Tech Science Press

DOI: 10.32604/ee.2022.018693

ARTICLE

Multifunction Battery Energy Storage System for Distribution Networks

Omar H. Abdalla1,* , Gamal Abdel-Salam2 and Azza A. A. Mostafa3

1 Department of Electrical Power & Machines, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

2 Technical Affairs Sectors, South Cairo Electricity Distribution Company, Cairo, Egypt
3 Department of Energy Efficiency and Renewables, Egyptian Electric Utility and Customer Protection Regulatory Agency,
Cairo, Egypt
∗ Corresponding Author: Omar H. Abdalla. Email: [email protected]
Received: 11 August 2021 Accepted: 22 October 2021

ABSTRACT
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is one of the potential solutions to increase energy system flexibility,
as BESS is well suited to solve many challenges in transmission and distribution networks. Examples of
distribution network’s challenges, which affect network performance, are: (i) Load disconnection or tech-
nical constraints violation, which may happen during reconfiguration after fault, (ii) Unpredictable power
generation change due to Photovoltaic (PV) penetration, (iii) Undesirable PV reverse power, and (iv) Low
Load Factor (LF) which may affect electricity price. In this paper, the BESS is used to support distribution
networks in reconfiguration after a fault, increasing Photovoltaic (PV) penetration, cutting peak load, and
loading valley filling. The paper presents a methodology for BESS optimal locations and sizing considering
technical constraints during reconfiguration after a fault and PV power generation changes. For determining
the maximum power generation change due to PV, actual power registration of connected PV plants in South
Cairo Electricity Distribution Company (SCEDC) was considered for a year. In addition, the paper provides
a procedure for distribution network operator to employ the proposed BESS to perform multi functions
such as: the ability to absorb PV power surplus, cut peak load and fill load valley for improving network’s
performances. The methodology is applied to a modified IEEE 37-node and a real network part consisting
of 158 nodes in SCEDC zone. The simulation studies are performed using the DIgSILENT PowerFactory
software and DPL programming language. The Mixed Integer Linear Programming optimization technique
(MILP) in MATLAB is employed to choose the best locations and sizing of BESS.

KEYWORDS
Battery energy storage system; photovoltaic penetration; peak load reduction; valley filling; MILP
optimization

List of Symbols
CkWh Paid price for MV customer
CSW Cost of switching one circuit breaker for one time
I Cable current
Imax Maximum allowable current for the cable
Ldis Disconnected load

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.
570 EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2

nb Number of buses
R Cable resistance
SCkWh Service cost for the medium voltage
tr Reconfiguration time
V Voltage magnitude at bus
nSW Number of operating switches during reconfiguration
List of Abbreviations
AD Anaerobic Digestion
BESS Battery Energy Storage System
CART Classification and Regressive Tree
DG Distributed Generation
DPL DIgSILENT Programming Language
EDC Electricity Distribution Code
EgyptERA Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency
EV Electric Vehicles
FIT Feed-In Tariff
I-PV-BESS Interline-Photovoltaic-Battery Energy Storage System
IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
MDP Main Distribution Panel
MILP Mixed Integer Linear Programming
MSPV Medium Scale Photovoltaic
MV Medium Voltage
PV Photovoltaic
SCEDC South Cairo Electricity Distribution
Wp Peak Power

1 Introduction
Nowadays, world is moving toward smart and sustainable energy systems. Battery Energy
Storage System (BESS) is widely used to achieve this purpose and support energy systems
reliability. BESS converts surplus electric energy into stored energy to be used upon demand.
Fig. 1 shows the BESS concept, a storage controller and converter grantee the required operation,
and energy storage medium to coordinate with any energy storage technology [1].

