9.3 Public space and transportation hub 37
9.4 Industrial and commercial applications 38

10 CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS 39

10.1 Scalability and challenges 39
10.2 Cost effectiveness considerations 39
10.3 Long term durability issues 39
10.4 Ongoing research and solutions 40

11 FUTURE PROSPECT 41
11.1 Anticipated technological advancements 41
11.2 Increased efficiency and affordability 41
11.3 Integration into diverse environments 41
11.4 Roll in the larger landscape of Renewal Energy 42

12 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 43

13 CONCLUSION 43

References 45
Data-sheets 47
 List of Figures

Figure No Title Page No.

1.1View of piezo crystal in the top of a Curie compensator in the

Museum of Scotland 2
3.1Electromechanical conversion via piezoelectricity phenomenon 10
4.1 Piezoelectric sensor 18
4.2 LED 19
4.3 Battery 19
4.5 DC to DC step-up converter 20
4.6 Capacitor 25V/1000 µf 21
4.7 Capacitor 25V/100 µf 22
4.8 4047 IC 23
4.9 4047 IC Pin Configuration 24
4.10 Diode 25
4.11 LM7805 Pin Diagram 27
4.12 MOSFET 28
4.13 Resistor 29
4.14 Push Switch 29
4.15 Transformer 30
6.1 Block Diagram of the model 32
7.1 Inverter Circuit 33
7.2 Voltage Regulator 33
8.1 Hardware model (OFF) 34
8.2 Model during Turn ON 35
8.3 Inverter 36
 List of Tables

Table No Title Page No.

4.1 Components Used 17

4.2 LM78085 Pinout Diagram 27
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials—such

as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA, and various
proteins—in response to applied mechanical stress. The word piezoelectricity means
electricity resulting from pressure and latent heat.
The piezoelectric effect results from the linear electromechanical interaction between
the mechanical and electrical states in crystalline materials with no inversion
symmetry. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process: materials exhibiting the
piezoelectric effect also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect, the internal generation
of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electric field. For example, lead
zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable piezoelectricity when their static
structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension. Conversely, those
same crystals will change about 0.1% of their static dimension when an external
electric field is applied. The inverse piezoelectric effect is used in the production of
ultrasound waves.

French physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered piezoelectricity in 1880. The
piezoelectric effect has been exploited in many useful applications, including the
production and detection of sound, piezoelectric inkjet printing, generation of high
voltage electricity, as a clock generator in electronic devices, in microbalances, to
drive an ultrasonic nozzle, and in ultrafine focusing of optical assemblies. It forms the
basis for scanning probe microscopes that resolve images at the scale of atoms. It is
used in the pickups of some electronically amplified guitars and as triggers in most
modern electronic drums. The piezoelectric effect also finds everyday uses, such as
generating sparks to ignite gas cooking and heating devices, torches, and cigarette
lighters.

1.1.1 History

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The pyroelectric effect, by which a material generates an electric potential in response
to a temperature change, was studied by Carl Linnaeus and Franz Aepinus in the mid-
18th century. Drawing on this knowledge, both René Just Haüy and Antoine César
Becquerel posited a relationship between mechanical stress and electric charge;
however, experiments by both proved inconclusive.
The first demonstration of the direct piezoelectric effect was in 1880 by the brothers
Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie. They combined their knowledge of pyroelectricity
with their understanding of the underlying crystal structures that gave rise to
pyroelectricity to predict crystal behavior, and demonstrated the effect using crystals
of tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, and Rochelle salt (sodium potassium tartrate
tetrahydrate). Quartz and Rochelle salt exhibited the most piezoelectricity
The Curies, however, did not predict the converse piezoelectric effect. The converse
effect was mathematically deduced from fundamental thermodynamic principles by
Gabriel Lippmann in 1881.The Curies immediately confirmed the existence of the
converse effect, and went on to obtain quantitative proof of the complete reversibility
of electro-elasto-mechanical deformations in piezoelectric crystals.
For the next few decades, piezoelectricity remained something of a laboratory
curiosity, though it was a vital tool in the discovery of polonium and radium by Pierre
and Marie Curie in 1898. More work was done to explore and define the crystal
structures that exhibited piezoelectricity. This culminated in 1910 with the publication
of Woldemar Voigt's Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik which described the 20 natural
crystal classes capable of piezoelectricity, and rigorously defined the piezoelectric
constants using tensor analysis.

2
 Fig1.1: View of piezo crystal in the top of a Curie
compensator in the Museum of Scotland

1.2 Objectives of the Report

The primary objective of this comprehensive report on Piezoelectric Footstep Power

Generation is to offer a thorough and in-depth exploration of this innovative
technology, elucidating its underlying principles, technological advancements, diverse
applications, challenges, and its profound implications for the future of sustainable
energy solutions. The report aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the
piezoelectric effect, delving into the intricate science behind certain materials' ability
to generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress. By unraveling the
working mechanism of Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation, the report seeks to
elucidate how the integration of piezoelectric elements in flooring surfaces and
footwear translates the mechanical stress from footsteps into tangible electrical
energy, further investigating the methods employed for the efficient collection and
storage of these generated electric charges.
Furthermore, the report aspires to critically analyze the recent technological
advancements in materials science and engineering that propel the efficiency and
durability of piezoelectric materials, including innovations in design and energy
storage systems. It endeavors to showcase the diverse range of applications for
Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation across smart cities, wearable devices, public
spaces, and transportation hubs, illuminating how this technology has the potential to

3
revolutionize traditional energy generation methods and contribute to a more
sustainable and decentralized energy landscape.
Moreover, the report aims to address the challenges associated with Piezoelectric
Footstep Power Generation, including scalability, cost-effectiveness, and long-term
durability, while presenting ongoing research efforts and innovative solutions to
overcome these obstacles. By evaluating the environmental impact of the technology,
the report seeks to underscore its importance in reducing dependence on non-
renewable energy sources and mitigating carbon footprints, aligning with global
sustainability goals. Looking toward the future, the report aims to project the potential
trajectories of Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation, anticipating its role in the
broader context of renewable energy solutions and elucidating the ongoing research
and innovation that may shape its evolution in the years to come.
In synthesizing the myriad facets of Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation, this
report aspires to not only contribute to the current body of knowledge but also to
inspire further exploration, research, and innovation in the realm of sustainable
energy, fostering a deeper understanding of the technology's implications for a
greener and more sustainable future.

