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Finite Element Modeling for Engineering Analysis, Structural Mechanics

Problems

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 IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4, Issue 01, 2016 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Finite Element Modeling for Engineering Analysis, Structural Mechanics

Problems
Mohammed Asif Kattimani1 Mahesh G.S2
1
PG Student 2Associate Professor
1,2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1,2
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering Bangaluru-560 078, India
Abstract— The finite element method in general and beam) as an element and each joint as a node. The boundary
commercial finite element analysis software in particular conditions include suppressing all the degrees of freedom at
implemented on a computer offers a unified approach for each node at the foundation level.
engineering analysis. Finite element modeling is defined here Figure 2.1 also shows the relative amplitudes of
as the analyst’s choice of material models (constitutive vibration corresponding to the first two modes predicted
relations and failure criteria), elements (type/shape/order), using NISA, a commercial FEM system.
meshes, constraint equations, analysis procedures, governing
B. Finite Element Modeling using ANSYS Software
matrix equations and their solution methods, specific pre and
post processing options available in a chosen commercial 1) Geometric details
Finite Element Analysis software for the intended analysis of As shown in Fig.2.2 a square cross section is selected for
candidate components and structures. The focus in this paper each element with
is on the ANSYS software and some unique structural
mechanics problems. Specifically modal analysis of a 26-
storey building frame, Bending stress analysis of Morley
skew plate, Stress analysis of cylindrical pressure vessels
with hemi-spherical enclosures with focus on junction
stresses, Bending of a slit tube to demonstrate coupled
bending and torsion, Numerical simulation of four-point
bending test of heated I-section beam and co-relation with
test data.
Key words: ANSYS, 26-Storey Building Frame, Morley
Skew Plate, Junction Stress, Coupled Bending and Torsion
Fig. 2.1: Vibration Mode of a 26-Storey Building
Width B = 0.2 m and Depth H = 0.2 m
I. INTRODUCTION
Height of column = 3.6 m Length of beam = 3.6 m
Finite element analysis (FEA) is a powerful computational 2) Material Properties and Real Constant
technique used for solving engineering problems having Material is structural steel with
complex geometries that are subjected to general boundary Young’s modulus E = 210 GPa
conditions. While the analysis is being carried out, the field Poison’s ratio ɤ = 0.27
variables are varied from point to point, thus, possessing an Density ρ = 7890 kg/m3
infinite number of solutions in the domain. So, the problem
is quite complex. To overcome this difficulty FEA is used;
the system is discretized into a finite number of parts known
as elements by expressing the unknown field variable in
terms of the assumed approximating functions within each
element. For each element, systematic approximate solution
is constructed by applying the variation or weighted residual
methods. These functions (also called interpolation
functions) are, included in terms of field variables at specific
points referred to as nodes. Nodes are usually located along
the element boundaries, and they connect adjacent elements.
Because of its flexibility in ability to discretize the irregular
domains with finite elements, this method has been used as
a practical analysis tool for solving problems in various Fig. 2.2: Geometric Model
engineering disciplines. 3) Meshed Model
Discretized model of space frame is shown in Fig.2.3 and
II. SPACE FRAME; MODAL ANALYSIS its details are
Element type: 3D beam elements (ANSYS BEAM188)
A. Problem Statement
Number of elements : 4732
Figure 2.1 shows a 26-storey building frame where the Number of nodes : 4353
details of walls and slabs are omitted. Natural modes of Number of d.o.f per node : 6
vibration of this frame are sought from the analysis. 3D 4) Boundary Condition
BEAM elements are appropriate for modeling this space The boundary condition includes suppressing all the degrees
frame. A coarse mesh will model each member (column or of freedom at each node at the foundation level as Shown in

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 Finite Element Modeling for Engineering Analysis, Structural Mechanics Problems
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Fig.2.4. Block lanczos, method is used to solve the Eigen III. MORLEY’S SKEW PLATE
value problem.
A. Problem Statement
C. Results Presentation and Discussion To determine the bending stress distribution and deflections
The predicted natural frequencies and relative amplitude of of a rhombic skew plate shown in Fig.3.1 with simply-
corresponding modes of vibration are displayed in Table I supported edges, subjected to uniformly distributed load q.
and Fig.2.5.These results are quite accurate from The plate has thickness h and side length a. Bending stress
convergence view point. However an experimental resultants are singular at the obtuse vertices, varying
investigation on scaled down model is recommended to asymptotically as r -4/5. Where r is the radial distance
verify the same. measured from the point of singularity.
The related work of modeling and analysis of a
reinforced concrete frame with integral floor panels and
walls with windows and door openings is a challenging job
to the analyst. However ANSYS has the capabilities to
handle this.