Figure 1: BESS diagram

The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Report [2] illustrates the contribution
of BESS in power system via enabling greater share of renewables with providing grid services. In
addition, the report presents BESS in transmission and distribution networks around the world.
BESS advantages for distribution networks and its effect on voltage quality are presented in [3].
EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2 571

Distribution losses reduction is the main objective function for optimal location and sizing of
BESS as presented in [4–8]. Utilizing BESS as a backup source to supply de-energized zones is a
solution to improve network continuity as illustrated in [9]. Optimizing the operational costs and
grantee system security by using BESS was introduced in [10]. In [11], improvement of reliability
indices was obvious upon integrating BESS into the system, associating them to switching devices
for minimizing interruptions. Moreover, BESS is used to avoid feeders’ congestion, voltage devia-
tion, and minimize losses as illustrated in [12]. Peak load periods strain network’s equipment and
low load periods decrease equipment’s efficiency. Such inefficient loading affects electricity price.
BESS could be used to mitigate the spotted inefficiency via discharge during load peak periods,
and recharge during low load periods. Cutting peak load and elimination of new equipment using
BESS were presented in [13]. Smoothen uncertainty of PV generation and control active and
reactive power flow were the objective function in [14], which used Interline-Photovoltaic-Battery
Energy Storage System (I-PV-BESS).
Increasing PV penetration in distribution networks may impact operation due to unpre-
dictable power generation changes, especially if there is no generation prediction tool. Spinning
reserves could be used, yet it consumes fuel with no output energy. Another solution is ancillary
services, which are series of services needed for maintaining the networks secured and stable. The
most significant ancillary services are voltage control, frequency control, generation reserve, and
reactive power compensation. BESS could be used as ancillary services as illustrated in [15–18].
BESS could even be adopted as a multifunction for ancillary services such as: mitigating peak
loading effects on network’s equipment, increasing efficiency of network’s equipment during low
load, a compensation for determined power generation change due to PV, absorbing surplus gen-
eration, and improving load factor. Optimization of location and sizing of Distributed Generation
(DG) and BESS is a critical issue for improving network operation as voltage profile, losses and
cost of energy not supplied. Applying various optimization techniques was the issue discussed
by numerous researches [19–21]. For hybrid systems (PV, Anaerobic Digestion (AD), Storage),
Lai et al. [22] used solar data collected from Johannesburg, Africa to determine PV sizing and
calculate battery capacity to meet the load that cannot be met by PV and AD.
Should it to maintain technical constraints and employ optimal solutions, network reconfig-
uration is exploited to restore loads after fault. Many researches developed methodologies for
minimizing the power losses using optimization techniques as a mixed-integer second-order conic
programming [23], and classification and regressive tree (CART) in [24]. In [25], the objective
function was to switch actions minimization and maximization of load restoration. Dynamic
optimal network reconfiguration was presented in [26] for minimizing power losses, and improving
voltage deviation index in present of PV and Electric Vehicles (EV). Optimal location, sizing and
operation of DG and distribution network reconfiguration were presented in [27] as to reduce
power losses, and in [28] to minimize losses cost and switching cost. The problem arises once the
new reconfiguration violates technical constraints. In such a case, BESS can solve the problem
and maintain technical constraints with no load disconnection.
This paper presents an Egyptian distribution networks’ structure, sequential steps during
fault, and the maximum power change of PV plant based on an actual registration for a year.
The paper presents a methodology for optimal location and sizing of BESS to avoid technical
constraints violation during reconfiguration after a fault, and compensate unpredictable changes
in power generation due to PV plants.
Through the suggested methodology, we propose a procedure for distributed network oper-
ator to utilize BESS in PV surplus absorption, peak load cutting, and load valley filling. The
572 EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2

DIgSILENT PowerFactory software along with its DPL programming language is employed to
adjust the best locations and sizing of BESS. The optimization technique used here is the Mixed
Integer Linear Programming (MILP), which is available in MATLAB. The proposed methodology
is applied to a modified IEEE 37-node test feeder, and a real network part consisting of 158
nodes in South Cairo Electricity Distribution Company (SCEDC) zone.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the proposed methodology for optimal
location and sizing of BESS. Section 3 presents the suggested procedure for implementing BESS
suggested in the methodology. Section 4 describes the Egyptian distribution network. Section 5
presents case studies modified IEEE 37-node test feeder, and a real network part consisting of
158 nodes in SCEDC zone. Section 6 summaries the main conclusions. Loads and cables length
are listed in the Appendixs A and B.

2 Egyptian Distribution Network

This section describes detailed Egyptian network structure, its sequential steps during fault,
and technical constraints.