1.3 Scope And Importance Of Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation

The scope and importance of Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation constitute a

pivotal exploration into sustainable energy solutions that harness the latent power
within our daily movements. The scope of this technology is expansive, spanning
urban and rural landscapes alike. In urban environments, the integration of
piezoelectric elements into flooring surfaces presents an opportunity to capture energy
from the constant flux of human activity in crowded spaces, such as shopping malls
and transportation hubs. Furthermore, in rural settings, Piezoelectric Footstep Power
Generation can serve as an off-grid solution, empowering communities by converting
the energy generated through routine activities into a tangible power source.

The versatility of Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation is a defining aspect of its

scope. It can be implemented on varying scales, from personal devices like wearable
electronics to large-scale applications powering smart cities. As a decentralized
energy source, it reduces transmission losses associated with traditional centralized

4
power generation, enhancing efficiency and resilience. The technology’s adaptability
extends to diverse environments, showcasing its potential in addressing energy needs
across different contexts.

The importance of Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation is underscored by its

status as a renewable energy source. By tapping into the energy generated by human
footsteps, it stands as a sustainable alternative to conventional energy production. Its
integration into smart cities not only transforms urban landscapes but also contributes
significantly to the reduction of carbon footprints, aligning with global sustainability
goals. In regions with limited access to conventional power sources, this technology
can serve as a catalyst for improved energy accessibility, fostering economic
development and improving the quality of life.

Beyond its environmental benefits, the importance of Piezoelectric Footstep Power

Generation lies in its innovative applications. From powering streetlights and sensors
to charging electronic devices, the technology provides a platform for creative
solutions that bridge functionality and sustainability. As research progresses, the
scope and importance of Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation are poised to
evolve, offering a glimpse into a future where the energy embedded in our daily
movements contributes significantly to the global transition toward a more sustainable
and resilient energy landscape.

5
CHAPTER 2
PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT

2.1 Piezoelectric Effect:

The piezoelectric effect is a fascinating phenomenon observed in certain materials,
showcasing their remarkable ability to generate an electric charge in response to
applied mechanical stress. This effect is rooted in the intricate arrangement of atoms
within these materials, creating a unique symmetry that allows them to convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. In simpler terms, when
subjected to mechanical pressure or deformation, such as compression or bending,
piezoelectric materials undergo a transformation at the atomic level, resulting in the
separation of positive and negative charges. This separation gives rise to an electric
potential across the material, effectively generating an electric charge. The converse is
also true – when an electric field is applied, these materials undergo deformation,
exhibiting a dual functionality that characterizes the piezoelectric effect.

The fundamental principle underlying the piezoelectric effect lies in the asymmetry of
the crystal lattice structure of certain materials, such as quartz, Rochelle salt, and
certain ceramics. The asymmetry is crucial as it enables the generation of electrical
polarization in response to mechanical stress. In a crystal lattice with a symmetrical
arrangement, the effect would be minimal or non-existent. When a force is applied to
the material, causing deformation, the symmetry is disrupted, leading to the
displacement of charged particles within the lattice. This displacement creates an
electric dipole moment, resulting in the separation of charges and the generation of an
electric potential.

6
Piezoelectric materials, therefore, act as transducers, seamlessly converting
mechanical energy into electrical energy and providing a tangible manifestation of the
interconnectedness between mechanical and electrical phenomena. This unique
property forms the foundation of Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation, where the
mechanical stress exerted by footsteps is harnessed to produce a renewable and
sustainable source of electrical energy. As we delve deeper into the applications and
implications of the piezoelectric effect, its significance becomes increasingly
apparent, paving the way for innovations that capitalize on this transformative
material behavior.

2.2 Types of Piezoelectric materials

Piezoelectric materials (PMs) can be broadly classified as either crystalline, ceramic,

or polymeric. The most commonly produced piezoelectric ceramics are lead zirconate
titanate (PZT), barium titanate, and lead titanate. Gallium nitride and zinc oxide can
also be regarded as a ceramic due to their relatively wide band gaps. Semiconducting
PMs offer features such as compatibility with integrated circuits and semiconductor
devices. Inorganic ceramic PMs offer advantages over single crystals, including ease
of fabrication into a variety of shapes and sizes not constrained crystallographic
directions. Organic polymer PMs, such as PVDF, have low Young's modulus
compared to inorganic PMs. Piezoelectric polymers (PVDF, 240 mV-m/N) possess
higher piezoelectric stress constants (g33), an important parameter in sensors, than
ceramics (PZT, 11 mV-m/N), which show that they can be better sensors than
ceramics. Moreover, piezoelectric polymeric sensors and actuators, due to their
processing flexibility, can be readily manufactured into large areas, and cut into a
variety of shapes. In addition, polymers also exhibit high strength, high impact
resistance, low dielectric constant, low elastic stiffness, and low density, thereby a
high voltage sensitivity which is a desirable characteristic along with low acoustic and
mechanical impedance useful for medical and underwater applications.

Among PMs, PZT ceramics are popular as they have a high sensitivity, a high g33
value. They are however brittle. Furthermore, they show low Curie temperature,
leading to constraints in terms of applications in harsh environmental conditions.