Fig. 3.1: Morley’s Skew Plat

B. Finite Element Model
1) Geometric Modeling
As shown in Fig.3.2 only one quadrant is modeled with
side length a = 1000 mm, and thickness h = 1 mm.
2) Material properties and real constant
Fig. 2.3: Discretized model Material is structural steel with
Young’s modulus E = 210 GPa
Poison’s ratio ɤ = 0.27

Fig. 3.2: Geometric model

Fig. 2.4: Boundary conditions 3) Meshed Model
Set Time / Frequency (Hz) Element type: Four nodded quadrilateral shell element
1 0.27101 (ANSYS SHELL181)
2 0.29643 Number of elements: 5228
3 0.34358 Number of nodes: 5448
Table 1: Natural frequencies of a space frame Obtuse corner element is sub-modeled to obtain converged
accurate solution is shown in Fig.3.3.
4) Boundary Condition
Nodes along the side of length a are constrained against
transverse displacement w in the z-direction. Symmetric
boundary conditions are enforced along the other two sides
shown in Fig.3.4
5) Load
Uniform pressure of 100Mpa is applied to the plate surface
as shown in Fig.3.4. The software calculates and uses
consistent nodal forces to be applied.
C. Results Presentation and Comparison
Transverse displacement W and bending stress resultants
Mxx and Myy at the centre of the plate obtained using
Fig. 2.5: Vibration shapes for mode1, mode2 and mode3 ANSYS software are also included in Table II

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Fig 3.6 shows the distribution of the bending

stress resultant M xx. It is clear from the zoomed view that
there is an asymptotical variation of bending stress at
obtuse corner. Fig. 3.7 shows the similar case for bending
stress resultant M yy.

Fig. 3.7: Distribution of bending stress Myy

Fig. 3.3: Discretized model Fig. 3.4: Constraint Model

Quad
4
TRIP Hybr eleme
Constra
LT Analyti id nt
Quantity int
eleme cal eleme (ANS
method
nt nt YS
Shell
181)
WcD/qa4
4.185 4.08 4.18 4.0785 4.102
x104
2
MxxD/qa
1.9242 1.91 1.94 1.905 1.90 Fig. 3.8(a): Distribution of bending stress resultants Mxx and
x102
Myy Myy along OC (b) Sub-model result of obtuse corner element
1.104 1.08 1.11 1.086 1.04 shows asymptotically variation of resultant bending stress.
D/qa2x102
Table 2: Displacement Wc and stress resultants Mxx and
Myy obtained by ANSYS. IV. CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSEL WITH HEMI-
The predicted deformation is presented in Fig 3.5 SPHERICAL ENCLOSURES
A. Problem Statement
The problem shown in Fig.4.1 is recognized as shell of
revolution subjected to internal pressure P. It is discretized
using axisymmetric shell elements. The meridional and
hoop stresses at the inner and outer surfaces of the pressure
vessel are requested.
B. Finite Element Model
1) Geometric Modeling is shown in Fig.4.2
Radius of the hemispherical head R = 20 mm
Length of the symmetric cylinder considered L = 20 mm
Wall thickness h = variable
Fig. 3.5: Deformation in a rhombic plate 2) Material properties and Real Constant
Material is structural steel with
Young’s modulus E = 210 GPa
Poison’s ratio ɤ = 0.27

Fig. 3.6: Distribution of bending stress Mxx

Significant results from this investigation are Fig. 4.1: Cylindrical Pressure Vessel with hemispherical
presented in Fig.3.8 enclosure

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 Finite Element Modeling for Engineering Analysis, Structural Mechanics Problems
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Fig. 4.2: Geometric model Fig. 4.3: Boundary conditions Fig. 4.7: Stress distribution of a cylindrical pressure vessel
to meshed model with hemispherical head, for (R / h) = 10
3) Meshed model
Is shown in Fig.4.3 V. BENDING OF CYLINDRICAL TUBE WITH AN AXIAL SLIT
Element type: Two-node axisymmetric shell element
A. Problem Statement
(ANSYS SHELL208)
Number of elements: 40 A thin-walled tube of circular cross section is fixed at one
Number of nodes : 41 end and is loaded by transverse force P at the other end
4) Boundary Condition (Fig.5.1) In order to distribute load around the end of the
Fig.4.3 shows the boundary conditions applied at the two tube at z = L, a thin flat disk of radius R is attached to the
key points are, At x = 20 mm and y = 0 . U y = Rz = 0 end. The tube is slit open lengthwise along one side.
At x = 0 and y = 40 mm. Ux = Rz = 0 Deflection at the loaded end and significant stresses are
required.
C. Results Presentation and Discussion
The hoop and meridional stress distributions of the cylinder
with hemispherical head under internal pressure for (R / h) =
20 is shown in Fig.4.4 and Fig.4.5

