1 State of matter: diffusion of ammonia and hydrogen chloride

2 Mixtures & separation: Chromatography

3 an 4 Mixtures & separation: Chromatography (2 problems)
5 Mixtures & separation: Solubility
6 Qualitative Analysis: Identification of cation in 2 soil samples
7 Qualitative Analysis: Identification of ions in an unknown compound
9 Acids, Bases and Salts: Preparation of Barium sulphate
10 Acids, Bases and Salts: Volumetric Analysis
Organic Chemistry: Distinguish between Alkanes and Alkenes
8 Redox: Identification of OA, RA, both and neither
Electrochemistry: Electroplating of coin
11 Rates of reaction: Obscured cross
Energetics: Heat of neutralization HCl and NaCl
 Qualitative Analysis: Identification of cation in 2 soil samples

Problem Statement: Sam went to an excavation site and noticed that the soil layers differed in
colour. One layer was red while the other was green. The tour guide claims that the soil contains
Iron. Plan and design an experiment to determine which ion gives the layer their colour.

LAB #7 Qualitative Analysis: Identification of ions in unknown compound Y

Test Observation A/I Inference

On tests carried out on Inferences related to tests on
sample Y sample Y
A small amount of sample Sample Y does not change
Y was heated in a dry test the colour of red litmus
tube paper.

Gas tested with damp Sample Y turns blue litmus

litmus paper. paper red

Gas tested with glowing Glowing splint relights

splint Ionic equation required
A solution of Y was
prepared and divided into
five portions
a. NaOH was added to A white precipitate was
sample Y then. formed.
solution warmed with damp
litmus at mouth of test tube. Blue litmus paper turns red.

b. NaOH added in excess. When added in excess the

white precipitate remained
c. To Y NH3(aq) added A white precipitate was Al3+ions may be present.
dropwise. formed. Pb2+ ions may be present.

then in excess When added in excess the

white precipitate remained
Add some KI drop by A yellow precipitate was
drop to a small amount of formed Pb2+ (ap)+2I-(aq) Pb2I (s)
Solution X and note any yellow
changes.
Ionic equation required
 Acids, Bases and Salts: Preparation of Barium sulphate

Experiment # 9
Topic Acids, Bases and Salts
Sub – Topic Salt preparation
Syllabus Objective Section A 6.10
Skill Assessed Analysis and Interpretation

Aim To prepare a sample of Barium (II) sulphate.

Apparatus/Materials Filter Paper, Conical Flask, Filter Funnel, Test Tube, Beaker, Measuring
Measuring Cylinder, Sodium Sulphate, Barium Chloride

Method 1.30cm3 of barium chloride was mixed with 30cm3 of sodium sulphate.
in a beaker
2. The mixture was filtered.
3. The residue was washed many times with deionized water.
4. The salt was scraped off the filter paper and left out to dry

Observation

AI Questions
1. Why was the mixture filtered?
2. What are the ions that are present in the filtrate?
3. How should you dry this salt faster?
4. Write the balanced equation between
5. Name one other substance that you could have reacted with Barium Chloride to get
Barium Sulphate
6. Should Sodium Sulphate be prepared I the same way as Barium Sulphate? Explain your
answer.

Conclusion
 Acids, Bases and Salts: Volumetric Analysis

Experiment # 10
Topic The Mole Concept
Sub – Topic Volumetric Analysis
Syllabus Objective Section A 3.6 – 3.7
Skill Assessed Analysis and Interpretation/ Observation, Recording and Reporting

Aim To determine the concentration of Sulphuric acid by titrating.

against a 0.1M solution of sodium hydroxide

Apparatus/Materials Unknown concentration of sulphuric acid, 0.1M of sodium hydroxide

Solution, Measuring Cylinder, Burette, Pipette, Screened methyl orange,
Conical Flask, Clamp and Stand, Distilled Water

Method 1. 100cm3 of sodium hydroxide and 100cm3 of sulphuric acid were

collected in two beakers
2. 250cm3 of the acid was placed in the burette
3. The pipette filler was used to put 25cm3 of sodium hydroxide in the
pipette. This volume of the alkali was transferred to a conical flask.
4. Two drops of screen methyl orange (indicator) was added to the
conical Flask
5. The conical flask was placed under the burette
6. The acid was released drop by drop into the flask until the alkali was
neutralized
7. The solution was discarded; the apparatus was rinsed and the
experiment was repeated three more times or until the constant
reading.
was obtained.
8. The results were placed in a suitable table.
Results
Burette Titration number
readings Rough 1 2 3
Final reading 16.2
Initial reading 8.5 16.2
Volume of 7.7
acid used
A/I
Questions 1. Write the equation for the reaction between H2SO4 and NaOH.
2. What was the average volume of acid required to neutralize
25cm3 of the alkali?
3. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 25 cm3 of the solution.
4. Calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 in the volume used to
neutralize the alkali.
 5. Find the concentration of H2SO4 in moldm-3 and gdm-3.