7
However, promising is the integration of ceramic disks into industrial appliances
moulded from plastic. This resulted in the development of PZT-polymer composites,
and the feasible integration of functional PM composites on large scale, by simple
thermal welding or by conforming processes. Several approaches towards lead-free
ceramic PM have been reported, such as piezoelectric single crystals (langasite), and
ferroelectric ceramics with a perovskite structure and bismuth layer-structured
ferroelectrics (BLSF), which have been extensively researched. Also, several
ferroelectrics with perovskite-structure (BaTiO3 [BT], (Bi1/2Na1/2) TiO3 [BNT],
(Bi1/2K1/2) TiO3 [BKT], KNbO3 [KN], (K, Na) NbO3 [KNN]) have been
investigated for their piezoelectric properties.

2.3 Mechanism of Piezoelectric Energy Conversion

The mechanism of piezoelectric energy conversion is a fascinating process rooted in
the unique response of certain materials to mechanical stress. Piezoelectric materials,
which include crystals, ceramics, and polymers, possess a crystal lattice structure that
exhibits inherent asymmetry. This inherent asymmetry is crucial to their ability to
generate electric charge when subjected to mechanical deformation or stress.

1. Initiation of Mechanical Stress: The process begins when a mechanical force

or stress is applied to the piezoelectric material. This force could result from
various sources such as compression, bending, or tension.

2. Atomic Displacement: As the material experiences mechanical stress, the

crystal lattice structure undergoes deformation. This deformation causes a
displacement of charged particles, typically ions or electrons, within the
lattice.

3. Creation of Electric Dipole Moment: The displacement of charged particles

results in the creation of an electric dipole moment within the piezoelectric
material. This dipole moment signifies the separation of positive and negative
charges along a particular axis.

4. Generation of Electric Potential: The separation of charges creates an electric

potential across the material. This potential difference, or voltage, is
proportional to the applied mechanical stress and is a direct consequence of
the piezoelectric effect.

8
 5. Harvesting Electrical Energy: The generated electric potential can be
harvested as electrical energy. By connecting electrodes to the piezoelectric
material, the electric charges can be collected and utilized for various
applications, ranging from powering small electronic devices to contributing
to larger energy grids.

6. Converse Piezoelectric Effect: The mechanism also works in reverse. When

an electric field is applied to the piezoelectric material, it induces a mechanical
deformation or strain. This reversible aspect, known as the converse
piezoelectric effect, allows for bidirectional energy conversion.

In practical applications like Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation, piezoelectric

elements are strategically placed within flooring surfaces or incorporated into
footwear. As individuals walk or apply pressure, the mechanical stress from footsteps
induces the piezoelectric effect, generating electric charges. These charges are then
collected and converted into usable electrical energy. The efficiency of this
mechanism is contingent upon the properties of the piezoelectric material, the design
of the system, and the optimization of energy harvesting techniques.

9
CHAPTER 3
WORKING MECHANISM

3.1 Poling Process in Artificial Piezoelectric Materials

Artificial piezoelectric materials exhibit a unique behavior where electric dipoles,

initially oriented randomly, undergo reorientation when subjected to a strong electric
field. This pivotal process is termed "poling." During poling, the electric dipoles align
themselves relative to the applied electric field. Once the electric field is removed, the
dipoles maintain their orientation, rendering the material "poled." The completion of
the poling process is essential for inducing the piezoelectric effect in the material.

Fig3.1: Electromechanical conversion via piezoelectricity phenomenon

3.1.1 Constitutive Equations for Mechanical and Electrical Behavior

The mechanical and electrical behavior of piezoelectric materials can be

effectively modeled using two linearized constitutive equations. These
equations encompass two mechanical and two electrical variables, offering a

10
 comprehensive understanding of the material's response. The direct and
converse piezoelectric effects are captured by the following matrix equations:

Direct Piezoelectric Effect Equation (1):

D=d⋅T+εT⋅E
Here,
 D is the electric displacement vector,
 T is the stress vector,
 εT is the dielectric permittivity matrix at constant mechanical
stress,
 d is the piezoelectric constant matrix, and
 E is the electric field vector.
Converse Piezoelectric Effect Equation (2):
S=sE⋅T+dt⋅E
In this equation,
 S is the strain vector,
 T is the stress vector,
 sE is the matrix of compliance coefficients at constant electric
field strength,
 dt is the piezoelectric constant matrix (transposed), and
 E is the electric field vector.
3.1.2 Sign Convention for Piezoelectric Properties
The ability of a piezoelectric material to recover electric potential when
deformed or stressed necessitates a sign convention. When the material
experiences deformation or stress, an electric voltage can be generated across
any surface (via electrodes). Establishing a consistent sign convention is
crucial for accurately interpreting and utilizing the piezoelectric properties of
the material

3.2 The Integration Of Piezoelectric Elements Into Flooring

The integration of piezoelectric elements into flooring introduces an innovative

approach that combines functional flooring with energy harvesting capabilities. This
application involves the incorporation of piezoelectric materials, such as ceramics or

11
polymers, into individual tiles or panels of the flooring system. The design allows for
flexibility in installation and replacement.
As individuals move across the piezoelectric flooring, the mechanical stress generated
by footsteps triggers the piezoelectric elements to produce electrical energy. This
energy is then harvested through a dedicated system, including rectifiers, energy
storage devices, and power management circuitry. The result is a sustainable energy
source that converts ambient mechanical energy from human activities into electricity.
Beyond energy harvesting, the piezoelectric flooring can be seamlessly integrated into
smart building systems. The generated electrical energy contributes to the power
needs of various applications, including sensors, lighting systems, and IoT devices.
Additionally, the flooring system can monitor foot traffic patterns, providing valuable
data for optimizing building layouts and enhancing security measures.
Ensuring the durability and safety of the piezoelectric flooring is paramount. The
materials must withstand regular foot traffic, and safety features such as non-slip
surfaces should be incorporated. Aesthetic considerations, such as color, texture, and
pattern, are also essential to maintain the overall design and visual appeal of the
flooring.

