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OSI Model

Network engineering involves many complex layers and tasks. To simplify this, network concepts are divided into multiple independent layers, with each layer responsible for specific tasks. While layers work independently, they also depend on each other to share data and pass tasks between layers. There are two main models - the OSI model with 7 layers established by ISO, and the Internet model used by TCP/IP with 4 layers. Both models divide network processes into layers to isolate functions and enable communication.

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Jitendra Rai
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35 views4 pages

OSI Model

Network engineering involves many complex layers and tasks. To simplify this, network concepts are divided into multiple independent layers, with each layer responsible for specific tasks. While layers work independently, they also depend on each other to share data and pass tasks between layers. There are two main models - the OSI model with 7 layers established by ISO, and the Internet model used by TCP/IP with 4 layers. Both models divide network processes into layers to isolate functions and enable communication.

Uploaded by

Jitendra Rai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Network Models

Networking engineering is a complicated task, which involves software, firmware, chip level
engineering, hardware, and electric pulses. To ease network engineering, the whole networking
concept is divided into multiple layers. Each layer is involved in some particular task and is
independent of all other layers. But as a whole, almost all networking tasks depend on all of
these layers. Layers share data between them and they depend on each other only to take input
and send output.

Layered Tasks
In layered architecture of Network Model, one whole network process is divided into small tasks.
Each small task is then assigned to a particular layer which works dedicatedly to process the
task only. Every layer does only specific work.

In layered communication system, one layer of a host deals with the task done by or to be done
by its peer layer at the same level on the remote host. The task is either initiated by layer at the
lowest level or at the top most level. If the task is initiated by the-top most layer, it is passed on
to the layer below it for further processing. The lower layer does the same thing, it processes
the task and passes on to lower layer. If the task is initiated by lower most layer, then the
reverse path is taken.
Every layer clubs together all procedures, protocols, and methods which it requires to execute
its piece of task. All layers identify their counterparts by means of encapsulation header and tail.
OSI Model
Open System Interconnect is an open standard for all communication systems. OSI model is
established by International Standard Organization (ISO). This model has seven layers:

● Application Layer: This layer is responsible for providing interface to the application
user. This layer encompasses protocols which directly interact with the user.
● Presentation Layer: This layer defines how data in the native format of remote host
should be presented in the native format of host.
● Session Layer: This layer maintains sessions between remote hosts. For example,
once user/password authentication is done, the remote host maintains this session for a
while and does not ask for authentication again in that time span.
● Transport Layer: This layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery between hosts.
● Network Layer: This layer is responsible for address assignment and uniquely
addressing hosts in a network.
● Data Link Layer: This layer is responsible for reading and writing data from and onto the
line. Link errors are detected at this layer.
● Physical Layer: This layer defines the hardware, cabling wiring, power output, pulse
rate etc.

Internet Model
Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite, also known as Internet suite. This defines Internet Model
which contains four layered architecture. OSI Model is general communication model but
Internet Model is what the internet uses for all its communication.The internet is independent of
its underlying network architecture so is its Model. This model has the following layers:

● Application Layer: This layer defines the protocol which enables user to interact with
the network.For example, FTP, HTTP etc.
● Transport Layer: This layer defines how data should flow between hosts. Major protocol
at this layer is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). This layer ensures data delivered
between hosts is in-order and is responsible for end-to-end delivery.
● Internet Layer: Internet Protocol (IP) works on this layer. This layer facilitates host
addressing and recognition. This layer defines routing.
● Link Layer: This layer provides mechanism of sending and receiving actual data.Unlike
its OSI Model counterpart, this layer is independent of underlying network architecture
and hardware.

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