What is Philosophy?

It is not about how many The African philosopher,

Philosophy is often called as properties you own or how Augustine, is regarded as a
the mother of all disciplines many "likes" you get in your saint (St. Augustine of Hippo)
simply because all fields of social media accounts and in the Catholic Church,
study began as philosophical even how successful you are in
discourses. chosen career. He is one of the Latin Fathers
In a real sense, your real self is of the church, one of the
Philosophy is from the Greek not even your body. Doctors of the church, and one
words Philo (loving) and The state of your inner being of the most significant
Sophia (knowledge, wisdom). (soul/self) determines the Christian thinkers.
quality of your life.
At simplest, PHILOSOPHY Giving the Theory of Forms a
means "loving knowledge" or PLATO Christian perspective,
"loving wisdom" The term BALANCE BETWEEN Augustine asserted that these
philosophy as originally used MIND AND BODY forms were concepts existing
by the Greeks meant, "The Plato is another Greek within the perfect and eternal
pursuit of knowledge for its Philosopher who elaborates God where the soul belonged.
own sake." Socrates' concept of the soul.
He was the student of Socrates. St. Augustine believes that a
• The philosophical framework He is best known for his virtuous life is dynamism of
for understanding the self was Theory of Forms that asserted love. It's the constant turning
first introduced by the ancient the physical world is not really point towards life.
great Greek philosophers: the "real" world because the Loving God means loving
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. ultimate reality exists beyond one's fellowmen; and loving
the physical world. one's fellowmen denoted never
• Most of them agree that His philosophy can be doing any harm to another or
"self-knowledge" is a explained as a process of self- as the golden rule of justice
prerequisite to a happy and knowledge and purification of denoted, doing unto others as
meaningful life. the soul. you would have them do unto
He introduces the idea of a you.
SOCRATES three-part: soul/self- reason, Love and justice as the
I KNOW THAT I DON’T physical appetite, and spirit or foundation of the individual
KNOW passion. self.
The self/soul/mind according
Socrates was a Greek to Plato the best aspect of the RENE DESCARTES
philosopher. human beings by which the
He suggests that the self is FORMS (ideas) are known. René Descartes was a French
synonymous with the soul. philosopher, mathematician,
He believes that every human REASON is the divine essence and a scientist and considered
possesses an immortal soul that enables us to think deeply, as the father of modern
that survives the physical make wise decisions and philosophy.
body. achieve the true understanding He was regarded as the first
Thus, Socrates suggests that of eternal truths. thinker to emphasize the use of
man must live an examined PHYSICAL APPETITE reason to describe, predict, and
life and a life of purpose and includes our biological needs understand natural phenomena
value. such as hunger, thirst, and based on observations and
For him, an individual can sexual desires. empirical evidence
have a meaningful and happy SPIRIT or PASSION The Latin phrase Cogito Ergo
life only if he becomes composes the basic emotions Sum-"I think therefore I am" is
virtuous and knows the value like love, anger, ambition, the keystone of Descartes'
of himself that can be achieved aggressiveness, and empathy. concept of self.
through incessant soul- For him, the act of thinking
searching. ST. AUGUSTINE about the self- of being self-
ALL KNOWLEDGE LEAD conscious- I in it proof that
TOGOD there is a sel.
 He asserted that everything constructed from the He is a German philosopher
perceived by the senses could experiences - like what people He believes that it is the self
not be used as proof of see, smell, taste, hear and feel. that makes experiencing an
existence because human intelligible world possible
senses could be fooled. He also interpreted that to because it is the self that is
mean the “self”-it must consist actively organizing and
Sensory information from the of memory; meaning the synthesizing all of our
body, transmitted through the person existing today is the
thoughts and perceptions. He
nervous system, reached the same person yesterday.
also proposed that the human
pineal gland And, the
immaterial mind processed DAVID HUME mind creates the structure of
these sensations and ALL KNOWLEDGE IS human experience.
determined appropriate DERIVED FROM HUMAN
responses which were then SENSES SIGMUND FREUD
communicated back to the He is a Scottish Philosopher.