3.3 Generation of Electrical Charges from Footstep

The generation of electrical charges from footstep-induced mechanical stress involves
a detailed process, highlighting the intricate interplay between the human movement
and the piezoelectric materials. Let's delve into this phenomenon through a series of
subpoints:
1. Footstep-Induced Mechanical Stress:
 As an individual takes a step, the foot exerts mechanical stress on the
surface beneath, whether it be a specially designed flooring material or
a piezoelectric element embedded within the floor.
2. Deformation of Piezoelectric Material:
 The mechanical stress causes deformation in the crystal lattice
structure of the embedded piezoelectric material.
 This deformation results in the displacement of charged particles,
typically electrons or ions, within the material.
3. Creation of Electric Dipole Moment:

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  The displacement of charged particles leads to the creation of an
electric dipole moment within the piezoelectric material.
 This electric dipole moment signifies the separation of positive and
negative charges along a specific axis.
4. Electric Potential Across the Material:
 The separation of charges produces an electric potential across the
piezoelectric material.
 The magnitude of this electric potential is directly proportional to the
applied mechanical stress, providing a quantitative measure of the
energy generated.
5. Charge Collection through Electrodes:
 Electrodes strategically connected to the piezoelectric material act as
collectors for the generated electric charges.
 The electrodes facilitate the extraction and movement of the charges,
preventing them from recombining within the material.
6. Formation of an Electric Current:
 The movement of charges between the electrodes results in the
formation of an electric current.
 This electric current is a tangible and usable form of electrical energy
that can be directed towards powering electronic devices or stored for
later use.
7. Practical Applications in Energy Harvesting:
 In the context of Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation, the entire
process is designed to harness the mechanical energy generated by
human footsteps.
 Piezoelectric elements, strategically placed in areas with high foot
traffic, capture the mechanical stress from each step and convert it into
electrical energy.
8. Scalability and Integration:
 The scalability of this process allows for its integration into various
settings, ranging from public spaces like malls and transportation hubs
to individual applications like wearable devices.
 The cumulative effect of numerous footfalls in crowded areas
contributes to a continuous and renewable source of electrical energy.

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14
3.3 Collection and Storage of Electrical Energy

The collection and storage of electrical energy derived from Piezoelectric Footstep
Power Generation constitute a complex and nuanced process, marked by technical
intricacies and meticulous orchestration. The journey begins with the initiation of
mechanical stress induced by footsteps. As individuals tread upon surfaces embedded
with piezoelectric materials, these materials undergo deformation at the atomic level
due to their inherent crystal lattice structure.
Embedded electrodes strategically placed within the piezoelectric material play a
critical role in the collection process. As mechanical stress triggers the piezoelectric
effect, these electrodes serve as conduits, guiding the flow of charges generated by the
displacement of charged particles within the lattice structure. This orchestrated
movement of charges converges towards central points for aggregation, laying the
foundation for subsequent stages.

3.4.1 Charge Aggregation and Conversion:

The aggregated charges undergo conversion processes to standardize voltage

levels. Charge converters, a crucial component of this stage, ensure a uniform
and consistent electrical output. This transformation is imperative for
preparing the collected energy for storage, paving the way for the subsequent
direction of these converted charges to energy storage devices.
Energy storage devices, primarily advanced batteries or supercapacitors, serve
as reservoirs for sustained and reliable energy retention. In the context of
battery-based solutions, charging systems equipped with charge controllers
regulate the inflow of charges, preventing overcharging and optimizing the
overall health of the storage infrastructure. This meticulous balance between
charge conversion and regulated storage is integral to the long-term efficiency
of the Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation system.

3.4.2Supercapacitor Storage Mechanism:

For applications requiring rapid energy deployment, supercapacitors offer an

alternative storage solution. Known for their rapid charge and discharge
capabilities, supercapacitors store charges electrostatically on the surfaces of

15
electrodes within their structure. This configuration allows for swift and
efficient energy release when demanded, making supercapacitors an attractive
option in scenarios where rapid energy deployment is crucial.

3.4.3 Monitoring and Control Systems:

The entire process is orchestrated and overseen by integrated monitoring and

control systems. These systems, equipped with advanced sensors and
algorithms, play a multifaceted role in managing the entire energy collection,
conversion, and storage cycle. They regulate not only the charging and
discharging cycles but also monitor the health and performance metrics of the
storage devices. This continuous vigilance ensures that the Piezoelectric
Footstep Power Generation infrastructure operates optimally, delivering
sustained and reliable electrical energy.

3.4.4 Power Distribution and Smart Grid Integration:

When the stored electrical energy is required for specific applications, power
distribution systems come into play. These systems, often equipped with smart
grid technologies, facilitate the directed release of energy from the storage
devices to power electronic devices, lighting systems, or other electrical
components, aligning the energy flow with specific demand requirements.
In larger-scale implementations, the seamlessly integrated stored electrical
energy contributes to smart grid systems. This integration positions
Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation as a dynamic and adaptable player
within the broader landscape of sustainable and decentralized energy
solutions. The stored energy becomes part of a broader energy ecosystem,
contributing to grid stability and resilience.

3.4.5 Continuous Monitoring and Maintenance:

The final pillar of this detailed process is continuous monitoring and

maintenance. Regular checks on electrodes, storage devices, and control
systems are imperative to ensure not only the immediate functionality but also
the longevity of the entire Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generation
infrastructure. Advanced diagnostics and predictive maintenance strategies

16
further enhance the reliability and efficiency of the system, making it a
sustainable and dependable source of electrical energy. This comprehensive
and technical approach underscores the potential of harvesting energy from
human footsteps as a sophisticated and viable source within the evolving
panorama of renewable energy technologies.