Fig. 5.1: Cantilever Slit Cylindrical Tube

B. Finite Element Model
1) Geometric Model
The geometric models created for both cylindrical tubes
with slit and without slit are shown in Fig. 5.2 with
dimensions as follows.
Length (L) = 280 mm
Radius (R) = 25 mm
Fig. 4.4: Hoop stress distribution Fig. 4.5: Meridional Thickness (t) = 2 mm
stress distribution 2) Material properties and real constant
Significant results are summarized. The meridional Material is structural steel with
and hoop stress indices at the inner and outer surfaces are Young’s modulus E = 200 GPa
defined and their variation with (R / h) = 20, 10 are Poison’s ratio ɤ = 0.25
presented in Fig.4.6 to 4.7

Fig. 4.6: Stress distribution of a cylindrical pressure vessel Fig. 5.2(a): Cylindrical tube without slit (b) Cylindrical tube
with hemispherical head, for (R / h) = 20 with slit

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3) Meshed model Fig.5.6 demonstrates the bending stress

Discretized model of a slit cylindrical tube is shown in distribution pattern of cylindrical tube without slit, when
Fig.5.3. subjected to transverse force P = 1 N at one end
Element Type : Four nodded shell elements (ANSYS
SHELL181)
Number of elements : 309
Number of nodes : 316
4) Boundary condition
All degrees of freedom at nodes of the end of the slit
cylindrical tube (i.e. z = 0) are restrained. As shown in
Fig.5.4

Fig. 5.5: Deformation of cylindrical

Fig. 5.3: Discretized model of slit

Fig. 5.6: Bending stress of cylindrical tube without slit

tube without slit
Fig.5.7 demonstrates the warping of cylindrical
tube with slit due to bending torsion coupling. When
subjected to transverse force P = 1 N at one end
Fig. 5.4: Boundary condition cylindrical tube Fig.5.8 demonstrates that the maximum bending
5) Load stress at the top surface of the slit tube appears near the
P = 1N load is applied at the end (z = L) of the flat disk to clamped boundary.
distribute load around the tube.
C. Results Presentation and Comparison
Significant results obtained by ANSYS for cylindrical tube
with and out slit is presented and compared with the
analytical solutions in Table III and Table IV and in Fig.5.5
to 5.8
Quantity Analytical Numerical (ANSYS)
Deflection (V) -373x10-6 mm -406x10-6 mm
Axial stress (ϭz) 0.0713 Mpa 0.0753 Mpa
Table 3: Analytical and numerical results of cylindrical
tube without slit Fig. 5.7: Warping of cylindrical tube with slit
Quantity Analytical Numerical (ANSYS)
Deflection (V) -933x10-6 mm -940.3x10-6 mm
Axial stress (ϭz) ±0.169 Mpa ±0.1274 Mpa
Rotation (θ) -11.2x10-6 rad -10.45x10-6 rad
Table 4: Analytical and numerical results of cylindrical
tube with slit
Fig.5.5 demonstrates the deformation pattern of
cylindrical tube without slit, when subjected to transverse
force P = 1 N at one end
Fig. 5.8: L Bending stress distribution of cylindrical tube
with slit

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VI. I-SECTION BEAM 4) Boundary condition

For the simulation of the boundary conditions according to
A. Problem Statement
the static scheme (see Fig.6.1), the fixed articulate support
Fig.6.1 shows the I-section beam subjected to four point was chosen on the left side of the model (the point “a”) and
bending with the central section heated to temperature 650 the sliding articulated support was chosen on the right side
0C. Accurate deflection and stress analysis under combine (the point “d”), see Fig.6.5. On the left side, shift in the
thermal and mechanical load is requested. The direction of the X, Y, Z axis and the rotations about the X
susceptibility of the structure to fail by buckling is to be axis are blocked, the rotation about the Z axis is not
investigated. Natural frequencies and relative amplitudes restrained. On the right side, the shift in the direction of the
of vibration modes are also of interest. Y, Z axis and rotation about the X axis are blocked, the shift
The FEM in general and ANSYS software in in the direction of the X axis and the rotation about the Z
particular is demonstrated here to provide accurate axis are not restrained. In the point of the load application
numerical solutions to the problems on hand. The results (the points “b”, “c”), shift in the direction of the Z axis is
are co-related with reported test data. blocked, shift in the direction of the X and Y axes is not
restrained.
5) Load
Central plate of beam is heated to a temperature of 650 0C,
and the concentrated loads of 250KN are applied at loading
points shown in Fig.6.5