2.1 Distribution Network Structure

Distribution networks are usually composed of many radial type feeders. Each feeder supplies
one section in the distributor. The distributor consists of two sections that can be connected to
each other via a tie switch. Normally, the distributor has 8–14 outgoing feeders to supply MV
loads. The distributor resident technician is responsible for operating circuit breakers; reading
every circuit breaker load every hour, inform the control center with circuit break tripping. For
more reliability, open cables between MV rooms exist. They are typically used to rearrange the
network once a fault occurs. In each MV room, there is a ring main unit consisting of load break
switches, a transformer, and a low voltage distribution panel. A part of this network is shown in
Fig. 2.

Figure 2: Part of the Egyptian distribution network

2.2 Sequential Steps during Fault

Once a faulty cable arises, its main feeder in the distributor disconnects, such a process is
associated with a horn alarm. The resident technician calls the control center informing them with
EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2 573

the fault in a certain main feeder. The engineer at the control center shall verify the fault through
commanding the technician to reconnect the main feeder. The whole process might approximately
take 10 min. Once a real fault is verified, a maintenance technician heads for the nearest MV
room, which has an open cable to test its MV cables. In case the faulty cable is determined,
it shall be isolated. If not, the technician has to test the other cables in other MV rooms till
finding the faulty cable. Finally, the faulty cable is isolated, and the loads will be re-supplied by
reconfiguring the network. Every faulty cable may have several scenarios to be used in network
reconfiguration. The network operator should select the best scenario that maintains the technical
constraints. The network operator can picks up a scenario with the minimum implementation
time according to distance, or adopts optimization technique.

2.3 Technical Constraints

(1) Medium voltage variation: According to the Electricity Distribution Code (EDC) [29], the
licensed distributor shall preserve the limits of the contracted normal voltage at the supply
point for the subscriber within ±5% for MV underground network.
(2) Maximum cable loading: As per cable manufacturer recommendations for SCEDC, cable
loading should be kept less than 0.75 of its rated current due to ambient soil temperature
and burial depth [30].

2.4 Actual Records of PV Power Measurement

A Medium Scale PV (MSPV) plant is connected to the MV distribution network accord-
ing to the Solar Energy Plants Grid Connection Code for connecting medium and large scale
PV [31]. Technical requirements for connecting MSPV to Egyptian network are clearly explored
in [32]. The MSPV considered here consists of 4488 polycrystalline models with 11 inverters.
The technical data of the PV modules and inverters is listed in the Appendix. The inverters’
output was collected to Main Distribution Panel (MDP), then from MDP to a step-up 1.25 MVA
transformer for elevating voltage up to 22 kV. Its financial scheme for connection is Feed-In Tariff
phase-1 [33]. Feed-In Tariff (FIT) scheme encourages investment in PV since the investor may
sell all the PV production with higher tariff than the distribution company’s tariff. Actual MSPV
power generation was recorded for a year, and the days with maximum power generation change
are illustrated in Fig. 3. The determined power generation change was between 535 kW in
14-3-2019 and 530 kW in 24-10-2019.
574 EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2

Figure 3: Days with power generation change in a year

3 Proposed Methodology for BESS Sizing and Location

3.1 Network Reconfiguration Shortcomings
Network reconfiguration is used to modify the network topology via opening or closing
load beak switches in medium voltage (MV) rooms. Network reconfiguration is an important
method for restoring disconnected loads as much as possible after a cable fault. Since many
scenarios for reconfiguration may be adopted, the distribution operator should select the lowest
cost scenario without violating the technical constraints. In a few cases, none of the available
scenarios maintains the technical constraints leading the distribution operator to disconnect loads.
EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2 575

In [34], the objective function of reconfiguration was minimizing the total reconfiguration
cost as:
Total reconfiguration cost = Cost of active power losses for new reconfiguration
+ Cost of load loss during reconfiguration
+ Cost of PV disconnection during reconfiguration
+ Cost of reconfiguration switching (1)


nc
Cost of active power losses for the new reconfiguration = SCkWh × (Ri × Ii2 ) (2)
i

nb
Cost of load loss during reconfiguration = CkWh × tr × Ldis (3)
i

Cost of PV disconnection during reconfiguration = 0.4 × PV peak power × Agreement price × tr