17
CHAPTER 4
COMPONENTS USED

S.No Components Rating Quantity

01 Piezoelectric Sensors 6V/1mAmp 10

02 Led 6V/10mAmp- 7

03 Battery 6V/1.5Ah 4

04 DC to DC step up converter 6V to 18 V 1

05 Capacitors 25V/1000µF 4

06 Capacitors 25V/100µF 2

07 4047 IC - 1

08 Diode 1N4007

09 SSSS - 1

10 MOSFET 33A, 100V, 0.040 Ω 2

11 Resistors 1kΩ 9

12 Push switch - 2

13 Transformer 12V/220V 1

14 bulb 15W 1
Table 4.1 Components Used

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Piezoelectric Sensors
Piezoelectric sensors are devices that utilize the piezoelectric effect to convert
mechanical energy into electrical signals. Comprising piezoelectric materials such as
crystals or ceramics, these sensors generate a voltage when subjected to mechanical
stress or pressure changes. This generated electrical signal is proportional to the
applied force, enabling piezoelectric sensors to measure variables such as pressure,
acceleration, and force accurately. Widely employed in diverse industries, from
automotive and aerospace to medical and industrial applications, these sensors play a
crucial role in capturing dynamic events and enabling precise measurements. Their
versatility, fast response times, and durability make piezoelectric sensors invaluable
for tasks ranging from monitoring structural integrity to facilitating touch-sensitive
technologies in everyday devices.

Fig4.1 Piezoelectric Sensor

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Led

A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows
through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing
energy in the form of photons. The color of the light is determined by the energy
required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor

20
 Fig4.2 LED

Battery

21
The battery used in this project is a lead-acid type, a common and reliable technology
for various applications. The voltage rating of 4V indicates its nominal voltage output,
and the capacity of 1.5Ah signifies its ability to provide a current of 1.5 amperes for
one hour. This type of battery is often used in small electronic devices, backup power
supplies, or other applications where a compact and rechargeable power source is
required. It's essential to follow proper charging and usage guidelines to maximize its
lifespan and performance.

Fig4.3 Battery

DC to DC step-up converter
A DC-to-DC step-up converter, or boost converter, is an electronic circuit that
increases the voltage from a DC power source to a higher output voltage. It employs
components like an inductor, a switching element, a diode, and a capacitor. During
operation, energy is stored in the inductor during the switch-on phase and then
released to the output during the switch-off phase, resulting in an elevated output
voltage. This compact and lightweight device is widely used in electronics to
efficiently provide a stable, higher voltage, making it crucial in applications ranging
from portable devices to renewable energy systems

22
Fig4.5 DC to DC step-up converter

23
Capacitor 25V/1000µf

The capacitor with a rating of "25V/1000µF" is characterized by its ability to handle a

maximum voltage of 25 volts without compromising its functionality. The numerical
value of 1000 microfarads (µF) represent its capacitance, indicating its capacity to
store and release electrical energy. This type of capacitor is frequently employed in
electronic circuits for diverse applications, including smoothing voltage fluctuations,
energy storage, and filtering. It serves as a key component in ensuring stable and
reliable operation within electronic systems, where its voltage and capacitance
specifications are carefully considered to meet the specific requirements of the given
application

.
Fig4.6 Capacitor 25V/1000µf

24
Capacitor-25V/100µf

The capacitor marked "25V/100µF" is designed to operate with a maximum voltage

of 25 volts, emphasizing the importance of not exceeding this limit to prevent
potential damage. The capacitance value is specified as 100 microfarads (µF),
denoting its ability to store and release electrical energy. This capacitor is commonly
utilized in electronic circuits for various purposes, such as smoothing voltage
fluctuations, energy storage, and filtering. Its compact size and ability to handle
moderate voltage levels make it suitable for applications where space constraints and
voltage requirements are critical considerations. Overall, the "25V/100µF" capacitor
plays a crucial role in maintaining stable and efficient operation within electronic
systems.

Fig 4.7 Capacitor-25V/100µf

25
4047 IC
The 4047 IC, a CMOS-type integrated circuit, holds a significant place in the field of
electronics due to its multifunctional capabilities within a single chip. Primarily
designed as a multivibrator, the 4047 IC is adept at generating stable waveforms and
operates in three key modes: astable, monostable, and bistable. In astable mode, it
functions as a continuous square wave oscillator, while in monostable mode, it
produces a single pulse in response to an external trigger. The bistable mode enables
flip-flop functionality. Known for its wide operating voltage range and low power
consumption, the 4047 IC is versatile in various applications.
Its ability to operate over a broad voltage range makes it adaptable to different power
supply configurations. As a CMOS IC, it is recognized for its efficiency in power
usage. Common applications of the 4047 IC include its use in oscillator circuits for
generating clock pulses, serving as a frequency divider, and acting as a pulse
generator in monostable mode. Its compact design and compatibility with diverse
configurations make the 4047 IC a popular choice in electronics, finding utility in
projects involving timing circuits, frequency generation, and digital systems.

Fig 4.8 IC 4047

26
The monostable or astable multivibrator IC like 4047 includes 14-pins, the mounting
type used is through-hole, and the package used is PDIP-14. For all the packages, the
pin configuration is the same. This pin includes three output pins that provide pulse
width modulation outputs like Q, ~Q, and Oscout. We can describe each pin working in
the below section.

