Lecture Notes in

CE 41 – Structural Theory
WIND LOAD SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:

The building shown is used for agricultural purposes and is located on a flat terrain in Valencia City,
Bukidnon. When the wind is directed as shown, determine the design wind pressure acting on the h’
roof and sides of the building. 10⁰
7.5m

Solution: 20m
40m
Following Table 207B.2-1 on Steps to Determine MWFRS Wind Loads for Enclosed,
20m
Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings of All Heights
Wind
NSCP 2015 Provisions Sample Problem

Step 1: Determine risk category of building or other structure, see Table 103-1.

Occupancy Category IV
Standard Occupancy Structures
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable risk category, see Figure 207A.5 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑉 = 280 𝑘𝑝ℎ
– 1A, B or C
Concert to m/s:

1000𝑚 1ℎ𝑟
𝑉 = 280 𝑘𝑝ℎ × × = 77.778𝑚/𝑠
1𝑘𝑚 3600 𝑠

Apply highest wind

speed nearest to
the location
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
Step 3a: Wind Directionality Factor, 𝐾𝑑 , see Section 207A.6 and Table 207A.6-1

𝐾𝑑 = 0.85

Step 3b: Exposure Category, see Section 207A.7

Exposure Category C
Step 3c: Topographic Factor, 𝐾𝑧𝑡 , see Section 207A.8 and Table 207A.8-1
𝐾𝑧𝑡 = 1.0

Step 3d: Gust Effect Factor, G, see Section 207A.9

𝐺 = 0.85

Step 3e: Enclosure Classification, see Section 207A.10

Enclosed Building
 Step 3f: Internal Pressure Coefficient, (𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 ), see Section 207A.11 and Table 207A.11-1

𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18

Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, 𝐾𝑧 or 𝐾ℎ , see Table 207B.3-1

y
10⁰

h z 7.5m

20m 20m

𝑦
tan 10° = 20𝑚 ; 𝑦 = 20 tan 10° = 3.527𝑚
𝑦 3.527
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, ℎ = 𝑧 + = 7.5 +
2 2
ℎ = 9.263𝑚
𝑧 = 7.5𝑚
Based on Table207B.3-1:
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient, 𝐾𝑧 :
z 𝑲𝒛
4.5 0.85
6.0 0.90
7.5 0.94

Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient, 𝐾𝑧 :

z 𝑲𝒉
9.263 0.985 (thru interpolation)

Interpolation:
12 − 9 12 − 9.263
=
1.04 − 0.98 1.04 − 𝑥
𝑥 = 0.985

Using Formula for 4.5 ≤ 𝑧 ≥ 𝑧𝑔 :

(Table 207A.9-1 for 𝑧𝑔 & 𝑎)
2
⁄9.5
7.5
𝐾𝑧 = 2.01 ( ) = 0.942
274.32
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient, 𝐾𝑧 :
z 𝑲𝒛
4.5 0.846
6.0 0.898
7.5 0.942

Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient, 𝐾𝑧 :

z 𝑲𝒉
9.263 0.985 (using formula)
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure 𝑞𝑧 or 𝑞ℎ Equation 207B.3-1 Use formula for 𝑞𝑧 :
(Use the same formula for 𝑞ℎ )
𝐾𝑧𝑡 = 1.0
𝐾𝑑 = 0.85
𝑉 = 280 𝑘𝑝ℎ = 77.778𝑚/𝑠
Velocity Pressure, 𝑞𝑧 :
z 𝑲𝒛 𝒒𝒛 (𝑁/𝑚2 )
4.5 0.85 2679.241
6.0 0.90 2836.844
7.5 0.94 2962.926

Velocity Pressure, 𝑞ℎ :
z 𝑲𝒉 𝒒𝒉 (𝑁/𝑚2 )
9.263 0.985 3104.768

Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 or 𝐶𝑁

h’
10⁰
7.5m

40m 20m
20m

Wind
 Side wall

Windward Leeward

Wind

Side wall

(Top View)

𝐿 = 2(20𝑚), 𝐵 = 40𝑚
𝐿 40𝑚
= = 1.0
𝐵 40𝑚

Wall Pressure Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 :

Windward = 0.8
Leeward = - 0.5
Side Wall = - 0.7

ℎ 9.263𝑚
= = 0.232
𝐿 40𝑚

Roof Pressure Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 :