Fig.6.1 (a) Four-Point Bending Test of Heated I-Section

Beam, (b) cross-section dimensions.
B. Finite Element Model
1) Geometric Model
The geometric model of an I-section beam is created in
ANSYS for which the details are shown in Fig.6.2

Fig. 6.4: Discretized I-section beam

Fig.6.2 Dimensions details of a class4 I-section beam

Fig.6.3 shows the geometric model created in
ANSYS for which the details are mentioned in above
Fig.6.2

Fig. 6.5: Loading and boundary conditions for the I-section

beam
C. Results Presentation and Discussions
Significant results obtained for bending, linear buckling
Fig. 6.3: Geometric model of I-section beam and vibration analyses of an I-section beam are presented.
2) Material properties 1) Bending Analysis
The material properties of steel for the individual plate at Four point bending deformation is shown in Fig.6.6
high temperatures are considered as follows. Fig.6.7 shows the Von-Mises stress distribution
Poison’s ratio ɤ = 0.27 and the maximum stress region. The value of Von-Mises
Plate S3 S5 S6 stress is 1453.75MPa
Elastic Modulus, E (MPa) 194375 209988 208900 2) Buckling Analysis
Table 5: Young’s modulus for individual Plates A linear buckling analysis is performed to obtain the critical
3) Meshed model buckling load of an I-section beam, in ANSYS and it is
Is shown in Fig.6.4 compared with the value obtained from ABAQUS. Table VI
Element type : Four nodded shell element indicates the values for critical buckling loads obtained from
(ANSYS SHELL181) the two different FEA software.
Number of elements : 7184
Number of nodes : 7589

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 Finite Element Modeling for Engineering Analysis, Structural Mechanics Problems
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Fig. 6.9: mode1 and mode2 shape of an I-section beam

Fig. 6.6: Bending of a beam

Fig. 6.10: mode3 and mode4 shapes of an I-section beam

VII. CONCLUSION
100 identified problems are so complex that analytical
solutions are not possible. Experimental investigation are
prohibitively expensive however FE Modeling using
ANSYS software is demonstrated to provide accurate
numerical solution over a wide range of parameters involved
the graphical post processing capabilities is exploited to
Fig. 6.7: Von-Mises stress in an I-section beam display the results and animate vibration modes. The
FEA Software ABAQUS ANSYS solution clearly identified critical region where on set of
Critical Buckling Load (KN) 201.22 201.301 failure take place.
Table 6: Critical Buckling Load Value For An I-Section
Beam REFERENCES
Fig.6.8 shows the buckling mode shape of an I- [1] H. V. Lakshminarayana, S. Sridhara Murthy, ‘A
section beam obtained from ANSYS. shear-flexible triangular finite element model for
laminated composite plates’, International Journal for
Numerical Methods in Engineering, Volume 20, 1984,
pp. 591-623.
[2] Jan Hricak, Michal Jandera, Frantisek Wal, ‘Local
buckling of class 4 sections at elevated temperature’,
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34-47.
[3] M.P.Rossow, ‘Efficient Co finite element solution of
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[4] L.S.D. Morley, Skew Plate and Structures,
MacMillan, New York, 1963.
[5] J. P. Wolf, ‘Programme STRIP Pour le Calcul Des
Structures En Surface Porteuse’, Bull. Tech. de la
Fig. 6.8: Critical buckling mode in an I-section beam Suisse Romande, Lauranne 97 annee, No. 17,
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The natural frequencies and modes shape for an I-section [6] Martin Prachas, Nuno Lopes, ‘Lateral Torsional
beam under free boundary conditions are obtained by Buckling of Class 4 Steel Plate Girder under Fir
using Block lanczos method. Conditions’, Cost European Science Foundation, 198,
Table 7 shows the ten natural frequencies of an I- (2014): pp. 21-33.
section beam. [7] H. V. Lakshminarayana, Finite Element Analysis:
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1 0.28320 3 1.48675 [8] R D Cook, Finite Element Modeling for stress
2 1.01979 4 2.26223 Analysis, John Willey and Son, 1995, pp. 192-196
Table 7: Natural frequencies of an I-section beam [9] Release 14.5 Documentation for ANSYS User
From Fig.6.9 to 6.10 shows the four mode shapes Manuals.
of an I-section beam

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