Fi
g 4.9 4047 IC Pin Configuration

 Pin1 (Cap timing): This pin is used to connect exterior capacitors in between
Rcc & Res
 Pin2 (Res timing): This pin is used to connect the exterior resistor in between
Rcc & cap timing (C).
 Pin3 (RC common or RCC): This pin acts as a common terminal point
among C & Rc
 Pin4 (~Astable): This is low once used in Astable mode
 Pin5 ( Astable): This is high once used in Astable mode

27
  Pin6 (-Trigger): When this used in Monostable mode then we provide High
to Low change to this trigger pin
 Pin7 (Vss): This is a GND pin of the IC
 Pin8 (+Trigger): Once the signal is activated at this input by low to high then
the monostable operation is allowed
 Pin 9 (External Reset): Once the input of RST connects through the HIGH
level, then it resets the o/p from Q to 0 & the non-inverting o/p (Q) to 1.
 Pin10 (Q): This pin is a Non-inverting output
 Pin11 (~Q): This pin is an inverting output
 Pin12 (Retrigger): This pin is mainly used to activate both pins 7 & 8
concurrently within a monostable mode
 Pin13 (OSC Output): This pin provides oscillated o/p within the astable
mode.
 Pin14 (Vdd): This is a +ve power supply pin
The specifications of 4047 IC include the following.
 Input supply is a wide range from 3v – 18v
 For any single input, the DC input Current is ±10mA

Diode 1N4007
The 1N4007 is a widely used general-purpose rectifier diode known for its robustness
and versatility. This silicon diode is part of the 1N400x series and is specifically
designed for rectification of alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) in
electronic circuits. With a maximum repetitive peak reverse voltage of 1000 volts and
an average forward current rating of 1 ampere, the 1N4007 is commonly employed in
power supply circuits, voltage regulation, and various electronic applications where
rectification is essential. Its straightforward design and affordability make it a popular
choice for diode applications, providing a reliable and cost-effective solution for
converting AC to DC in a variety of electronic devices.

28
 Fig4.10- Diode

7805 Voltage Regulator

The 7805 voltage regulator is a widely used integrated circuit that plays a crucial role
in stabilizing and regulating voltage within electronic circuits. Operating as a fixed
linear voltage regulator, the 7805 IC is specifically designed to provide a constant
output voltage of 5 volts. Its three-terminal configuration simplifies its use, with an
input terminal receiving an unregulated DC input voltage, a common ground terminal,
and an output terminal supplying the regulated 5-volt output.
The 7805 IC ensures a stable and reliable power supply by effectively handling
fluctuations in the input voltage. It is particularly valuable in powering various
electronic components and microcontrollers that require a consistent voltage source
for proper operation. Commonly employed in a range of applications, from powering
small electronic devices to serving as a stable reference voltage, the 7805-voltage
regulator is a fundamental component in electronics design. Its ease of use, reliability,
and capability to deliver a fixed and precisely regulated output make it an essential
building block for countless electronic projects and systems.

7805 Voltage Regulator IC Specifications

 Minimum Input voltage is 7V

 Maximum Input Voltage is 35V

 Current rating Ic = 1A

 Maximum Output Voltage VMax=5.2V

 Minimum Output Voltage VMin=4.8V

29
IC 7805 Pinout

Fig4.11 LM7805 Pin Diagram

Pin
Pin Function Description
No.

In this pin of the IC

Input voltage (7V- positive unregulated
1 INPUT
35V) voltage is given in the
regulation.

In this pin where the

ground is given. This pin is
2 GROUND Ground (0V)
neutral for equally the
input and output.

The output of the regulated

Regulated output; 5V
3 OUTPUT 5V is taken out at this pin
(4.8V-5.2V)
of the IC regulator.

Table
4.2 LM78085 Pinout Diagram

30
MOSFET

The MOSFET with specifications "33A, 100V, 0.040 Ω" is a semiconductor device
renowned for its efficient switching capabilities in electronic circuits. With a current
rating of 33 amperes, it can handle substantial current loads, making it suitable for
applications requiring robust current-carrying capabilities. The 100-volt voltage rating
signifies its ability to withstand higher voltage levels in its off state without
breakdown. Notably, the low on-state resistance of 0.040 ohms, often denoted as
Rds(on), enhances its efficiency during conduction by minimizing power dissipation.

This MOSFET configuration is particularly well-suited for power electronics

applications where high-current, high-voltage, and low on-state resistance are critical
considerations. Common applications include power supplies, motor control, and
various switching circuits. The provided specifications offer engineers a valuable
reference for selecting the appropriate MOSFET to ensure optimal performance and
reliability in their electronic designs.

Fig4.12 MOSFET

31
Resistor
The 1kΩ resistor, with a resistance value of 1 kilohm, is a fundamental component in
electronic circuits used to control current flow and voltage levels. The notation "1kΩ"
indicates that the resistor has a resistance of 1000 ohms. This specific resistor value is
commonly employed in circuit design for various purposes, including current limiting,
voltage division, and setting bias points in transistor circuits. Its ubiquity stems from
its versatility and compatibility with diverse applications. The 1kΩ resistor serves as a
building block in countless electronic devices, ranging from simple LED circuits to
complex amplifiers and integrated circuits, where precise resistance values are
essential for proper functionality and performance.

Fig 4.13 Resistor

Push Switch
A push switch, also known as a push-button switch, is a simple yet essential electronic
component commonly used for controlling electrical circuits by manually activating
or deactivating them. The switch is characterized by a button that, when pressed,
establishes an electrical connection or completes a circuit, allowing current to flow.
Conversely, releasing the button interrupts the connection, breaking the circuit and
stopping the flow of current.