Windward = - 0.7
Leeward = - 0.3

Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p, on each building surface

WALLS:
Windward walls (Burst Condition,𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = +0.18):
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑧
𝐺 = 0.85
Windward wall Pressure Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 = 0.8
𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞ℎ (𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠) = 3104.768 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = +0.18
 z 𝒒 = 𝒒𝒛 (𝑁/𝑚2 ) 𝒑 (𝑁/𝑚2 )
4.5 2679.241 1263.026
6.0 2836.844 1370.196
7.5 2962.926 1455.931

Windward walls (Suction Condition,𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = −0.18):

𝑞 = 𝑞𝑧
𝐺 = 0.85
Windward wall Pressure Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 = 0.8
𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞ℎ (𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠) = 3104.768 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = −0.18

z 𝒒 = 𝒒𝒛 (𝑁/𝑚2 ) 𝒑 (𝑁/𝑚2 )
4.5 2679.241 2380.742
6.0 2836.844 2487.912
7.5 2962.926 2573.648

Leeward Walls (Burst Condition,𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = +0.18):

𝐺 = 0.85
Leeward wall Pressure Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 = −0.5
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞ℎ (𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠)
= 3104.768 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = +0.18
z 𝒒𝒉 (𝑁/𝑚2 ) 𝒑(𝑁/𝑚2 )
9.263 3104.768 -1878.385

Leeward Walls (Suction Condition,𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = −0.18):

𝐺 = 0.85
Leeward wall Pressure Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 = −0.5
 𝑞 = 𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞ℎ (𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠)
= 3104.768 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = −0.18
z 𝒒𝒉 (𝑁/𝑚2 ) 𝒑(𝑁/𝑚2 )
9.263 3104.768 760.668

Side Walls (Burst Condition,𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = +0.18):

𝐺 = 0.85
Side wall Pressure Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞ℎ (𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠)
= 3104.768 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = +0.18

z 𝒒𝒉 (𝑁/𝑚2 ) 𝒑(𝑁/𝑚2 )
9.263 3104.768 -2406.195

Side Walls (Suction Condition,𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = −0.18):

𝐺 = 0.85
Side wall Pressure Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞ℎ (𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠)
= 3104.768 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = −0.18
z 𝒒𝒉 (𝑁/𝑚2 ) 𝒑(𝑁/𝑚2 )
9.263 3104.768 -1288.479

ROOF:
Windward Roof (Burst Condition,𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = +0.18):
𝐺 = 0.85
Windward roof Pressure Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞ℎ (𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠)
= 3104.768 𝑁/𝑚2
 𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = +0.18
z 𝒒𝒉 (𝑁/𝑚2 ) 𝒑(𝑁/𝑚2 )
9.263 3104.768 -2406.195

Windward Roof (Suction Condition,𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = −0.18):

𝐺 = 0.85
Windward Roof Pressure Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 = −0.7
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞ℎ (𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠)
= 3104.768 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = −0.18
z 𝒒𝒉 (𝑁/𝑚2 ) 𝒑(𝑁/𝑚2 )
9.263 3104.768 -1288.479

Leeward Roof (Burst Condition,𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = +0.18):

𝐺 = 0.85
Leeward roof Pressure Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 = −0.3
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞ℎ (𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠)
= 3104.768 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = +0.18
z 𝒒𝒉 (𝑁/𝑚2 ) 𝒑(𝑁/𝑚2 )
9.263 3104.768 -1350.574

Leeward Roof (Suction Condition,𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = −0.18):

𝐺 = 0.85
Leeward Roof Pressure Coefficient, 𝐶𝑝 = −0.3
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞ℎ (𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠)
= 3104.768 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = −0.18
z 𝒒𝒉 (𝑁/𝑚2 ) 𝒑(𝑁/𝑚2 )
9.263 3104.768 -232.858
ILLUSTRATION OF WIND LOADS:
BURST CONDITION:

2406.195 N/m² 2406.195 N/m² Sign Convention:

1350.574 N/m² Positive (+) = Towards
Negative (-) = Away

Side wall
1455.931 N/m²

Leeward Wall
Windward Wall
7.5m

6.0m
Windward Wall

Leeward Wall
1370.196 N/m²
1878.385 N/m²
4.5m Side wall

1263.026 N/m²

2406.195 N/m²

SUCTION CONDITION:
1288.479 N/m² 1288.479 N/m²
232.858 N/m²

Side wall
2573.648 N/m²

Leeward Wall
Windward Wall
7.5m

6.0m
Windward Wall

Leeward Wall

2487.912 N/m²
760.668 N/m²
4.5m Side wall

2380.742 N/m²

1288.479 N/m²