“ LIFE IS A MATTER OF

CHEMISTRY ’’

COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES

Sbmitted to-Ms.NEHA MITAL

Session-(2023-2024)

Subject-CHEMISTRY

Submitted by-MANVIR SINGH

Date-__ __ ____
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project on

COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES is made by Manvir Singh of
class12A
under the guidance of my sincerely teacher
Ms.Neha Mital with at most sincerely .

Teachers Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my heartfelt gratitude to

Ms.Neha Mital for her tremendous support and
assistance in the completion of my project.
I would also like to thank our principal,
Ms.Manbir Brar, for providing me with this
wonderful opportunity to work on a project
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES. The completion of
the project would not have been possible
without their help and insights.
 INDEX
1. what is colligative property.
2. Types of colligative properties.
3. Relative lowering of vapour
pressure.
4. Elevation in boiling point.
5. Depression in freezing point.
6. Osmotic pressure of the solution.
 WHAT IS
COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTY?
In chemistry, colligative properties are
properties of solutions that depend upon the
ratio of the number of solute particles to the
number of solvent molecules in a solution, and
not on the type of chemical species present. The
number ratio can be related to the various units
for concentration of solutions. The
independence of the nature of solute particles is
exact for ideal solutions.
Here we consider only those properties which
result because of the dissolution of nonvolatile
solute in a volatile liquid solvent. They are
independent of the nature of the solute because
they are due to the dilution of the solvent by the
solute. The word colligative is derived from the
Latin colligatus meaning bound together.
TYPES OF COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES:-
1. Lowering Vapour pressure of solution: Raoult's law.

2. Elevation in boiling point.

3. Depression in freezing point.

1.RELATIVE
LOWERING OF
VAPOUR PRESSURE
When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the
vapour pressure of the solution decreases.
According to raoult's law, the vapour pressure of a solvent
(p) in a solution containing a non-volatile solute is given by

According to Roults law,

vapoure pressure of yhe pure solvent =P1o
vapour pressure of the solvent in solution = p₁
p₁ = x₁p₁°
ap₁ = p - pi =pxp
= p1° (1-x1)
in a binary solution, 1 - x₁ = x2
ap₁ = p₁ x2
ap/p (p - p₁)/p₁ = x2
the lowering of vapour pressure relative to the vapour
pressure of pure solvent is called relative lowering of
vapour pressure. ap/p relative lowering of vapour pressure
- thus, the relative lowering in vapour pressure depends
only on the concentration of solute particles and is
independent of their identity. if the solution contains more
than one non-volatile solute, then the relative lowering in
vapour pressure of a solvent is equal to the sum of the
mole fractions of all the non-volatile solutes.
If n1 and n2 are respectively the number of moles of the
solvent and solute in a binary solution, then the relative
lowering in the vapour pressure of the solvent,
(pp)/px1 + x2 + x3 + + xn
if n and n2 are the number of moles of the solvent and
solute,
(p₁° - p₁)/p₁o = n₂/(n₁+n2)
for dilute solutions n2 <<< n1
(p-p₁)/p1o=n2/n1
n₁ = W1/M1, n2= W2/M2
(p1° - p₁)/p1o=(W2xM1)/(W1xM2)
w1 =mass of solvent
w2=mass of solute
m₁ = molar mass of solvent
m2= molar mass of solute.
2.ELEVATION IN BOILING
POINT
The exact relation between the boiling point of the solution
and the mole fraction of the solvent is rather complicated,
but for dilute solutions the elevation of the boiling point is
directly proportional to the molal concentration of the
solute:
ΔTb = kb.Cm
kb =Ebullioscopy constant, which is 0.512°c kg/mol for the
boiling point of water.
The vapour pressure of a liquid increases with an increase
in temperature. When vapour pressure of the liquid
becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure (or) external
pressure, then liquid starts boiling. The temperature at
which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the
external pressure is known as its boiling point.
At any temperature, the vapour pressure of a solution
containing a non-volatile solute is less than that of the pure
solvent.
The temperature at which the vapour pressure of the
solvent and the solution become equal to the atmospheric
pressure are Tb-Tb0 and Tb.
Tb-Tb0 =Δ7b
Thus, it can be seen that the boiling point of a solution is
greater than the boiling point of the pure solvent.
The boiling point of a solvent changes as the concentration
of the solute in the solution changes, but it does not
depend on the identity of the solute particles.
The elevation of the boiling point depends upon the
concentration of the solute in the solution and is directly
proportional to molality (m) of the solute in the solution.
ΔTb =Tb-Tb °
Tb> Tbo
ΔTb ∝ concentration of solute
ΔTb∝ m(molarity)
ΔTb = kb m
kb=boiling point elevation constant molal elevationconstant
or ebullioscopic constant.
Molal elevation constant is defined as the elevation in the
boiling point when 1mole of a solute is dissolved in
1kilogram of a solvent.
If w2 grams of a solute with M2 molar mass is dissolved in
w2 gram of a solvent, then molality (m) of the solution is,
m=(W2 x1000)/(W1xM2)
Δ Tb=Kb(W2x1000)/(W1xM2)
3. Freezing point depression (ΔTf):-
The freezing point of a substance is defined as the
temperature at which its solid phase is in dynamic
equilibrium with its liquid phase. At the freezing point, the
vapour pressure of the substance in its liquid phase is the
same as the vapour pressure of the substance in its solid.