Fig4.14 Push Switch

32
Transformer
The transformer with a specification of "12V/220V" is a device designed to convert
electrical voltage levels. In this context, it is a step-up transformer, meaning it
increases the voltage from the primary side (12V) to the secondary side (220V). The
primary voltage represents the input, while the secondary voltage denotes the output.
A transformer operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When an
alternating current (AC) flows through the primary winding, it induces a magnetic
field. This magnetic field, in turn, induces a voltage in the secondary winding,
resulting in a transformed output voltage.
The "12V/220V" transformer is commonly used in various applications, such as
power supply units for electronic devices, voltage regulation in electrical systems, or
in scenarios where higher voltage levels are required for specific equipment. It is an
integral component in power distribution systems, allowing electricity to be
transmitted efficiently over long distances and enabling the use of devices that require
higher voltage levels. Transformers play a crucial role in adapting electrical systems
to meet the diverse voltage requirements of different components and applications.

Fig 4.15 Transformer

33
CHAPTER 5
DESGIN AND METHODOLOGY

In this project, we utilize piezoelectric modules to harness mechanical energy from

footstep pressure, generating a steady 5V of electrical energy. This energy is then
efficiently stored in a 4V battery. To achieve the desired 12V charging level for the
battery, we employ a voltage booster. Once the battery reaches its target voltage, a
DC to AC circuit is employed to convert the direct current into alternating current
(AC). Finally, by simply flipping a switch, the AC current powers a bulb, causing it to
glow. This innovative system presents several advantages, including environmentally-
friendly energy harvesting from footstep pressure, efficient voltage conversion with
the voltage booster, and the ability to power an AC device using the stored energy,
providing illumination through the bulb. A piezoelectric sensor is a type of sensor that
uses the piezoelectric effect to convert mechanical stress or pressure into an electrical
charge or voltage, or vice versa. This effect is observed in certain materials like
quartz, ceramics, and some polymers.
Piezoelectric sensors have a wide range of applications, including in industrial,
automotive, medical, and consumer electronics fields. Here's a basic overview of how
a piezoelectric sensor works and how you might use it: Working Principle. When
mechanical stress or pressure is applied to this material, it generates electric charges
on its surface. Generation of Charge: When the material is subjected to mechanical
deformation (e.g., pressure, vibration, or impact), the arrangement of atoms within the
material changes, causing a displacement of electrons and the generation of an electric
charge across its surfaces. Voltage Output: This electric charge generates a voltage
across the sensor's terminals, which can be measured using appropriate electronics.
The magnitude of the voltage is proportional to the applied mechanical force or
pressure. Use in Sensing: In many applications, this generated voltage is used to sense
or measure the force, pressure, or acceleration applied to the sensor.

34
CHAPTER 6
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Piezo Electric Battery 4V

Sensors 1.5Ah

DC to DC step
up converter

Battery 12V

Voltage regulator Inverter

(5V dc)

AC output
220V

Fig 6.1 Block diagram of the model

35
CHAPTER 7
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 7.1 Inverter Circuit

Fig 7.2Voltage regulator

36
CHAPTER 8
HARDWARE MODEL

Fig 8.1 hardware model (off)

37
Fig 8.2 Model during turn ON

38
Fig 8.3 Inverter

39
CHAPTER 9
APPLICATION

9.1 Smart Cities and Infrastructure:

 Energy Harvesting in Infrastructure: Piezoelectric materials can be
integrated into pavements, roads, and walkways to harvest energy from
pedestrian and vehicular movement. This harvested energy can be used to
power streetlights, sensors, or other smart city infrastructure.
 Structural Health Monitoring: Piezoelectric sensors can be employed for
monitoring the structural health of buildings, bridges, and other critical
infrastructure. These sensors detect vibrations and strain, providing real-time
data for maintenance and safety assessments.
9.2 Wearable Devices and Personal Electronics:
 Energy Harvesting in Wearables: Piezoelectric materials in wearables, such
as smartwatches or fitness trackers, can convert mechanical energy from body
movements into electrical energy, extending battery life or powering small
sensors.
 Haptic Feedback: Piezoelectric actuators in wearables provide haptic
feedback, enhancing the user experience by delivering subtle vibrations or
tactile sensations for notifications and alerts.
9.3 Public Spaces:
 Smart Benches and Surfaces: Public spaces can integrate piezoelectric
elements in benches and surfaces to harness energy from people sitting or
walking. This energy can be utilized for charging stations or powering ambient
lighting.
 Environmental Monitoring: Piezoelectric sensors can be deployed in public
spaces to monitor environmental factors such as noise levels, air quality, and
foot traffic, contributing to data-driven decision-making for urban planning.
9.4 Transportation Hubs:
 Energy Harvesting in Transportation: Piezoelectric materials on roads and
transport infrastructure can capture energy from vehicle movement,
contributing to sustainable power sources for transportation systems.

40
  Vibration Monitoring: Piezoelectric sensors are employed in transportation
hubs to monitor vibrations, ensuring the structural integrity of terminals,
bridges, and transit systems.

The integration of piezoelectric technology in these applications demonstrates its

potential to enhance energy efficiency, improve infrastructure resilience, and
contribute to the development of smarter and more sustainable urban environments.
As technology continues to advance, piezoelectric innovations are likely to play a
pivotal role in shaping the future of smart cities and connected infrastructures.

41
CHAPTER 10
CHALLENGES AND SOLUTION

10.1 Scalability Challenges:

Scalability remains a significant challenge in the widespread adoption of piezoelectric
technology. The manufacturing of large-scale piezoelectric devices can be complex
and costly. To address this, ongoing research focuses on developing scalable
fabrication techniques, such as advanced printing and deposition methods. These
innovations aim to streamline the production process, reduce costs, and enhance the
feasibility of implementing piezoelectric solutions across diverse applications, from
smart infrastructure to wearable devices.

10.2 Cost-Effective Considerations:

The cost-effectiveness of piezoelectric technology is a critical factor influencing its
integration into various industries. Researchers and engineers are actively exploring
ways to optimize manufacturing processes and identify cost-effective materials.
Economies of scale, coupled with advancements in material science and production
techniques, contribute to making piezoelectric solutions more financially viable. As
these considerations evolve, the potential for broader market penetration and
increased affordability becomes more achievable.

