Derivations of Maxwell's Eguatíons

) Maxwell's first eoation from electic Causs law

Let us consider a dielectric nedivm ot

"Q" is
Sorfa ce's bourded by the volome v. Zf
the total charge in the dielectric material whase
chage density is p then,
Accordig to as taw, for electric fied we
Can

write,
E-ds = &/Eo
-’ ()

We Know D = EE
arite D = EoErE
Sin ce ¬ = Eo Er, we Can
(for Ain)
Since Air is a perfect diele ctric Er = |
(2)

Sobstitutirg eguation (2) in () we 9ettx

’ (3)
Since the total chage & i's ewal to the charge
density pover the volome Vi we can write ,
Q=6p dv
Comparirg egnc3) and C4)1 we get
D: ds = #f dv -’ (5)
Equation ( represents te Maxwells fist
egvation in integral form.
Differential form
The differerntial form of Maxwell s fist
equation shall be obtained fram the integral
form of Maxwels füst eguaton by
convertirg
the sorface integal into yolume integral.
Applyirg hauss's divergence theoe m to LHS- egn
(s) we get
DdS = yD dv ’ (6)
from egn (s) and (6), we can write
fdv ’ )
Two vdome integvals ave ezval it these
(ntegrands are egual, Egn (1)becomes
Eguation 8) rep resents the Maxwell's first
esu ation in ditferential torm.
ij Maxwells seCond egvation from Magnetic
hauss law

Accordirg to aauss law for magnetic field,

the net magnetic flux through any clos ed
Surface is eval to zero
=0 -’4)
We Kinow that he magnetic flox C¢) in
terns
of magnetie induction (e) is
Bds ’ (io)(10)
Co mparing eguatons () and Cio) we get,
=§B ds = o ’ )
 EQpation () repres evts Maxwels second e0ation
in integral fom -
|Diferential form
The dífferential form of
Moxwell's secovd eg uation shall be Obtained as
follows Usirg housS divergence theorem, eguation ()
Can be written as
Bds a frBdv = o
Here the Sorface bound volume is an arbítray,
there fore eguation () holds good only If the
integral vonishes.

Eqpation (i3) represerts the Maxwells seo nd egn

in differental form
ib Maxwell's third egua ton from Faraday's taw
Accordirg to Faraday's law,
¬ --do /dt ’ (14)
Jhere e ’ Electro motive force 7 ’ ayeti fox.
we Krow that
a) The electromotive fore in tems of electric
field (E),
E ="E. dl ’ (is)
6) The magnete ux in terns of nagnetic
indu etion lB),
6Bds
Subsitutiog the egn (15) § C16) in C9) we get
6 Edl = - d(f B-ds) /dt
Since , B abne changes with timne we can write
 dt ds
-

Eguation rD reprasents the Maxwel's Hhid

egvatlon in integal form .
D0fferential form
The difterertial fom of
Maxwells third egvaton shall be obtained
frorm egvation ú7), by conyertiig line integral
into sortace integral
Applying Stoke's theorem to LHs of evathion (id,
we con write
’ (i3)
Comparir9 the egetions C) Cio) we get
-$ st
sB, ds ’ (19)
when Zurface ís an arbitraru, the
must Vanísh integral
Egn (1) becomes
dt
Eguation (20) tep resents the Maxwell s third
eqn in differetia) form.
(o Maxwel's fourth eguaton from Ampere's
low (Displace ment corrent)
From Anp eres ciruit law , we can write
H.dl = 1 -’ (2)
-wee I<na i the relaton between the
and cwrent den sity is
curent
I = . J" ds ’ (22)
 Sobstrto ting eqn (22) in egn (21D, weget
’ (23)
From s to kes heorem , Line in te gral Sall be
Converted into surface integral
. H" dl =6. vvxH"
x H ds
Compartrg egn 4) and een (a3) we get
xH- ds = 6.J"ds (25)
As the sorfae is arbi trary, therefore
must vansh Egn (2s) becomes integal
XH =J -’ (26)
Applying Causss divergance Heovem on both
sides of egn (26) we ue get
V (VK H) = g. J ’ 7)
Prom vector identity we Can wUrite v Cv XH)-o
Egn C21) beomes
VJ = 0

+Bot accordig to eguation of continuity

we Con worite Cor)
’ (29
In the above eon we Can see that

at
From en (24) we can see ttat He charge
density be comes Constant we can say Hat
the eharge density is s tatil. Thus we condude
Hat tae Ampere's egn is valid for steady
state condi tions end is inialld t tme varyirg
fields.
 Therefore Maxwell asswmed that egn (26)
ís ienconplete and hene modified Egn (26) yb
adding displa (ement curent density Ja to egn (24).
Hence egn (26) becom es
VxH = JtJd
Takig divergance On both sider, we get

Usirg Vector fdentity we Can write

Therefore,egn (3) becomes

Stnce .J = - ae/ot we an write the above

egn

at

From Maxwell' fist egn ue 1ow VD=P:

The above egn be comes

Energy in Electroagnetic waves

Energg Content
Energy Content in E leetronag netic
waves is the SUm ot time averag e of the
energy density in electro nmagnete waves due to
dlectric field and magnetc field.
Total Energy Ene rgy content Energy Content
Content in due to eledric due to
magnetic field
EM waves () field CuE)
CuB)
()
Enery .content due to the electric field
we Krosu tat, energy density due to
electric feld
’C2)

Substitutirg the soln of wave egn in she forn

E= E,sin (Kz - t) in egn 2, we get
UE =Eo E sin 2 Cic z - wt)
In order to find te energy content of EMM
ave Let us take He time average of
energy density
Energy CuE) S EoE-si,2 CKz-wt)
Since +J n (Kz-wD = we can write the
above egn aS
Energy CuE) =
Egn ( lhe energy content
represents in
electiowagnetic due to Electric field

Ehergy content due to He magnetic field

we know at energy density de fo
magnetic field
Ug = 2-Mo
 Sobs tit ving the soln of wave egn n Sine for
B- Bo stn (Kz - wt) n egn (u) we et

2Mo
In order to find the energy con tent of
electromagretie wave, let us take the time
average ot energy density.
2
Energy (ue) = ? E_sn (Kz -wt) dt

since sinz ckz- wt) - I and

2

we COA wrrte te aboVe een as

Energy Cus)=Eo
Therefore Energy Cue) EoE ’ o
Egn (s) represents te energy content n
eleettoag hette waves due to wegnetic fieb.
From egn a) Dnd (s) 'we Can see hat he
energy content in En waves due to eleettC
fíeld and magnetc field are egual.
Total energy content dye to bo th fields
Total ehergy coten t dve to electric and
magn etc fleld (or) energy content in
waves should be adHig egn 3) and egn Cs)
Substittiig Egn (3) ard Egn () n Eon C), weget
ent u)
Total Enegy content (u) =- Eo E, +o E,2
Total Energy content n EM wave (u)
5 Eo E ’ (6)
Egn l6) represents He total energy conte nt
în EL aves doe to Electric and nane fic fied.

Intensity of Electroragnetlc waues

Defiition : The nagnitute of time avevage of
pointing vector is called intersity ot EM
waue.

e Ioow that the pointng vector.

S= (Ex H) ’S = JEllH) sins n (EXH =/E|ln) shen
since E H ye etors are normal to each other,
O- 40° & hence sin ao =|
we coan write

Since, iBl = Mo lH I or IHl

we can wri te egn 0 as

we can torite the solotion of EM wave in síne form

as
E = EoSin (uer -wt) ’ (3)
B - Bosin (K-r-wt) ’ (4)
Substtotirg egn 2) and C4) jn C2), we get
S= EoSn(K-r - wt) Bo sin (k*r -wt) n
since i Bo = we an write He aboe eqn aS

S = E Eo n sinC Kr- wt)

 O= tonsn (IKr- wt) ’ (5)

The ime averoge of he pointire vector slall be

ort tten as
Stine aue s nsin (Kr-wt) dt
Seine ave nJ sin (kr -w Jt
Hoc
TJ sin Cc-r-wt) dt - we can write
2
Stime ave ton
Hoc
Stime
= E,/2M,C n ave -’ l6)
We know,= JEo MoHo
We can write the Can 6 as

Stine ave

2 Ho

Syme ave Eoo

V Mo
n 2

Intensity (on nnagnitude it time average of

pointirg yector ís gien by
I - IS| =
2

sin ce =EHo the above egn Can be written as

o

2no
En (8) represents the jntensity of Electonsgnetk
waves.
 Momentom of Electromagretic awave
Energ9
we Kno
E= mc2

similary, the energy o' with effective mas ot

EM radiation an be written aS
mc? ’ m= ulc
we that the momentum of partle with
mass 'm' and velo city 'y' is,
P= mV ’ 3)
Sobstitutirg egn (y in 3) we get
Momentum P= v
1t Hhe En wave, which is travelliro alovg z-axis
with velo city c is represented by ck, ten egn (4)
becomeS,
P=CK
P= uK lc ’ (6)
Magnitde of mom entum is p= 4 ’ ()
ü Pointirg vector
we Krow the payntirg vector
S = (EX 14) = uc k
0K = S lc
Substitutrg egn C6) in 6) we get

