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Edc Notes Unit 5

The document then discusses solid state speed control methods. It describes slip power recovery schemes like the Kramer and Scherbius systems which inject a slip frequency voltage into the rotor circuit to control the motor speed. These methods allow smooth and wide range speed control of large induction motors.

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sushant.sahayee20
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21 views

Edc Notes Unit 5

The document then discusses solid state speed control methods. It describes slip power recovery schemes like the Kramer and Scherbius systems which inject a slip frequency voltage into the rotor circuit to control the motor speed. These methods allow smooth and wide range speed control of large induction motors.

Uploaded by

sushant.sahayee20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT-V

CONVENTIONAL AND SOLID STATE


SPEED CONTROL OF A.C DRIVES

INTRODUCTION
 A three phase induction motor is basically a constant speed motor so it‟s
somewhat difficult to control its speed. The speed control of induction motor is
done at the cost of decrease in efficiency and low electrical power factor.
 To control the speed of three phase induction motor one should know the basic
formulas of speed and torque of three phase induction motor as the methods of
speed control depends upon these formulas.

SPEED CONTROL OF DRIVES


 The electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
 Drive systems are mainly used in applications such as pumps, paper, textile mills and
more…
 Industrial drive applications are generally classified into constant speed and
variable speed drives.
 AC machines have been used in constant speed application, because conventional
methods of their speed control have either been expensive or highly insufficient.
 But DC machines were preferred for variable speed drives. However, the main
disadvantages of dc machines are,
 Higher cost
 Higher rotor inertia
 Maintenance problems
 EMI problems

Advantages of Induction motor:


 Rugged
 Cheaper
 Lighter
 Smaller
 Less maintenance

Prepared by G.K.Jabash Samuel/Associate Professor /EEE/RCET


Applications of Induction motors:
 Laths
 Drilling machines
 Fans Blowers
 Water pumps
 Grinders
 Printing machines etc.,

Speed control of three phase induction motor:


Stator Side
 V / f control or frequency control.
 Changing the number of stator poles
 Controlling supply voltage.
 Adding rheostat in the stator circuit.
Rotor Side
 Adding external resistance on rotor side.
 Cascade control method.
 Injecting slip frequency emf into rotor side.

V/F control or Frequency control:

 Whenever three phase supply is given to three phase induction motor rotating
magnetic field is produced which rotates at synchronous speed given by

 In three phase induction motor emf is induced by induction similar to that of


transformer which is given by

 Where K is the winding constant, T is the number of turns per phase and f is frequency.
Now if we change frequency synchronous speed changes but with decrease in
frequency flux will increase and this change in value of flux causes saturation of
rotor and stator cores which will further cause increase in no load current of the
motor .

Prepared by G.K.Jabash Samuel/Associate Professor /EEE/RCET


 So, its important to maintain flux, φ constant and it is only possible if we change
voltage . i.e if we decrease frequency flux increases but at the same time if we
decrease voltage flux will also decease causing no change in flux and hence it
remains constant.
 So, here we are keeping the ratio of V/ f as constant. Hence its name is V/ f method.

 For controlling the speed of three phase induction motor by V/ f method we have
to supply variable voltage and frequency which is easily obtained by using
converter and inverter set.

Pole Changing Methods:

 The speed of an induction motor depends upon the number of poes which the stator is
wound.
 If two independent stator windings are used for different number of poles say
for four poles and for two poles are made on the stator, definite rotor speeds
can be obtained.
 The two windings are to be insulated from one another. When any of the
windings is used, other winding should be kept open circuited by the switch.
 For example, a 36-slot stator may have two 3-windings, one with 4 poles and the other
with 6-poles. With supply frequency of 50Hz, 4 pole winding will give
120 50
N s   1500 rpm and the 6 pole winding will give,
4
120  50
Ns   1000 rpm
6
 The limitation of this method is only two definite speeds can be obtained.
Smooth control of speed over wide range is not possible.

Prepared by G.K.Jabash Samuel/Associate Professor /EEE/RCET


Changing Supply Voltage Method:

 Slip can be varied by changing the applied stator voltage i.e. motor speed can be
varied by varying the supply voltage, because

Torque  V 2

If the voltage is reduced as, torque is reduced as square of the voltage

o For example, if the applied voltage is reduced from V to 0.9 V, the torque will z be
reduced from T to 0.81 T.

 Since the torque is reduced to 81 percent, the rotor cannot continue to rotate
at speed N 1, it speed will be reduced. i.e. its slip will increase until the
increased rotor current will make up for the reduced stator voltage and produce
the required load torque at a a lower speed N 2.

 This method of speed control is rarely used for industrial three-phase motors
because of the requirement of additional costly voltage changing auxiliary
equipment.

o For small induction motor used in home appliance, voltage control method of
speed changing is often used.

Prepared by G.K.Jabash Samuel/Associate Professor /EEE/RCET


Slip Power Recovery Scheme:

Kramer System:

 It consists of main induction motor M, the speed of which is to be controlled.


 The two additional equipments are, d.c. motor and rotary converter.
 The d.c. side of rotary converter feeds a d.c. shunt motor commutator,
which is directly connected to the shaft of the main motor.
 A separate d.c. supply is required to excite the field winding of d.c. motor and
exciting winding of a rotary converter.
 The variable resistance is introduced in the field circuit of a d.c. motor which
acts as s field regulator.

 The speed of the set is controlled by varying the field of the d.c. motor with the
rheostat R.
When the field resistance is changed, the back e.m.f. of motor changes.
 Thus the d.c. voltage at the commutator changes.
 This changes the d.c. voltage on the d.c. side of a rotary converter.
 Now rotary converter has a fixed ratio between its a.c. side and d.c. side voltages.
 Thus voltage on its a.c. side also changes. This a.c. voltage is given to the slip rings
of the main motor.
 So the voltage injected in the rotor of main motor changes which produces the
required speed control.
 Very large motors above 4000 kW such as steel rolling mills use such type of speed
control.
 The main advantage of this method is that a smooth speed control is possible.
Similarly wide range of speed control is possible.

Prepared by G.K.Jabash Samuel/Associate Professor /EEE/RCET


 Another advantage of the system is that the
design of a rotary converter is practically
independent of the speed control required.

 Similarly if rotary converter is overexcited, it draws leading


current and thus power factor improvement is also possible along
with the necessary speed control.

Scherbius System:

 This method requires an auxiliary 3 phase or 6 phase a.c. commutator


machine which is called
Scherbius machine.
 The difference between Kramer system and this system is that
the Scherbius machine is not directly connected to the main
motor, whose speed is to be
controlled.
 The Scherbius machine is is excited at a slip frequency from the rotor
of a main
motor through a regulation transformer.
 The taps on the regulating transformer can be varied, this changes
the voltage
developed in the rotor Scherbius machine, which is injected into the
rotor of
main motor.
 This control the speed of the main motor, the scherbius
machine is connected directly to the induction motor supplied
from main line so that its speed
deviates from a fixed value only to the extent of the slip of
the auxiliary induction motor.
 For any given setting
Preparedof regulatingSamuel/Associate
by G.K.Jabash transformer, Professor
the speed of
/EEE/RCET
the main motor remains substantially constant irrespective of the
load variations.
 Similar to the Kramer system, this method is also used to control
speed of large
induction motors.
 The only disadvantage is that these methods can be used only for slip
ring induction
motors.

Prepared by G.K.Jabash Samuel/Associate Professor /EEE/RCET

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