(4)
Cost of reconfiguration switching = CSW × nSW (5)
where,
SCkWh : Service cost for the medium voltage. It is calculated by EgyptERA according to the
cost of producing and transporting electricity services. For 2019/2020, it was 0.991 LE/kWh
nc : Number of cable
R: Cable resistance
I: Cable current
CkWh : Paid price for MV customer. For 2020/2021 tariff, it is 1.15 LE/kWh
tr : Reconfiguration time
nb : Number of bus
Ldis : Disconnected load
CSW : Cost of switching one circuit breaker for one time
nSW : Number of operating switches during reconfiguration
It is possible that none of the available reconfigurations maintain the technical constraint
(voltage or loading). Violating voltage may damage customers’ equipment while violating loading
constraint may damage network’s equipment. Disconnecting loads was the resolution so as to
maintain technical constraints. However, such a solution decreases the revenues of the distribution
company. As a better alternative, BESS with optimal location and sizing options could be utilized,
rather than disconnecting loads that conflicts utilities regarding the economic considerations.

3.2 Methodology Concept

The methodology comprises five steps as shown in Fig. 4. The steps are as follows:
1. A faulty cable that causes the worst violations of technical constraints is the supplying
cable from the outgoing of the distributor to the first Medium Voltage (MV) room. The voltage
of this cable will be the lowest voltage in this ring. Additionally, the other cables supplying the
576 EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2

addressed MV room shall be overloaded. Therefore, the BESS’s best location should be selected
in the first MV room only as technical constraints should be checked for every supplying cable.
The DIgSILENT PowerFactory and DPL programming language are used for checking technical
constraints. Therefore, the location for BESS is identified.
2. The Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) optimization technique available in the
MATLAB is used to determine the optimal BESS capacity to main technical constraint (voltage
and loading).

Using DIgSILENT,
Run load flow for all
suppling cables after
disconnecting each one

No Are technical
constraints
violated?

Yes

Locate BESS

Using MATLAB
Determine optimal BESS capacity

Determine needed BESS capacity

for PV using historical data

No
Print BESS Optimal BESS
location and <
capacity Needed BESS

Yes
Determine new
BESS location
and capacity

Figure 4: Proposed methodology flow chart

The objective function for improving the voltage profile is:

 nb  
1 
Objective Function = min (1 − |Vi |)2 (6)
nb
i

Constraints for the above objective function are:

|Ik | ≤ |Imax | k = 1, 2, · · · , nc (7)
|Vi |min ≤ |Vi | ≤ |Vi |max i = 1, 2, · · · , nb (8)
where
|Vi |: Voltage magnitude at bus i (pu)
nb : Number of buses
nc : Number of cables
EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2 577

I: Current in the cable

Imax : Maximum allowable current for the cable.
3. Estimate power generation changes due to PV penetration by using historical data for one
year.
4. Compare the optimal BESS size with the needed BESS size to compensate the estimated
maximum power generation change.
5. The needed BESS capacity will be distributed with minimum losses constraints using MILP
in MATLAB. The objective function is to minimize the losses:
n 
 c
Objective Function = min |Ik | × Rk
2
(9)
k=1

where
Ik : Current in cable k, and Rk : Resistance of cable k

4 Proposed Strategy for BESS Scheduling

(1) The BESS requires controlled charging and discharging signals as per recommendations
of the manufacturer to prevent BESS lifetime reduction due to excessive charging and
discharging. For avoiding protection relay malfunction in substation, the PV should not
reverse power to the substation. The BESS could absorb all reverse power as charging
energy. The distribution operator should compare the load curve (low load day) to PV
maximum power curve for determining the reverse power period as charging energy for
BESS.
(2) For better load factor, the BESS could be charged during low load while discharged during
peak load or during PV fluctuations, which leads to network operation enhancement.
The Distribution operator shall analyse the load curve for each distributor section using
hourly data recorded by resident technician or data from SCADA (if available). Therefore,
the distribution operator could determine charging and discharging periods, which should
comply with the manufacture’s recommendations.

