SPS 113

CHAPTER 1
THE HUMAN BODY
By NHR2021
 AN OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY = Study of the body structure

TOPIC DEFINITION
Gross /Macro Anatomy Study of macroscopic structures : large
body structures visible to naked eye

Micro Anatomy Study of microscopic structures; with the

aid of a microscope
Surface Anatomy Study of body’s surface structures

Regional Anatomy Study of structures within a region

Systemic Anatomy Study of structures within a system
Cellular Anatomy/ Cytology Study of the body cells

Histology Study of tissues structure

Developmental Anatomy Study of structural changes from
conception through old age
Example : Developmental anatomy
Physiology
Physiology = study of body function

Topic definition
Systems Physiology Study of body system’s function (cardiac
physiology, neurophysiology, etc)
Comparative Physiology Study of physiology of humans in relation to
that of other animals
Medical Physiology Study of physiological dysfunctions and body
disease
 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Chemical level
Interaction between atoms into molecules (C,H,O,N)

Cellular level
Basic living units; have common characteristics, differ in structure and function

Tissue level
A group of cells of similar structure and function: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Organ level
Two or more tissue types together perform one or more common function: eye, skin, stomach,
heart, etc.

Organ System level
A group of organs of a common function: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine,
cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, & reproductive

Organismal level
11 organ system make up the living body or organism, the human being
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Cell

• The cell is the smallest structural and functional living unit

• Over 200 different types of human cells
• Types differ in size, shape, subcellular components, and
functions
• All cells have some common structures and functions
• Human cells have three basic parts:
• 1. Plasma membrane - flexible outer boundary
• 2. Cytoplasm - intracellular fluid containing organelles
• 3. Nucleus - control center
Cell
Membrane Transport
• Plasma membranes are selectively permeable
• Some molecules easily pass through the membrane;
others do not
• Substances move through the plasma membrane in two
ways:
• 1. Passive processes
• 2. Active processes
Membrane transport
Passive transport Active transport
Energy No cellular energy (ATP) required Required ATP

Solute Solute moves down its Solutes moves against a

movement concentration gradient concentration gradient
Process 1. Simple diffusion - substances Requires carrier proteins
diffuse directly through the (solute pumps)
plasma membrane
2. Facilitated diffusion - certain
molecules (e.g., glucose,
amino acids, and ions) use
carrier proteins or channel
proteins to pass through the
membrane
3. Osmosis - movement of
solvent (water) across a
selectively permeable
membrane
Active transport vs Passive transport
Passive transport : Osmosis & Diffusion
Membrane transport
Organ Systems of the Body
System Major Organs General Function

Integumentary Skin Protection of underlying

structures from damage
and from loss of body fluid

Muscular Muscles Movement of the body

Skeletal Bones Support and protection of

softer body part
Organ Systems of the Body
System Organs General Function
Major
Nervous Brain, Control homeostasis by
spinal stimulating muscles to
cord, contract and glands to
nerves secrete

Cardiovascular Heart, Transportation of

arteries, materials to and from
veins body cells

Endocrine Pituitary Control homeostasis by

gland,
thyroid
releasing hormones that
gland, alter body processes
adrenal
gland,
pancreas,
gonads
Organ Systems of the Body
System Organs General Function
Major
Lymphatic Spleen, Removal of dead cells
thymus, and foreign bodies from
tonsils, body fluid
lymphatic
vessels
Respiratory Larynx, Exchange of gases
trachea, between bloodstream and
lungs external environment

Esophagus, Break apart food into

stomach,
Digestive small
small particles for their
intestine, absorption into the
liver, bloodstream
pancreas,
large
intestine
Organ Systems of the Body
System Organs General Function
Major
Urinary Kidneys, Maintain homeostasis by
ureters, controlling water and salt
urinary balance in the
bladder, bloodstream and by
urethra removing metabolic waste
materials
Reproductive Testes, Provide for production of
urethra, new individuals
penis;
ovaries,
uterus,
vagina
MAINTAINING LIFE
• Organ Systems Interrelationships
• All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival
needs
• Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary
life functions

• MAINTAINING LIFE
• 1. Life functions: To sustain life, organism must able to
maintain its boundaries, move, respond to stimuli, digest
nutrients and excrete wastes, carry on metabolism,
reproduce itself, and growth.