10.3 Long-Term Durability:

Ensuring the long-term durability of piezoelectric materials is essential for their
sustained performance, particularly in applications subject to continuous stress and
environmental factors. Ongoing research delves into enhancing the durability of these
materials through advanced formulations and improved engineering designs.
Techniques such as stress minimization and protective coatings are explored to
mitigate the impact of fatigue, ultimately extending the operational lifespan of
piezoelectric devices.

42
10.4 Ongoing Research and Solutions:
The dynamic nature of piezoelectric technology necessitates continuous research and
development efforts to overcome existing challenges and uncover new possibilities.
Researchers are actively engaged in understanding the fundamental properties of
piezoelectric materials, exploring novel materials with enhanced performance
characteristics, and refining manufacturing processes. Collaborative initiatives
between academia and industry contribute to the evolution of solutions that address
scalability, cost-effectiveness, and long-term durability. This commitment to ongoing
research ensures that piezoelectric technology remains at the forefront of innovation,
unlocking its full potential across diverse applications and industries.

43
CHAPTER 11
FUTURE PROSPECT

11.1. Anticipated Technology Advancements: The future prospects of piezoelectric

technology are promising, with anticipated advancements poised to redefine its
capabilities. Ongoing research suggests breakthroughs in the development of more
efficient and responsive piezoelectric materials. Nanoengineering and innovative
manufacturing techniques are likely to pave the way for enhanced performance,
allowing piezoelectric devices to capture energy more effectively from various
sources, ranging from ambient vibrations to acoustic waves. Furthermore,
advancements in sensor technology may enable the integration of smart and adaptive
features, expanding the applications of piezoelectric devices in diverse fields.

11.2. Increased Efficiency and Affordability: Continued research and advancements

in manufacturing processes are expected to lead to increased efficiency and
affordability of piezoelectric technology. Improved scalability, coupled with
optimized material formulations, may contribute to cost reductions, making
piezoelectric solutions more accessible across industries. As economies of scale come
into play and production techniques mature, the affordability of piezoelectric devices
is likely to facilitate their integration into everyday consumer products, smart
infrastructure, and renewable energy systems.

11.3. Integration into Diverse Environments: The future envisions a widespread

integration of piezoelectric technology into diverse environments, ranging from urban
landscapes to remote and inaccessible areas. Smart cities may leverage piezoelectric
materials in roads, walkways, and buildings to harvest energy from human activity
and vehicular movement. Wearable devices may become more energy-efficient,
utilizing piezoelectric elements to extend battery life. Additionally, the technology
may find applications in harsh environments and space exploration, showcasing its
adaptability to diverse conditions.

11.4. Role in the Larger Landscape of Renewable Energy: Piezoelectric

technology is expected to play a pivotal role in the larger landscape of renewable

44
energy. As the demand for sustainable and decentralized energy sources grows,
piezoelectric devices have the potential to contribute significantly. Integration into
renewable energy systems, such as wind and ocean energy harvesting, may become
more prevalent. The ability of piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical vibrations
into electricity aligns with the broader goal of harnessing clean and renewable energy
sources, offering a promising pathway toward a more sustainable energy future.

45
CHAPTER 12
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The implementation of piezoelectric technology for footstep power generation has

yielded encouraging results, showcasing its potential as a sustainable and innovative
energy harvesting solution. Through the utilization of piezoelectric materials in floor
surfaces, the system successfully captures and converts mechanical energy generated
by footsteps into electrical power. The experimental outcomes reveal an efficient
conversion mechanism, demonstrating the viability of this technology in real-world
applications. The generated power from footstep-induced vibrations holds promise for
powering low-energy devices, contributing to energy sustainability in public spaces,
transportation hubs, and pedestrian-heavy areas. This result not only highlights the
successful integration of piezoelectric technology into footstep power generation but
also opens avenues for further optimization and implementation in smart
infrastructure projects, emphasizing its role in the broader landscape of clean and
renewable energy solutions. Continued research in this domain is anticipated to refine
the efficiency and scalability of piezoelectric footstep power generation, making
significant strides toward a more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly future

46
CHAPTER 13
CONCLUSION

A non-conventional, non-polluting form of energy can be harvested, maintaining the

economic standards of common laymen. The electricity is produced from the
mechanical stress on the crystals due to piezoelectric effect and thus it generates the
energy needed for charging battery to light streetlights at night and also for the city
consumption of electricity. Regardless of this project, the future of piezoelectric
materials looks bright, with studies focusing on their properties and applications even
in nanotechnology. If a compromise between the hardness of the road and the make-
up of the small devices is reached, then undoubtedly the system will benefit both
drivers and the national power grid. The assembly developed using series and parallel
combination of piezo-crystals is very cost effective. A single crystal costs around 23 –
25 Rupees, and hence the cost of whole assembly is very less. It is very encouraging
to get a good voltage and current at such a low cost at the same time utilizing the
waste energy. So, the assembly improves on the concern of cost effectiveness to a
great extent and the work is on to further improve upon the results of the system.

47
REFERENCES

[1] Platt, S.R.; Farritor, S.; Garvin, K.; Haider, H. The use of piezoelectric
ceramics for electric power generation within orthopedic implants. IEEE-
Asme Trans. Mechatron. 2005, 10, 455–461
[2] M. Nitashree, et.al., “Foot Step Power Generation Using Piezoelectric
Material,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and
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834, Jul 2016
[4] V. Panneerselvam, et al., “Portable DC Regulated Power Supply from
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[10] E. Maghsoudi, et al., “A review of walking energy harvesting using
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[11] M.N.Gupta, et al., “Electricity Generation Due to Vibration of Moving
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[14] chatGPT

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DATA SHEETS

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