5 Case Studies
Two case studies are presented in this section: (i) a modified IEEE 37-node test feeder, and
(ii) a part of the real distribution network of the South Cairo Electricity Distribution system.
Each case study includes; system description, single-line diagram, network reconfiguration, the
proposed methodology for BESS locations and size, along with the suggested procedure for BESS
scheduling and simulation results.

5.1 Modified IEEE 37-Node Test Feeder

5.1.1 System Description
The IEEE 37-node test feeder [35] is modified to be applicable for reconfiguration. As
shown in Fig. 5, the modifications are: adding three Medium Scale PV (MSPV) stations, each is
1000 kWp connected according to the IPP scheme; two external grids, 2500 kVA each, 4.8 kV;
and two open cables for reconfiguration. The modified elements are shown in red while open
cables are presented in dotted red lines. To comply with the MSPV capacity requirements, the
578 EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2

IEEE 37-node test feeder loads are modified as listed in Table B1 in Appendix B, and load profile
is assumed to be similar to the load profile in [4] with the IEEE 33-bus system.

Figure 5: Modified IEEE 37-node test feeder

5.1.2 Network Reconfiguration

The suggested scenarios for certain cables (Cables 36, 37, 38) did not maintain the technical
constraints, which affected the network performance. Table 1 shows the technical constraints for
the modified IEEE 37-node feeder. Bold numbers indicate violation of technical constraints [33].

Table 1: Technical constraints for modified the IEEE 37-node feeder

Scenario No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cable-36 Min. Voltage 0.932 0.932 0.932 0.932 0.932 0.932 0.932 0.895
Cable-37 Min. Voltage 0.806 0.932 0.932 0.932 0.932 0.932 0.932 0.932
Cable-38 Min. Voltage 0.932 0.932 0.937 0.932 0.932 0.932 0.895 0.932
Note: For the modified IEEE 37-node test feeder, there is no overload for any cable.
EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2 579

5.1.3 Proposed Methodology for BESS Location and Sizing

1. Determine technical constraints due to supplying cable disconnection.
Table 1 shows the technical constraints for each cable regarding the available scenarios. For
cable-36, 37 and 38, there are many scenarios (some of them are shown). None of these scenarios
breaches the technical constraints. The location is initially determined to be the MV room
supplying cables with no scenarios to maintain technical constraints.
2. Determine the BESS capacity for selected supplying cables.
For cable-36, 37 and 38, all scenarios violate the technical constraints. Therefore, an alterna-
tive is to use a BESS. For selecting the minimum BESS capacity, optimization technique will be
used. Table 2 shows the minimum BESS capacities, which maintain the technical constraints.
This network has three PVs with 1 MW capacity each; the needed capacity to compensate
the power generation change is 1.6 MW.

Table 2: BESS capacity for modified IEEE 37-node test feeder

Cable number BESS capacity (kW) Min. Voltage
36 730 0.950
37 540 0.950
38 480 0.950

5.1.4 Suggested Procedure for BESS Scheduling

(1) Fig. 6 shows the distributor load curve and maximum power curve for two MSPVs. No
reverse power takes place.
(2) To determine the charging and discharging periods, the load curve with two MSPVs is
to be utilized. Fig. 7 shows old load curve, new load curve, and BESS charging and
discharging capacities. The load factor was 0.87 which will elevate up to 1 after using
BESS.

Figure 6: Load curve and maximum power for two MSPVs

580 EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2

Figure 7: Old & new load curves, and BESS charging/discharging capacities

The BESS will be charged during low load at periods (12 AM: 7 AM) and (6 PM: 12 AM).
It will be discharged during PV fluctuations (7 AM: 6 PM).

5.2 Part of a Specific District in SCEDC

5.2.1 System Description
A part of the specific district in SCEDC in Fig. 8 consists of 158 nodes, 138 MV rooms, 155
cables, one MSPV station 1000 kWp connected according to the Feed-In Tariff scheme phase-1
and 17 open cables for reconfiguration. It is supplied from three distributors at 22 kV. All cables
are 3 × 240 mm2 , 12/20 (24 kV), aluminium, XLPE insulated, steel tape armoured, and PVC
sheath as per the distribution company specification. Six MSPV stations are expected to connect
according to the IPP schemes, each one 1000 kWp. The expected MSPV are with red colour and
open cables are with dotted red lines. Loads and cable length are listed in Tables C1 and C2,
respectively, in Appendix C.