• 2. Survival needs include food, oxygen, water, appropriate

temperature, and normal atmospheric pressure. Extremes
(excesses or deficits) of these factors can be harmful.
HOMEOSTASIS

• Definition : Ability to maintain relative stable (balance) internal

condition even though the external environment changes

• Necessary for survival and good health; its loss results illness
or diseases.

• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

•  Control mechanisms have 3 elements: a receptor that
responds to environment changes; a control centre that
assesses those changes and produces a responds by
activating a third element, the effector.

• Most homeostatic control systems in the body are negative

feedback systems, which act to reduce or stop the initial
stimulus.
Types of haemostasis
Negative feedback Positive feedback
mechanisms mechanisms

Definition A mechanism that restore the Mechanism that promote a

body to a normal state condition farther from
normal levels of function
Mechanism Shut off or reduce the Increase the original
intensity of the original stimulus (disturbance)
stimulus
Example 1. body temperature 1. blood clotting
2. heart rate 2. labour contractions
3. blood pressure
4. breathing rate
5. blood levels of glucose,
6. Oxygen
7. carbon dioxide
8. minerals
3 elements of haemostasis mechanism
Positive FB vs Negative FB
 THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

ANATOMICAL POSITION

Body standing erect and facing forward,

the feet are together, and the arms are
hanging at the sides with the palms facing
forward
Regional Terms

• Regional terms designate specific areas

• Anterior body landmarks: orbital, thoracic, abdominal,
pubic, femoral, tarsal, etc.
• Posterior body landmarks: scapular, vertebral, gluteal,
popliteal, calcaneal, etc.
• Inferior body surface: The plantar region, the sole of the
foot.
Regional terms designating specific body areas
Regional terms designating specific body areas
Exercise

• Muskopf, S. (2019, November 3). Label the Body Regions. Retrieved March 29, 2021, from https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/21044
Directional Terms

• Superior (cranial) - above, toward the head

• Inferior (caudal) - below, toward the leg
• Anterior (ventral) - front of the body
• Posterior (dorsal) - back of the body
• Medial - toward the midline
• Lateral - away from the midline
• Proximal - toward the attachment end of a limb
• Distal - away from the attachment end of a limb
• Superficial - toward the body surface
• Deep - away from the body surface
Orientation and directional terms
Orientation and directional terms
Body Regions
• The body is divided into two regions – the axial and the
appendicular.
Human Body

Axial Appendicular
Head Upper Extremities
Neck Lower Extremities
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Axial & appendicular region
 Body Planes and Sections
The body or its organs may be cut
along planes, or imaginary line, to
produce different types of sections.

1. Sagittal plane • 1. Sagittal plane

Divides the body into right and left parts • Divides the body into right and left parts

 Median (midsagittal) plane

• 2. Median (midsagittal) plane
Divides the body
• Lies on midline

2. Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior • 3.Parasagittal plane
parts • Not on midline

3. Transverse (horizontal) plane • 2. Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior
• Divides the body into anterior and posterior
parts
parts

• 3. Transverse (horizontal) plane

• Divides the body into superior and inferior
parts
 BODY CAVITIES

Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity

Cranial Cavity Spinal Cavity Thoracic Cavity Abdominalpelvic

Cavity

Pericardial Pleural Cavity Abdominal Pelvic Cavity

Cavity Cavity
Dorsal & ventral body cavities
and their subdivisions
MAIN BODY CAVITIES AND THEIR
ORGAN CONTENTS
 ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS AND QUADRANTS
• The abdominopelvic cavity can be subdivided into 4-
quadrants and 9 areas.
• The 4-quadrants are labelled by location: the right upper,
right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants.

• The abdominopelvic quadrants and include the right

hypochondriac, right lumbar, right illiac, epigastric,
umbilical, hypogastric (or pubic), left hypochondriac, left
lumbar, and left illiac divisions.
• The purpose of the abdominal divisions is to describe
regional anatomy in the abdomen, and to help clinicians
determine which organ and tissues are involved in a
disease based on which regions experience pain.
Thank you