body through the pineal gland. He was one of the figureheads WISH FULFILLMENT IS THE
Thus, functioning into two of the influential British ROAD TO THE UNCONSCIOUS
directions of information Empiricism movement.
allowed for coordinated GILBERT RYLE
actions and experiences, all Empiricism is the idea that the I ACT THEREFORE I AM
orchestrated by the pineal origin of all knowledge is
gland's role as an intermediary experience. Hume is identified PHYSICAL BODY IS AN
with the Bundle Theory IMPORTANT PART OF THE
Descartes' claims about the wherein he described the "self" SELF
"self" are: It is constant; it is or person (which Hume
not prone to change, and it is assumed to be "mind") as a
Sociological View of Self
not affected by time. Only the bundle or collection of
immaterial soul remains the different perceptions that are Sociology
same throughout the time. The moving in a very fast manner. What is SOCIOLOGY ?
Immaterial soul is the source -the study of the
of our identity Hume divided the mind's development, structure, and
perceptions into two groups: functioning of human society.
He suggested that the act of
thinking about the self or being Impressions. Perceptions that - its that socially formed norm,
self-conscious is proof that are the most strong. These are beliefs and values come to
there is a self. directly experienced, they exist within the person to a
There are two dimensions of a result from inward and degree where these become
man self: the self is a thinking outward sentiments. natural
entity and the self as a physical
body. Ideas. The less lively THE SELF AS A PRODUCT OF
counterparts of impressions MODERN SOCIETY AMONG
These are mechanisms that OTHER CONTRUCTION
JOHN LOCKE copy and reproduce sense Modernization-the
HUMAN MIND AT BIRTH data formulated based upon transformation from a
IA A TABULA RASA, the previously perceived
WHICH MEANS THAT traditional, rural, agrarian
impressions. society to a secular, urban,
KNOWLEDGE IS
DERIVED FROM industrial society
IMMANUAL KANT Effects of modernization:
EXPERIENCE
REASON IS THE FINAL *Significantly change society
John Locke is an English
philosopher and physician. AUTHORITY OF MORALITY. and this has affected how an
For Locke, the human mind at MORALITY IS ACHIEVED ONLY individual build and develop
birth is Tabula rasa or a blank WHEN THERE IS ABSENCE OF his or her self-identity. People
slate. He feels that the "self" or WAR BECAUSE OF THE behave according to social
personal identity is basically RESULT OF ENLIGHTENMENT rules and tradition while the
family and the immediate Social Network- refers to the is able to take into account
provided supervision on how ties or connection that link societal rule and adheres to it.
to get through life. Choosing you to your social group. Self is developed by
where to live, what line for ex. family- blood relation understanding the rule and
work to do and even who to friends-friendship one must abide by it to win
marry was very limited classmate- interest to learn the game or be successful
(Hermannsdóttir, 2011) •
*Improved people's living ORGANIC GROUP-naturally TWO SIDES OF SELF
condition. A person in the Occurring, and its highly
modern society is free to influenced by family. "Me" - the product of what
choose where to live, what to the person has learned while
do and who to be with ORGANIC MOTIVATION-you interacting with others and
(Giddens, 1991) join this group because your with the environment.
family is a part of it. Learned behaviors, attitudes
CHARACTERISYIC OF -its positive effect is and even expectation
MODERNITY rootedness, giving the person compromises. It exercises
1. Industrialism - social a sense of belongingness. social control over the self.
relation implied in the However it imply less
extensive use of material freedom. "I" -is that the part of the self
power and machinery in of that is unsocialized and
production. RATIONAL GROUP-occur in spontaneous. It is the
modem society. individual's response to the
2.Capitalism-production community's attitude towards
system involving both RATIONAL MOTIVATION- the person.
competitive product markets people join this group out of
and the commodification their free own will. The Self and the Person in
(putting a price tag) of labor - imply greater freedom, Contemporary Anthropology
power. especially the freedom of
movement What is Anthropology?