5.2.2 Network Reconfiguration

The suggested scenarios for certain cables (Cables 141, 144, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154,
155) did not maintain the technical constraints, which affected the network performance. Table 3
shows the technical constraints for the system. Bold numbers indicate violation of technical
constraints [33].
EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2 581

Figure 8: Part of a real network consisting of 158 nodes in SCEDC zone

5.2.3 Proposed Methodology for BESS Location and Sizing

1. Determine technical constraints due to supplying cable disconnection.
Table 3 shows the technical constraints for each cable regarding the available scenarios. For
Cable-136, there are three scenarios: (Scenario-1 close Cable-3, Scenario-2 close Cable-6 and
Scenario-3 open Cable-47 then close both Cable-3 and Cable-11). The location is initially deter-
mined to be the MV room supplying cables with no scenario to maintain technical constraints.
2. Determine BESS capacity for selected supplying cables.
For Cable-141, 144, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, all scenarios violate the technical con-
straints. Hence, a resolution is to depend on a BESS. For selecting the minimum BESS capacity,
optimization technique is to be implemented. Table 4 shows the minimum BESS capacities, which
maintain the technical constraints.
This network has seven PVs with 1 MW capacity each; the required capacity to compensate
the power generation change is 3.8 MW. Therefore, there is no need for new BESS to be added.
582 EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2

Table 3: Technical constraints for the real network part

Scenario No. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Cable-136 Cable-146
Min. Voltage 0.951 0.951 0.951 – 0.951 – – –
Loading 0.70 0.70 0.70 – 0.73 – – –
Cable-137 Cable-147
Min. Voltage 0.951 0.951 0.925 – 0.951 – – –
Loading 0.70 0.70 0.85 – 0.70 – – –
Cable-138 Cable-148
Min. Voltage 0.951 0.951 0.943 0.906 0.938 – – –
Loading 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.81 0.74 – – –
Cable-139 Cable-149
Min. Voltage 0.951 0.951 0.951 – 0.926 0.927 0.927 –
Loading 0.70 0.70 0.70 – 1.05 0.80 0.72 –
Cable-140 Cable-150
Min. Voltage 0.951 0.938 0.947 – 0.928 0.862 – –
Loading 0.70 0.84 0.81 – 0.87 1.30 – –
Cable-141 Cable-151
Min. Voltage 0.906 0.939 – – 0.951 – – –
Loading 0.81 0.70 – – 0.70 – – –
Cable-142 Cable-152
Min. Voltage 0.951 0.951 0.951 – 0.929 0.943 0.924 –
Loading 0.70 0.70 0.70 – 0.70 0.90 1.19 –
Cable-143 Cable-153
Min. Voltage 0.951 – – – 0.925 0.892 0.944 0.902
Loading 0.70 – – – 1.12 0.99 1.12 1.26
Cable-144 Cable-154
Min. Voltage 0.955 – – – 0.906 0.896 – –
Loading 1.26 – – – 0.96 1.27 – –
Cable-145 Cable-155
Min. Voltage 0.947 0.951 0.928 – 0.912 0.928 – –
Loading 0.87 0.70 0.82 – 0.93 1.13 – –
EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2 583

Table 4: BESS capacity for the real network part

Cable number BESS capacity (kW) Min. voltage Loading
141 930 0.950 0.70
144 6750 0.962 0.75
148 1620 0.950 0.70
149 4410 0.951 0.75
150 2580 0.950 0.73
152 2460 0.950 0.70
153 5790 0.950 0.70
154 4200 0.950 0.70
155 3810 0.950 0.70

5.2.4 Suggested Procedure for BESS Scheduling

(1) Fig. 9 shows the distributor load curve (low load day) and maximum power curve for two
MSPVs. No reverse power occurs.
(2) To determine the charging and discharging periods, the load curve with two MSPVs
(normal load day) will be used. Fig. 10 shows old load curve, new load curve, and BESS
charging and discharging capacities. The load factor was 0.81, which will change into 1
after applying the BESS. The BESS will be charged during low load at periods (12 AM: 7
AM) and (6 PM: 12 AM) whereas it will be discharged at peak load and PV fluctuations
(7 AM: 6 PM).

