Input / Output

Organization

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 An external device connected to an I/O module
also called Interface is often referred to as a
peripheral device or simply a peripheral.
 Among the most known peripherals some of
them are, keyboard, display unit and printers.
 Video monitors are most commonly used
peripheral.

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 The input and output organization of a computer is a
function of a size of computer and devices connected
to it.
 The difference between a small and large system is
mostly depends on the amount of hardware the
computer has available for communicating with
peripheral unit and the number of peripheral
connected to the system.

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 The input/output subsystem of a computer, referred
to as I/O, provides an efficient mode of
communication between the central system and the
outside environment(transferring and processing)

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 I/O operations are accomplished through a wide
assortment of external devices that provide a means
of exchanging data between the external
environment and the computer.
 An external device attaches to the computer by a link
to an I/O module.

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 Input output Interfaces provides method for
transferring information between internal storage and
external IO devices
 Peripheral connected to the computer needs special
communication link for interacting them with the
central processing unit.

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External devices broadly can be classified into three
categories:
 Human readable
 Machine readable
 Communication

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 The internal operation in digital system is
synchronized by means of clock pulse supplied by a
common pulse generator.

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 It is the entity within a computer that is responsible
for the control of one or more external devices and
for the exchange of data between those devices and
main memory and/or CPU.
I/O Module Function
 The major functions or requirements for an I/O
module are:

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 Control & Timing
 CPU Communication
 Device Communication
 Data Buffering
 Error Detection

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 I/O module must have the capability to engage in
communication with the CPU and external device.
Thus CPU communication involves
 Command decoding:
 Data:
 Status reporting

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 The I/O module must also be able to perform device
communication. This communication involves
 commands,
 status information, and
 data.
 Some of the essentials tasks are listed below:
 Error detection:
 Data buffering:

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 Three techniques are possible for I/O operations or
data transfer mode. They are:
 Programmed I/O
 Interrupt driven
 Direct Memory Access (DMA)

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 With Programmed I/O, data are exchanged
between the CPU and the I/O module.
 The CPU executes a program that gives it direct
control of the I/O operation
 If the CPU is faster than I/O module, there is
wastage of CPU time.

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 The sequences of actions that take place with
programmed I/O are:
 CPU requests I/O operation
 I/O module performs operation
 I/O module sets status bits

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 CPU checks status bits periodically
 I/O module does not inform CPU directly
 I/O module does not interrupt CPU

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 Four types of I/O commands can be received by the
I/O module when it is addressed by the CPU. They
are
1.A control command
2. A test command
3. A read command
4. A write command

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 When the CPU, main memory, and I/O module
share a common bus two modes of addressing
are possible.

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 Devices and memory share an address space
 I/O looks just like memory read/write
 No special commands for I/O
 Large selection of memory access commands
available

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 Separate address spaces
 Need I/O or memory select lines
 Special commands for I/O and Limited set

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 A priority interrupt is a system that establish a
priority over various sources to determine which
condition is to be serviced first when two or
more requests arrives simultaneously.

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 With Interrupt driven I/O, the CPU issues a
command to I/O module and it does not wait
until I/O operation is complete but instead
continues to execute other instructions.
 When I/O module has completed its work it
interrupts the CPU.
 Using Interrupt Driven I/O technique CPU
issues read command.

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 An interrupt is an exception condition in a
computer system caused by an event external to
the CPU
 interrupts enable transfer of control from one
program to another to be initiated by an event
that is external to a computer.
 Execution of the interrupted program resumes
after completion of execution of the interrupt
service routine.

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 Direct Memory Access is capabilities provided
by some computer bus architectures that allow
data to be sent directly from an attached device
(such as a disk drive) to the memory on the
computer’s motherboard.
 The microprocessor (CPU) is freed from
involvement with the data transfer, thus
speeding up overall computer operation.

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 When the CPU wishes to read or write a block
of data, it issues a command to the DMA module
and gives following information:
 CPU tells DMA controller:
 Whether to read or write
 Device address
 Starting address of memory block for data

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 Amount of data to be transferred
 Thus DMA controller steals the CPU‟s work of
I/O operation.
 The DMA module transfers the entire block of
data
 One word at a time, directly to or from memory,
without going through CPU.

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Some of the common configurations of DMA are:
1.Single Bus Detached DMA
2. Single Bus, integrated DMA
3. DMA using an I/O bus

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 DMA is fast
 DMA is usually required to achieve maximum
data transfer speed, and high speed data
acquisition devices
 DMA also minimizes latency in servicing a
data acquisition device
 DMA also off-loads the processor
 increasing overall system utilization.

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 A data communication processor is an I/O
processor that distribute and collect data from
many remote terminals connected through
telephone and other communication lines
 it is a specialized I/O processor designed to
communicate directly with data communication
network.

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 Data can be transmitted between two points in
three different modes:
 simplex,
 half duplex
 full duplex.

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