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Sag

Sag refers to the downward dip of a wire or conductor suspended between two fixed points due to the force of gravity. The difference between the points of support and the lowest point on the conductor is defined as the sag. Proper sag must be determined to ensure safe tension in overhead power lines. Too little sag results in high tension, while too much sag uses excess conductor material and requires taller poles. The sag calculation takes into account the weight of the conductor, span length, tension at end points, as well as ice and wind loading on the conductor when present.

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63 views14 pages

Sag

Sag refers to the downward dip of a wire or conductor suspended between two fixed points due to the force of gravity. The difference between the points of support and the lowest point on the conductor is defined as the sag. Proper sag must be determined to ensure safe tension in overhead power lines. Too little sag results in high tension, while too much sag uses excess conductor material and requires taller poles. The sag calculation takes into account the weight of the conductor, span length, tension at end points, as well as ice and wind loading on the conductor when present.

Uploaded by

ee210150900103
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sag

A perfectly flexible wire of


uniform cross sectional area
when suspended between two
fix point (or supports) , there is
a dip in the wire do to
gravitational pull acting on the
conductor . This dip is called
sag .
The difference between the
point of supports and the
lower most point on the
conductor is called sag.
Sag
In case of overhead line the conductor are placed
over the supports (poles or towers) . While erecting,
it is very important that conductor should remain
under safe tension . If the conductor to much stress
between the supports in a bit to save conductor
material, the stresses in the conductor may reach
unsafe value which may break the conductor. In order
to perimeter safe tension in the conductor, they are
not fully stretched but are allowed to dip , as shown
in fig . this dip in the conductor is called said sag.
Importance of sag
Tension of
Conductors

Height of
Tower

Conductor
material
Tension of conductor
When a conductor is stretched between the
supports, sag is adjusted. If the conductor is
stretched more, the sag is small. Hence, sag
determines the tension developed in the
conductor. The smaller the sag. greater in the
tension in the conductor and vice-versa.
Therefore proper amount of sag must be
provided to permit the safe tension in the
overhead line.
Height of tower
From safety point of view, appropriate
clearance of the overhead conductors
from ground depending upon the line
voltage has to be maintained as per
Indian Electricity Rules. Obviously, the
height of the tower (pole) will depend
upon the sag. Larger the sag, taller will
be the towers and vice-versa.
Conductor material
The conductor material required for overhead lines
depends upon sag. If sag is large, more conductor length
and hence more conductor material will be required and
vice-versa.
Conclusion : From the above discussions, it is clear that in
order to reduce the conductor material and to avoid extra
pole height for proper clearance above ground level (as per
Indian Electricity Rules), the sag should be kept as small as
possible. But it should not be so small that tension may
increase more than the safe limits.
Calculation of sag
Consider a conductor suspended between two equilevel
supports A and B in still air as shown in fig. where O is the
lowest point on the conductor which happen to be in the
middle of the span.
Let
L = length of span in metre
w = weight per metre length of conductor in kg
T = tension in the conductor in kg
Calculation of sag
Let a point Plies on the conductor at a
distance “x” meter from the mid point O. The
following two external forces are acting on
the portion op of the conductor:
(i) The weight of conductor of x meter i.e wx
kg is acting at x/2 meter from the point P
giving anticlockwise moment.
(ii) The tension T at point O at y meter from
point P giving clockwise moment.
Equating the moment about point P,

At point O y=S(sag) and x=L/2


Effect of wind and ice loading
In still air, sag develops only due to the weight of conductor.
In actual practice , a conductor may have ice coating and
simultaneously subjected to wind pressure. The ice load
(Wi)acts vertically downwards i.e. the same direction as the
weight of conductor whereas the wind load (Ww) acts
horizontally i.e. perpendicular to the weight of the conductor
as shown in fig.
Total or resultant weight of conductor per unit length.
Where w= weight of conductor per unit length.
= conductor material density x
conductor volume per unit length
Wi = weight of ice per unit length
= density of ice x ℼ/4 (D2-d2) x 1
= density of ice x ℼ/4 [(d+2t)2-d2 ] x 1
Ww = wind load per unit length .
= wind pressure per unit area x
projected area for pressure per unit length
= wind pressure x d x l ( without ice coating)
= wind pressure x D x 1 ( with ice coating)
Sag under this condition :

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