Figure 9: Load curve and maximum power for two MSPVs

584 EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2

Figure 10: Old & new load curves, and BESS charging/discharging capacities

6 Conclusions
Along with the distribution networks development and increasing PV penetration, BESS
is increasingly becoming a priority for network enhancement. Optimal location and sizing of
the BESS are required due to its high cost. The paper has presented the Egyptian distribution
networks structure, sequential steps during fault, and the maximum power change of PV plant
according to actual registration for a year.
The paper has investigated a methodology for optimum location and sizing of the BESS in
order to maintain technical constraints during reconfiguration after a fault, and compensate the
unpredictable changes in PV generation power. Additionally, the paper proposed a procedure for
distribution network operator to employ the addressed BESS to perform multi functions such as
ability to absorb PV power surplus, cut peak load and fill load valley for improving network’s
operation. The methodology was applied for two case studies: (i) a modified IEEE 37-node test
feeder, and (ii) a part of a real distribution network consisting of 158 nodes in the SCEDC zone.
The methodology suggests the optimum locations and sizing of the required BESS, which
results in reconfiguration with no technical constraints, besides compensated PV generation
changes. Load factor improvement and PV power surplus absorption were fulfilled via the
suggested procedure. DIgSILENT PowerFactory and DPL programming language have been
successfully employed in power flow studies. The MILP in MATLAB has been successfully imple-
mented as an optimization technique for selecting the best locations and sizing of the required
BESS.

Funding Statement: The authors received no specific funding for this study.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding
the present study.

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EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2 587

Appendix A
PV module:
YL245P-26b (245 W) polycrystalline,
It consists of 60 cells,
Module dimension = 1.65 m × 0.99 m × 0.04 m,
Module efficiency = 15%,
Electrical specifications at standard test conditions: Maximum Power (Pmax) = 245 Wp,
Maximum Power Voltage (Vmp) = 30.2 V,
Maximum Power Current (Imp) = 8.11 A,
Open-circuit Voltage (Voc) = 37.8 V,
Short-circuit Current (Isc) = 8.63 A,
Temperature coefficients of Pmax = –0.45%/◦C.
Inverters:
PVS-100TL (100 kW),
Efficiency = 98.4%,
Electrical specifications:
Maximum power point (MPP) range = 480 V . . . 850 V, Maximum input current = 6 ×
36.0 A,
Power factor range = 0.80 inductive to 0.80 capacitive.

Appendix B

Table B1: Loads for the modified IEEE 37-node test feeder
Node Load∗ Node Load∗ Node Load∗ Node Load∗ Node Load∗ Node Load∗
(MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW)
701 0.50 707 0.28 713 0.28 725 0.14 732 0.14 738 0.42
702 0.28 708 0.28 714 0.12 727 0.14 733 0.28 740 0.28
703 0.28 709 0.28 718 0.28 728 0.14 734 0.14 741 0.14
704 0.28 710 0.28 720 0.28 729 0.14 735 0.28 742 0.14
705 0.28 711 0.28 722 0.53 730 0.28 736 0.14 744 0.14
706 0.28 712 0.28 724 0.14 731 0.28 737 0.46
Note: ∗ All loads are assumed to have 0.92 power factor lag.
588 EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2

Appendix C.