Since c2 -
Ho Eo
 P S/MMe
P Eo Mo S Eo Mo EXH (o)

Reflection and Transm ission of Electromagnetie

aves from a Non-Conductirg Medium - vaccom
interface for Normal incidence.
Let us Conside an EM wave which travels
from a ron -corductivg medium to vaccum.
Here, ll the interface of two medium, one
Part of he incident wave Îs reflected into same
medim and aro ther part is transmi tted nto next
mesin' as shoun in Fovre . t X

We KnOw tHat the non Non-conduc tor

Vaccom Ctree
Conducti ng medpm ad Space)
vacoUm and wit ave (uo, Eo Mo
ditferent electrial pennittivity Incidert wave
(E, 6o) and mag nettc
Perm eabilitg ( Mi4 Ho) Trans mssion
Retlected wave ware

Let Ej and Er Correspon ds -Z

to te electric field vectors of the inadent and
re flected wae respectively
Let Hi and Hr correspords to the magnete fied
vectors ot he inident and reflected cwae
respectively
we caan write.
E Er = Et
HË + Hr s Ht ’ (2)
where represents the incident wave, r
represents the refle cted tave and t' represents
he trans pmíssíon wave.
The egns (0 and (2) relate the electic and
magnetic fields respectively, at boh the me dium ard
the interface betueen tuwo media Therefoye,
these egn sal be used to deduce the laws
governirg reflecton and transmisson of En
waves at normal incidence
Transmission co -effcjent (r)
Let n, be the intrinsic impedence of te
ron -conductivg medivm and i, be the intrinsic
imp edance for vacuom -
we Krow the Intrisic mpe dan ce ot ron- Conductirg
medium
’ (3)

Simílarly we Know He intrinsic impe dene ot

Váccum
H

Using egn 3) and (4) egn () Can be wri tten as

Ei - Er Et

Here, the regative sígn indicates thot He reflected

wave travels in the opposite direchon to Hhot of
the incide nt wae as shown in Fóure.
I CEi -Er) =
lo
Addig egn () and egn (s), we get
(Ei tEr) t (Ei - Er) * E# = iEt

2E
o
Ei = ( l t
2.7o
\MotnI/
Et /E; 2No

(ue Know, the trans mission coe fficient s the

ratio of he intensíty ot the trans mítted wave
(I4) to He intensity ot the incdent wave (Ij)
7 = It /Ii
we Kraw the intensity ot EM wnves IS I = s
Sinilarly we con write 210
) The intensity of the transmittod
wave 1S ’ (a)

9 The intensity of in cident wave fs I; =

Subs titutirg Fens a) and (io) in
Egn C8) we get

Ei/2i
T = 2 ,Et
Subs titutirg egn i) in (u), we get

no t ni.

T= 4oi Cnotni)2 ((2)

Fgn 2) represents the transmission coeffiient

for electromagnetic wave which have rormal
inci dence on non- (onductor and vacoom
/nterface
Refle cton to-eff'ient (R)
Substitutirg egn (6) in egn l) , we get
E +Er =(21o /not i) Ei
Er (2no notn) Ej -Er
Er ( 21no otni -) Ei
Er (2o-o-lnotni) Ei

Er
not 1

we lnow he retlectton coefficent is Hhe rat'e

of intensity of the reflected wave (Ir) to the
intensity of he incident wave (1)
R Lr /1Ë ’ 4)
The in tensity of e retected wave is
Lr = Ef /22 (i)
Substitotig Egns (10) and (s) in Ezn D, wwe get
Re E/221 R= 22,E

Sobs titutirg egn lO) in (1), we get

Cno-i)2 ’ (7)
(y (Rot)2
Egn (1) represents he re flection coeffiient
for EM wae which hae normal acidence on
hon - conductor Qnd vacoum interface.
The Sum of T +R
Sum of the trans miss ion ard rettection
coetficíen ts shall be obtained by adding egn (1
and egn Cu)
42oi

(no t n)2

27o2I t no t )

Cro t 2) ’ T tR =| ’(8)
(o t 2)7
Egn (ie) represents Hat the som of the reflection
and trensmission coeffident is egja ll to one.

Thankyou.