When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the

freezing point of the solution gets lowered.
According to Roult's law, the vapour pressure of a solution
containing a non-volatile solute is lower than that of the
pure solvent. Thus freezing point of a solvent decreases
when a non-volatile solute is added to it.
 The depression in freezing point depends upon the
concentration of the solution. For dilute solutions,
depression in the freezing point is directly proportional to
molality (m).
Thus, ΔTf=kfm
where
kf=freezing point depression constant (or) molal depression
constant (or) cryoscopic constant.
Molal depression constant kf can be defined as the
depression in freezing point when 1mole of solute
dissolved in 1kg of solvent. The unit for k f is kelvin
kilogram /mole.
As kf depends upon the nature of the solvent, its value is
different for different solvents.
The values of kf can be calculated from this expression
kf=(R x M1 x Tf2)/(1000 x ΔfusH)
R= Gas constant
M1=Molar mass of the solvent
Tf= Freezing point of the pure solvent
ΔfusH= Enthalpy for the fusion of the solvent
If w2 grams of a solute with molar mass M 2 is dissolved in
w1 grams of a solvent, then molality m of the solution is
given by W2 multiplied by 1,000 divided by w1 multiplied by
M2 Substituting this value of molality in the freezing point
depression equation, we get depression in freezing point
molarity, m = (W2 x 1000)/(W1xM2)

ΔTf = kfm
ΔTf =(kf x w2 x 1000)/(W1 x M2)
M2 =(kfx W2 x 1000)/(w1 x ΔTf)
Thus, the molar mass of a non-ionic solute can be
calculated by using the depression in freezing point.
4 OSMOSIS:-
Membranes which allows only solvent particles but not
solute particles of solution is called semi-permeable
membranes (or) SPM. these membranes can be of natural
origin (or) synthetic origin.

Vegetable membranes, membranes found under the shell

of an egg are examples of natural membranes and
cellophane is an example of synthetic membrane.
Thus 'osmosis' can be defined as the spontaneous flow of
solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from a pure
solvent to a solution or from a dilute solution to a
concentrated solution.
It is important to note that osmosis drives solvent
molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from low
solute concentration to high solute concentration. Osmosis
ends when the solute concentration becomes equal on
either side of the membrane and equilibrium is attained.
The flow of solvent molecules from low concentration to
high concentration can be stopped by applying some extra
pressure on the high concentration side. The minimum
pressure required to do so is known as the osmotic
pressure.

Thus, osmotic pressure π of a solution is defined as the

excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to
prevent osmosis from taking place.
Osmotic pressure does not depend on the identity of the
solute, but on its concentration.
Osmotic pressure for dilute solutions is proportional to
molarity of the solution at a given temperature(t).
π ∝ C (at given T)
π= CRT
R=Gas constant
C = n₂/v
π= n₂Rt/V

if W2 grams of solute of molar mass M 2 is present in the

solution,
n2 = W2/M2V
π= W2RT/M2V
M2 = W₂RT/πV
This is widely used to determine the molar masses of
polymers and macromolecules, especially biomolecules, as
they are generally unstable at higher temperatures and
decompose before their boiling point is reached.
If the solutions have the same concentrations (C1=C2),
Then π1=π2.
BIBLIOGHRAPHY:
-
1. www.google.com
2. www.icbse.com
3. www.slideshare.com
4. www.wikipedia.com
THANK YOU