Table C1: Loads for the part of the specific district in SCEDC consisting of 158 nodes
Node Load∗ Node Load∗ Node Load∗ Node Load∗ Node Load∗ Node Load∗
(MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW)
1 0.80 24 0.25 47 0.80 70 0.75 93 0.8 116 0.80
2 0.80 25 0.30 48 0.80 71 0.75 94 0.80 117 1.50
3 0.80 26 0.80 49 0.80 72 1.80 95 0.75 118 0.80
4 0.80 27 0.30 50 0.30 73 0.75 96 0.75 119 1.25
5 0.80 28 0.30 51 0.80 74 0.45 97 0.75 120 0.80
6 0.80 29 0.30 52 1.45 75 0.40 98 2.00 121 0.80
7 0.80 30 0.80 53 0.40 76 0.75 99 1.45 122 1.50
8 0.80 31 0.80 54 0.75 77 0.70 100 1.10 123 1.25
9 0.80 32 0.80 55 0.75 78 0.75 101 0.75 124 0.80
10 0.80 33 0.80 56 0.05 79 2.20 102 1.45 125 1.50
11 0.80 34 0.80 57 3.00 80 1.45 103 1.45 126 0.80
12 0.30 35 0.80 58 0.75 81 0.75 104 1.45 127 0.45
13 0.30 36 0.80 59 0.15 82 0.75 105 0.75 128 1.50
14 0.80 37 1.50 60 1.20 83 0.75 106 0.75 129 0.80
15 0.35 38 0.80 61 0.80 84 0.40 107 0.80 130 0.80
16 0.80 39 0.40 62 0.75 85 0.40 108 0.80 131 0.80
17 0.80 40 0.80 63 1.45 86 0.75 109 0.45 132 0.80
18 0.80 41 0.80 64 0.75 87 1.10 110 0.80 133 0.80
19 0.80 42 0.80 65 0.75 88 0.75 111 0.80 134 0.80
20 0.80 43 0.30 66 0.75 89 0.75 112 0.34 135 0.80
21 0.80 44 0.80 67 0.75 90 0.75 113 0.80 136 1.50
22 0.30 45 0.80 68 0.75 91 0.75 114 1.50 137 1.50
23 0.80 46 0.80 69 0.20 92 2.20 115 0.80 138 0.80
Note: ∗ All loads are with 0.92 power factor lag.

Table C2: Cable length for a part of the specific district in SCEDC consists of 158 nodes
Cable Length (km) Cable Length (km) Cable Length (km) Cable Length (km) Cable Length (km)
1 0.19 32 0.25 63 0.07 94 0.40 125 0.09
2 0.22 33 0.24 64 0.25 95 0.25 126 0.14
3 0.30 34 0.10 65 0.33 96 0.07 127 0.15
4 0.18 35 0.07 66 0.90 97 0.38 128 0.37
5 0.26 36 0.30 67 0.17 98 0.06 129 0.26
6 0.22 37 0.20 68 0.32 99 0.08 130 0.20
7 1.32 38 0.72 69 0.95 100 0.10 131 0.22
8 1.32 39 0.22 70 0.22 101 0.40 132 0.02
9 0.13 40 0.12 71 0.18 102 1.30 133 0.45
10 0.38 41 0.12 72 1.30 103 0.90 134 0.10
11 0.51 42 0.08 73 0.45 104 0.15 135 0.09
12 0.08 43 0.35 74 1.10 105 0.15 136 0.33

(Continued)
EE, 2022, vol.119, no.2 589

Table C2 (Continued)
Cable Length (km) Cable Length (km) Cable Length (km) Cable Length (km) Cable Length (km)
14 0.41 45 0.22 76 0.50 107 0.93 138 0.45
15 0.12 46 0.08 77 0.33 108 0.23 139 1.80
16 0.18 47 0.13 78 0.35 109 0.04 140 0.91
17 0.09 48 0.21 79 0.33 110 0.10 141 0.27
18 0.07 49 0.10 80 0.08 111 0.41 142 0.57
19 0.06 50 0.50 81 1.50 112 1.99 143 0.56
20 0.22 51 0.10 82 0.21 113 1.95 144 0.45
21 0.10 52 0.76 83 0.38 114 0.48 145 0.23
22 0.14 53 0.50 84 0.15 115 0.08 146 0.08
23 0.33 54 0.20 85 0.13 116 0.38 147 0.63
24 0.15 55 0.20 86 0.13 117 0.27 148 0.18
25 0.29 56 0.30 87 0.15 118 0.35 149 0.33
26 0.22 57 0.50 88 0.57 119 0.22 150 0.21
27 0.25 58 0.10 89 0.43 120 0.83 151 0.47
28 0.11 59 0.24 90 0.06 121 0.29 152 0.55
29 0.34 60 0.28 91 0.30 122 0.12 153 0.95
30 0.10 61 0.22 92 2.05 123 0.70 154 1.30
31 0.29 62 0.33 93 0.33 124 0.87 155 0.12