3. Institution of Surveillance - -Is the study of people, past
massive increase of power and DEVELOPING THE SELF and present Anthropology
reach by institutions, Language - self-development comes from the Greek word
especially in government. and language are intimately "Anthropos" which means
tied. Through shared "human or man" and "logos
4. Dynamism - having a understanding of symbols, "which means "knowledge or
vigorous activity and progress. gestures and sound, language reason "
Most evident characteristic of gives the individual the -Looks at humans as
a modern society. capacity to express something complex in terms
themselves while at the same of physical, emotional, social,
SOCIAL GROUPS AND SOCIAL time comprehending what and cultural complexity.
NETWORK other people are conveying. -Refers to the science of
Georg Simmel - a German humans and their culture.
sociologist, philosopher, and -Anthropologist is a person
critic Play- individual role-play or engaged in the practice of
Social Group - having two or assume the perspective of anthropology.
more people interacting with other Role-playing enables
one another, sharing similar person to internalize some A UNIT BUT UNITARY
characteristic and whose other people's perspective "Self" In modem anthropology
members identify themselves characterizes the term in its
as a part of the group Game-Level where the most general "Ordinary and
ex. family, friends, classmate individual not only internalize Everyday use". Katherine
other's perspective, he or she Ewing (1990), described the as
encompassing the "physical THE SELF EMBODIED IN between the individual to
organism, possessing CULTURE other people.
psychological functioning and
social attributes". Cultural anthropologist have Collectivist cultures, such as
argued that the self is those of China, Korea, and
The "self" as implicity and culturally shaped and infinitely Japan, emphasize family and
explicity existing in the mind variable. work group goals above
comprised of psychological individual needs or desires.
biological, and cultural Cultural traditions and social
processes. Joseph practices regulate, regulate, Development psychologist
LeDoux(2002), conceptualized express, and transform the Catherine Raeff (2010)
the implicit and explicit human psyche, resulting less - believed that culture can
aspects of the self. in psychic unity for humankind influence how you view:
Explicit is the aspect of the self than in ethnic divergences in relationships, personality
that you are consciously mind, self, emotion. traits, achievement, and
aware. expressing emotions
Implicit is the aspect of the Cultural psychologists
self that is not immediately distinguished two ways of how Relationships - Culture
available to the consciousness. the self is constructed. influences how you enter into
and maintain relationships.
Sigmund Freud's the "level of The Independent and For example, relationships
consciousness" Interdependent constructs. may be seen as voluntary or as
According to LeDoux(2002), duty-based.
"the self is not static: it is *These self is constructed are
added to and subtracted from also imbedded in culture. Personality traits - are
genetic maturation, learning, *Construal is an interpretation distinguishing qualities or
forgetting, stress, ageing, and of the meaning of something; characteristics that are
disease." the act of construing. embodiment of an
interpretation - an explanation individual's.
SELF AS REPRESENTATION that results from interpreting
Ewing(1989) asserted that something. -Culture influences whether
"self" is illusory. "People *Hence, in this sense is the (and how) you value traits,
construct a series of self- meaning of "self" self-esteem, politeness,
representation that are based assertiveness, and so on, as
on the selected cultural The independent construct is well as how you perceive
concepts of person and characteristic of individual hardship or how you feel
selected chains of personal culture. about relying on others.
memories. Each self-concept is
experienced as whole an Individualistic culture is a Achievement - Culture
continuous, society which is characterized influences how you define
By self-representation, Ewing by individualism, not success and whether you
meant culturally shaped " self" collectivism. Individualistic value certain type of individual
concepts that one applies to cultures are oriented around and group achievements.
oneself. the self, being independent
instead of identifying with a Expressing emotions - Culture
According to Ewing (1990), group mentality. influences what will affect you
people from all cultures have emotionally, as well as how
been observed to be able to The Interdependent construct you express yourself, such as
rapidly project different self- is typical of the collectivist showing your feelings in public
representations, depending on culture in East Asia stressing or keeping it private.
the context of the situation. the essential connection