Conclusion

Rates of reaction: Obscured cross.

Experiment # 11
Topic Rates of reaction
Sub – Topic Factors affecting rates of reactions
Syllabus Objective Section B.2 7.1, 7.3
Skill Assessed Observation, Recording and Reporting, Measurement and
Manipulation
Aim To investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction.
Apparatus/Materials: Stopwatch, measuring cylinders, conical flask, solution containing
16.0gdm-3 of Sodium thiosulphate(vi), 0.5moldm-3 sulphuric acid, a sheet of paper with
cross on it

Method:
1. Use a measuring cylinder to place 50cm3 of sodium thiosulphate solution into a
conical flask.
2. Add 50cm3 of sulphuric acid to the solution and start the stopwatch immediately
after.
3. Place the conical flask on the cross and stop the stopwatch as soon as the cross is
no longer visible from above. Discard the mixture and wash the conical flask.
4. Repeat the procedure described in (3) using instead sodium thiosulphate and water
mixture as set out in the table below. In each case, note the time taken for the cross to
become obscure.
Results:
experiment Volume of Volume of Volume of Time (t)/ s 1/t (s-1)
Number acid /cm3 thiosulphate / water/ cm3
cm3

Identify the following variables: Control, Manipulating and responding variables.

Plot the following graphs:
1. Volume of thiosulphate vs Time
 2. 2. Volume of thiosulphate vs Rate of reaction (1/t)
Discussion:
Discuss the shape of the graphs and what deduction can be made from the graphs.

Conclusion

Organic Chemistry: Distinguish between Alkanes and Alkenes

Problem statement: A laboratory technician was reorganizing the organic chemicals in the lab.
He accidentally mixed up the alkanes and alkenes. Plan and design an experiment that may be
used to correctly identify and label these compounds.

Redox: Identification of OA, RA, both and neither

Problem statement: Four colourless liquids were seen in the laboratory labelled A, B, C and D.
One liquid is an oxidizing agent, one is a reducing agent, one is both an oxidizing agent and
reducing agent and the other is neither. Plan and design an experiment to identify which liquid is
which.

Electrochemistry: Electroplating of coin

Experiment # 13
Topic Electrochemistry
Sub – Topic Electroplating
Syllabus Objective Section A.9 9.11
Skill Assessed Observation, Recording and Reporting, Measurement and Manipulation

Aim To Electro-plate a coin with copper.

Apparatus/ Materials: CuSO4 solution, copper strips, crocodile clips, 250 ml beaker, dollar coin,
battery
Method:
1. Pour about 50m1 of copper sulphate solution is a beaker.
2. Connect the crocodile clips to the battery ensuring that it is the cathode and connect the copper
strip ensure that it is the anode.
3. Connect the coin to the crocodile clip.
4. Submerge the coin connected to the crocodile clip and the copper strip in the beaker
containing the copper strip. Ensure the entire coin is submerged and that the copper strip always
remains submerged.
5. Observe what is taking place and remove the coin after it is fully coated. Ensure to exhibit the
coin in your lab books.

Discussion:
1.What is the reaction taking place at the anode and cathode? Use equations to illustrate this.
2.Why didn't the solution change colour?
3.Would there be any change in the pH of the solution? Give a reason for you answer.
4.What difference if any if graphite was used as the anode? Give detailed reason for your answer.
Use equation(s) where necessary.
 Energetics: Heat of neutralization HCl and NaCl

Experiment # 15
Topic Energy and Energetics
Syllabus Objective Section A8.3
Skill Assessed Analysis and Interpretation/Measurement and Manipulation

Aim To determine the enthalpy change for a reaction between a strong

acid and a strong alkali

Method
1. 40cm3 of NaOH was measured and poured into a Styrofoam cup. The temperature was
recorded.
2. 40cm3 of HCl was measured and poured into another Styrofoam cup. The temperature was
recorded.
3. The contents of the first cup (40cm3 of NaOH) was added to that of the 40cm3 of HCl, and the
mixture stirred using the glass rod. The temperature was recorded.
4. The experiment was repeated another two times and the results recorded.

Results
Experiment number Initial Temperature/˚C Final
Temperature/˚C

Questions:
1. Use your results to calculate the enthalpy of neutralisation for the reaction between the strong
acid and the strong alkali.
2. Was the reaction exothermic or endothermic? Explain.
3. Sketch a graph to demonstrate your answer to #2 above
4. Write both the molecular and ionic equations for the reaction.

Conclusion: