Chapter 4: Electro - Mechanical Design:

4.1 Lighting:
4.1.1 Introduction:
Lighting has always been a fundamental element in the conception of architectural
spaces, for it is capable of playing with volumes, distorting the perception of space
and even dramatizing the shapes and textures of the materials, enhancing their
aesthetic features dramatically. However, light does not only play a major role at a
decorative level. The quality of illumination makes all the difference when it comes to
the comfort -even the health- of those who experience living in these space
4.1.2 Artificial lighting design:
In this section, much attention should be paid to artificial lighting in the building
because it played a major role in the comfort of users. Where attention must be paid to
the amount of lux, color, direction, color temperature and the method of distributing
them within the spaces without neglecting to look at the amount of energy consumed
by the lighting units used.
The reflection factors used according to the DiaLUX software are the following:
• Ceiling: 75
• Floor: 60
• Wall: 30
Calculations and design will be using the DiaLUX software and according to the
required standards and specifications of each space, where one space of each category
will be designed and all the required luminaires will be given with a plan of their
distribution in the space along with a plan of the lux map contour in the space, the
glare will also be checked by making some calculation object surfaces in the
important areas, as the following:
Ground floor rooms:
1-waitng hall:
The standard lux value in this type of spaces is 200lx with 3500 - 4000 K lighting temperature
as the next calculations which is done all by the DiaLUX software shows:

Figure 4.1 : Artificial lighting calculation for waiting room.

Figure 4.2: Waiting room from DiaLUX

Figure 4.3: Light scene of lux values for artificial lighting in waiting room with plan of
luminaires.

Figure 4.4: Used type of luminaires in waiting room.

Results: the space’s artificial lighting design achieve all the requirement and specifications,
the light is distributed well and the glare is within the right range and not annoying
2-Reception area:
The standard lux value in this type of spaces is 300lx with 3500 - 4000 K lighting temperature
as the next calculations which is done all by the DiaLUX software shows:

Figure 4.5 : Reception room from DiaLUX.

Figure 4.6: Artificial lighting calculation for reception room.

Figure 4.7: Used type of luminaires in reception room.

Figure 4.8: Used type of luminaires in reception room.

Results: the space’s artificial lighting design achieve all the requirement and specifications,
the light is distributed well and the glare is within the right range and not annoying.
3- Security room:
The standard lux value in this type of spaces is 300lx with 3500 - 4000 K lighting temperature
as the next calculations which is done all by the DiaLUX software shows:

Figure 4.9: Artificial lighting calculation for secretary room.

Figure 4.10:
Light scene of lux values for artificial lighting in secretary room with plan of luminaires.
1st floor rooms:
1- Offices:
The standard lux value in this type of spaces is 500lx with 3500 - 4000 K lighting temperature
as the next calculations which is done all by the DiaLUX software shows:

Figure 4.11: Employees office from DiaLUX

Figure 4.12: Artificial lighting calculation for employee’s office.

Figure 4.13: Light scene of lux values for artificial lighting in employee’s office with plan of
luminaires.

Figure 4.14: Used type of luminaires in employee’s office.

Glare check:

Figure 4.15: Glare results in employee’s office.

Results: the space’s artificial lighting design achieve all the requirement and
specifications; the light is distributed well and the glare is within the right range and
not annoying
Bathroom:
The standard lux value in this type of spaces is 100lx with 2700 - 3000 K lighting
temperature as the next calculations which is done all by the DiaLUX software shows:

Figure 4.16: Bathroom from DiaLUX

Figure 4.17: Artificial lighting calculation for bathroom.

 Figure 4.18:
Light scene of lux values for artificial lighting in bathroom with plan of luminaires

Results: the space’s artificial lighting design achieve all the requirement and specifications,
the light is distributed well and the glare is within the right range and not annoying.

W.C:
The standard lux value in this type of spaces is 100lx with 2700 - 3000 K lighting
temperature as the next calculations which is done all by the DiaLUX software shows:

Figure 4.19: W.C from DiaLUX

Figure 4.20: Artificial lighting calculation for W.C.

Figure 4.21: Light scene of lux values for artificial lighting in W.C with plan of luminaires.

Figure 4.22: Used type of luminaires in W.C.

Results: the space’s artificial lighting design achieve all the requirement and
specifications, the light is distributed well and the glare is within the right range and
not annoying.
2nd+3rd floor rooms:
1-Manager room:
The standard lux value in this type of spaces is 500lx with 3500 - 4000 K lighting
temperature as the next calculations which is done all by the DiaLUX software shows:

Figure 4.23: Manager’s room from DiaLUX

Figure 4.24: Artificial lighting calculation for manager’s room.

Figure 4.25: Light scene of lux values for artificial lighting in manager’s room with plan of
luminaires.

Figure 4.26: Used type of luminaires in manager’s room.

Glare check:

Figure 4.27: Glare results in manager’s room

Results: the space’s artificial lighting design achieve all the requirement and
specifications; the light is distributed well and the glare is within the right range and
not annoying.
2-meeting room:
The standard lux value in this type of spaces is 500lx with 3500 - 4000 K lighting
temperature as the next calculations which is done all by the DiaLUX software shows:

Figure 4.29: Artificial lighting calculation for employee’s office.

Figure 4.30: Light scene of lux values for artificial lighting in meeting room with plan of
luminaires.
Figure 4.31: Used type of luminaires in meeting room.

Glare check:

Figure 4.32: Glare results in meeting room for 1-4 chairs.

Figure 4.33: Glare results in meeting room for 5-8 chairs.

Results: the space’s artificial lighting design achieve all the requirement and
specifications; the light is distributed well and the glare is within the right range and
not annoying.
3-Corridor:
The standard lux value in this type of spaces is 100lx with 3000 - 4000 K lighting
temperature as the next calculations which is done all by the DiaLUX software shows:

Figure 4.34: Corridor from DiaLUX.

Figure 4.35: Artificial lighting calculation for corridor.

Figure 4.36: Light scene of lux values for artificial lighting in corridor with plan of luminaires
Figure 4.37: Used type of luminaires in corridor.

Results: the space’s artificial lighting design achieve all the requirement and
specifications, the light is distributed well and the glare is within the right range and
not annoying.
The basement floor:
1-The garage:
The standard lux value in this type of spaces is 75lx with 4000 - 5000 K lighting
temperature as the next calculations which is done all by the DiaLUX software shows:

Figure 4.38: Garage from DiaLUX

Figure 4.39: Artificial lighting calculation for garage.

Figure 4.40: Light scene of lux values for artificial lighting in garage with plan of luminaires.
Figure 4.41: Used type of luminaires in garage.

Results: the space’s artificial lighting design achieve all the requirement and specifications,
the light is distributed well and the glare is within the right range and not annoying.

2-Safe room:
The standard lux value in this type of spaces is 200lx with 3000 - 4000 K lighting temperature
as the next calculations which is done all by the DiaLUX software shows:

Figure 4.42: Safe room from DiaLUX

Figure 4.43: Artificial lighting calculation for safe room.

Figure 4.44: Light scene of lux values for artificial lighting in safe room with plan of
luminaires

Figure 4.45: Used type of luminaires in safe room

Results: the space’s artificial lighting design achieve all the requirement and
specifications, the light is distributed well and the glare is within the right range and
not annoying
4.2 Power:
4.2.1 Introduction:
It is in this part of the project that the electrical wiring of the building is designed. The
necessary exits and switches were distributed and the breakers board designed for the
building.
4.2.2 Drop of voltage:
4.2.2.1 Drop voltage of lighting:
4.3 Mechanical Design:
4.3.1 Water supply system:
Designing the building's water installations and calculating the amount of water
needed for use inside the building. The diameters of the pipes and the pressure
required for water in the floors were calculated, and auxiliary pumps were used. A
boiler was used for hot water.

Figure 4.46: Guide for water supply (Grondzik, Kwok, Stein, & Reynolds, 2010, P.872)
In an office building, 50 liters per one person is needed for water supply in a day. The
largest number of users of the building per day is about 250 users, the total daily
water needed is 12500 liters/day, which equal 12.5 m3 /day.
4.3.1.1 Domestic hot water consumption:

Figure 4.47: Domestic hot water consumption (Grondzik, Kwok, Stein,& Reynolds, 2010,
P.943).

In a building, 3.8 liters per person is needed for water supply in a day. The largest
number of users of the building per day is about 210 users, the total daily water
needed is 800 liters/day, which equal 0.8 m3 /day.
But it is an office building there is no need for hot water in the offices or in the
kitchen, instead we will use an Atmor in the kitchens, W,C, and in the security
room.
4.3.1.2 Diameter calculation:

water pressure
In this building, roof tanks will be used, the water pressure will be 0.433h, where h is
the distance between the lavatory and the middle of the tank.
Table 4:
Water supply fixture units:

Figure 4.48: Water Supply Fixture Units (Grondzik, Kwok, Stein, & Reynolds, 2010, P.991).

By using upper figure, calculate total FU for each floor.

Table 4.15: Fixture unit for zone
Water flow rates:

Figure 4.49: Water flow rate (Grondzik, & Kwok, 2015, P.919)

From upper figure, determined water flow rate for vertical, horizontal & branches for
each floor.
Table 4.16: Water flow rate for zone
Determined diameter pipe & pressure drop

Figure 4:50 Diameter & pressure drop per 100 ft(psi) for steel pipe

Figure 4.51: Diameter & pressure drop per 100 ft(psi) for plastic pipe
From upper figure, determined possible diameter for vertical, meter, horizontal &
branches.
Table 4.17: Equivalent length for zone Pipe Material A.L
 Table 4.18: possible diameter for vertical pipe with pressure losses for zone A

Water flow rate for GF+4th (horizontal)=20 gpm

Table 4.19: possible diameter for horizontal pipe (GF+4thF) with pressure losses for zone A

Water flow rate for floor FF+THF+5thF (horizontal)=23 gpm

Table 4.20: possible diameter for horizontal pipe (1st / 2nd / 3rd) with pressure losses for zone

Water flow rate (branch)=5 gpm

 Table 4.21: possible diameter for branch pipe with pressure losses for zone A

Selected pipes:
Table 4.22: selected diameter for pipes (GF&4th) with pressure losses for zone A

Table 4.23: selected diameter for pipes (1st / 2nd / 3rd ) with pressure losses for zone
For Ground floor, available pressure is 31.62 psi

The critical pressure is 12 psi

The maximum allowable loss=31.62-12=19.62 psi

The total loss in GF is 0.4+1.3+0.039+0.018=1.75 < max loss so it’s ok

19.62-1.75 = 17.87 psi

But we need a limiter 17 psi

For First floor, available pressure is 25.55psi

The critical pressure is 12 psi

The maximum allowable loss = 25.55-12=13.55psi

The total loss in FF is 0.4+1.3+0.04+0.018=1.758

For second floor, available pressure is 20.45psi

The critical pressure is 12 psi The maximum allowable loss=20.45-12=8.45psi

The total loss in SF is 1.75>max loss so it’s ok

8.45-1.75=6.7 psi

But we need a limiter 6 psi For third floor, available pressure is 15.3psi

The critical pressure is 12 psi

The maximum allowable loss=15.3-12=3.3psi

The total loss in TH.F is 1.75

3.3+1.75=1.55 psi

No need limiter For fourth floor, available pressure is 10.2 psi

The critical pressure is 12 psi

The maximum allowable loss=10.2-12=-1.8psi

The total loss in Fourth F is 1.75>max loss so isn’t ok

4.3.2 Drainage system design:

After performing the process of distributing water supply pipes inside the building
and based on the distribution of furniture, especially laundries and toilets, a process of
drawing and designing sewage drainage system according to its type:
1. Gray water gathers in the shower and in the washbasins.
2. Black water: This is the water that accumulates in the toilets and kitchen sink.
3. Storm water: Rainwater fills this reservoir.

Figure 4.52: Drainage fixture units (Grondzik & Kwok, 2015, P.945).

From above figure, shown the total drainage fixture unit in a building
Table 4.24: drainage fixture unit in a building
Figure 4.53: Horizontal Fixture Branches and Stacks (Grondzik & Kwok, 2015, P.946)

Figure 4.53: Building Drains and Sewers (Grondzik & Kwok, 2015, P.948)
Figure 4.54: Size and Developed Length of Stack Vents and Vent Stacks (Grondzik & Kwok,
2015, P.947)

Table 4.25: Diameter & slope for type of fixture

4.3.3 HVAC system design
4.3.4 Firefighting system design:

Introduction:

All buildings in their life cycle are exposed to fire hazards and damage, hence the
importance of firefighting system design.
Fire influences materials either by melting, cracking, twisting or shrinking. One of the
most important basics of protecting people’s lives when a fire breaks out is the
resistance of the building and its construction and finishing materials from this
danger, so that the occupants of the building can escape in the event of a fire.
Procedures:

Table 4.33: Design Requirement

SPRINKLER FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM DESIGN:

The sprinkler system is effective in putting out fires in places where paper forms are
not handled, such as prayer room, multi-purpose rooms and corridors. A sprinkler has
been chosen from Tyco Fire and the model of EC-8. All areas in which this system
will be placed are classified as low hazard according to the Palestinian code for fire
prevention and protection. Each sprinkler covers an area of 12 m2 and Max. Distance
4.6 m.
Figure 4.55: Sprinklers

The diameters of all steel pipe that connect the sprinklers together and connect them
with supplier was chosen by:
Table 4.34: Steel Pipes

Table 4.35: Sprinkler’s Design and Distribution in Waiting room

Table 4.36: Sprinkler’s Design and Distribution in B1 + B2

Table 4.37: Sprinkler’s Design and Distribution in B3

Table 4.38: Sprinkler’s Design and Distribution in Corridor

DETECTORS DISTRIBUTION:
While fires can generally spread quickly, some other fires are started due to periods of
intense dormant fires. In such cases, highly sensitive fire detection systems must be in
place. The faster you want to detect a fire, the more expensive your fire detection
system will be.

Figure 4.56: Detectors

EXTINGUISHER:
Used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations and does not
require the expertise of a firefighter. Three types were used according to the use of
spaces:
- CO2 Extinguisher: The best choice for places with a lot of electrical equipment
and papers such as offices and archive rooms, because it is safe and works by
suppressing the fire and cutting off the air supply, and leaving no residue
compared to foam extinguisher.

Figure 4.57: CO2 Extinguisher

- Powder Extinguisher: It is used in places that contain flammable solids, liquids or

gases such as textiles, paper, wood, paint, diesel, gasoline, butane and methane.
Therefore, this type was used in the sorting room.

Figure 4.58: Powder Extinguisher

- Type A Extinguisher: Use in places exposed to Class A fires on common

combustible materials, such as fabric, wood, paper, rubber, and many plastics.
This type was used in the prayer room and corridors

Figure 4.59: Type A Extinguisher

ALARM SYSTEM:
Although strobe lights and sirens do not put out fires, fire alarms can mitigate
property losses by alerting people who can do so. Fire alarm systems automatically
warn everyone of a fire outbreak, so bystanders, guests or employees inside the
building can respond quickly. Fire alarms can also trigger the fire sprinkler system
automatically.
Two types were used in this project:

- Manual Alarm System:

Figure 4.60: Manual Alarm System

- Sound & Light Alarm System:

Figure 4.70: Sound & Light Alarm System

FIRE HOSE CABINET DISTRIBUTION:
A high-pressure hose that carries water or other fire-retardant material such as foam
to put out fires. On the outside it is connected to either a fire engine or a fire
hydrant. Indoors it can be permanently connected to a building's vertical pipe or
plumbing system. It was used in places near emergency exits. Each fire hose serves
about 25 meters.

Figure 4.71: Fire Hose

EVACUATION PATHS:
Signs indicate entrances and exits to the building so that visitors can easily access
them, and escape quickly in the event of an emergency, thus executing evacuation
quickly and minimizing injuries that can result from a fire.

Figure 4.72: Evacuation Paths

4.3.3 Firefighting system design

Introduction:

All buildings in their life cycle are exposed to fire hazards and damage, hence the
importance of firefighting system design. Fire influences materials either by melting,
cracking, twisting or shrinking. One of the most important basics of protecting
people’s lives when a fire breaks out is the resistance of the building and its
construction and finishing materials from this danger, so that the occupants of the
building can escape in the event of a fire.
References:
1-https://www.thedecorativesurfaces.com/en/artificial-lighting/