CES 822 Assignment 1 PDF
CES 822 Assignment 1 PDF
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COMPILED BY
SUBMITTED TO
Iron and steel are both ferrous metals, meaning they contain iron as a primary element.
However, there are significant differences between the two in terms of composition,
properties, and uses. Here's a breakdown of the key differences between iron and steel:
1. Composition:
Iron: Pure iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number
26. It has a relatively low carbon content and is quite soft and malleable in its
pure form.
Steel: Steel is an alloy primarily composed of iron and carbon. The carbon
content in steel can vary widely, typically ranging from 0.2% to 2.1% by
Iron: Pure iron is relatively soft and not very strong. It can be easily shaped
and molded.
Steel: The addition of carbon and other alloying elements in steel significantly
increases its strength, hardness, and durability. Steel can be produced with a
wide range of properties, from soft and ductile to extremely hard and strong.
Iron: Pure iron is highly malleable and ductile, meaning it can be easily bent,
Steel: The malleability and ductility of steel depend on its composition. Low-
carbon steels are more malleable and ductile, while high-carbon steels tend to
be more brittle.
4. Uses:
Iron: Pure iron has limited practical uses due to its softness and lack of
Steel: Steel has a wide range of applications due to its versatility and strength.
5. Corrosion Resistance:
Iron: Pure iron is prone to rusting and corrosion when exposed to moisture and
oxygen.
iron.
6. Cost:
Iron: Pure iron is less expensive than steel due to its simpler composition and
Steel: The cost of steel varies based on its composition and properties, with
7. Production Process:
Iron: Iron is typically extracted from iron ore through a process called
smelting, which involves melting the iron ore in a blast furnace and removing
alloying elements to iron in order to achieve the desired properties. This can
be done through various methods, such as the basic oxygen process, electric
alloy of iron and carbon (along with other elements) that offers a wide range of properties and
BS 5950 and AASHTO are both widely used design codes for steel structures, each
developed by different standards organizations for specific applications and regions. Here's a
comparison of the design principles of steel structures in BS 5950 and AASHTO, along with
Scope: BS 5950 is a British design code primarily intended for the design of
Load Factors and Load Combinations: BS 5950 provides load factors and
load combinations for various types of loads (dead load, live load, wind load,
etc.), taking into account factors like safety, probability, and intended service
life.
steel, including yield strength, tensile strength, and allowable stresses. The
including the ultimate limit state (ULS) and the serviceability limit state
(SLS). Design checks are performed to ensure that the structure can withstand
approach, which allows for redistribution of moments after reaching the yield
point in certain members. Plastic design methods are used for certain critical
elements.
Connection Design: The code provides guidance on the design of steel
BS 5950 is a British standard for the design of steel structures. It focuses on the limit state
design philosophy, which involves considering both ultimate limit states (ULS) and
Ultimate Limit State (ULS): BS 5950 emphasizes the importance of ensuring that the
structure can withstand the maximum loads and forces without collapsing. It provides
guidelines for calculating various load combinations, including dead loads, live loads,
wind loads, and others. The design involves checking the capacity of individual
Serviceability Limit State (SLS): This aspect focuses on ensuring that the structure
Scope: AASHTO codes are commonly used in the United States for the design
properties for structural steel. Different grades of steel are considered based on
Limit States: AASHTO uses limit states similar to BS 5950, including the
strength limit state (SLS) and the service limit state (SLS), to ensure the safety
Design Methods: AASHTO codes incorporate both load and resistance factor
design (LRFD) and allowable stress design (ASD) methods. LRFD accounts
for load uncertainties by applying load factors, while ASD uses allowable
highways. AASHTO's principles align with the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
philosophy.
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD): AASHTO LRFD emphasizes the
concept of load factors and resistance factors. Load factors are applied to different
types of loads (dead loads, live loads, etc.) to account for uncertainties, while
safety.
Limit States: AASHTO LRFD identifies different limit states, including strength limit
states, service limit states, and fatigue limit states. The design process involves
verifying that the structure meets the criteria for each of these limit states.
Scope: AISC 360 is another significant design code used in the United States
and bridges.
Load Factors and Load Combinations: AISC 360 also employs the LRFD
approach, incorporating load factors and load combinations for different load
types.
construction.
Limit States: AISC 360 uses limit states similar to other codes to ensure the
Design Methods: AISC 360 focuses on the LRFD method, allowing for a
4. Other Codes:
Apart from Eurocode, there are several other codes used for structural design around the
world:
ACI 318 (American Concrete Institute): This code is widely used for concrete
IS 800 (Indian Standard): Used in India for general structural steel design.
CAN/CSA S16 (Canadian Standard): Used in Canada for the design of steel
structures.
These codes have their own principles and philosophies that cater to specific design practices,
In summary, while BS 5950, AASHTO, and AISC 360 share some common principles like
the consideration of load factors, limit states, and material properties, they are tailored to
specific regions and applications. BS 5950 is widely used in the UK for building structures,
AASHTO is used in the US for transportation-related structures, and AISC 360 is used for a
variety of steel structures in the US. Each code has its own unique design philosophy and
methodologies. BS 5950 emphasizes the limit state design philosophy and AASHTO LRFD
focuses on load and resistance factors, other codes like ACI 318, IBC, IS 800, and CAN/CSA
S16 also have their unique approaches to structural design based on regional needs and
materials. Each code aims to ensure the safety, functionality, and longevity of structures