Module 61CSE218: Operating System

CPU Scheduling

 Vietnamese-German University
 Ngoc Tran, Ph.D.
 [email protected]

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 CPU Scheduling

 Basic Concepts
 Scheduling Criteria
 Scheduling Algorithms

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 6.2 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Objectives

 To introduce CPU scheduling, which is the basis for

multiprogrammed operating systems
 To describe various CPU-scheduling algorithms

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 6.3 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Basic Concepts

 Maximum CPU utilization

obtained with multiprogramming
 CPU–I/O Burst Cycle – Process
execution consists of a cycle of
CPU execution and I/O wait
 CPU burst followed by I/O burst
 CPU burst distribution is of main
concern

10Edition
Operating System Concepts – 9th th Edition 6.4 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Histogram of CPU-burst Times

- CPU-bound program: many long CPU-burst processes.

- I/O-bound program: many short CPU-burst processes.

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 6.5 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 CPU Scheduler
 Short-term scheduler selects from among the processes in
ready queue, and allocates the CPU to one of them
 Queue may be ordered in various ways
 CPU scheduling decisions happen when a process:
1. Switches from running to waiting state Non-Preemptive process: CPU is
occupied by the process until it
2. Switches from running to ready state releases the CPU when meeting
the circumstances 1 & 4.
3. Switches from waiting to ready
4. Terminates
 Scheduling under 1 and 4 is nonpreemptive or cooperative.
 All other scheduling is preemptive
 Consider access to shared data
 Consider preemption while in kernel mode
 Consider interrupts occurring during crucial OS activities

Operating System Concepts – 9th10

Edition
th Edition 6.6 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
Operating System Concepts – 9th10
Edition
th Edition 6.7 Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
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 Dispatcher

 Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process

selected by the short-term scheduler; this involves:
 switching context
 switching to user mode
 jumping to the proper location in the user program to
restart that program
 Dispatch latency – time it takes for the dispatcher to stop
one process and start another running

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 6.8 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Scheduling Criteria

 CPU utilization – keep the CPU as busy as possible

 Throughput – # of processes that complete their execution per
time unit
 Turnaround time – amount of time to execute a particular
process
 Waiting time – amount of time a process has been waiting in the
ready queue
 Response time – amount of time it takes from when a request
was submitted until the first response is produced, not output (for
time-sharing environment)

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 6.9 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 Scheduling Algorithm Optimization Criteria

 Max CPU utilization

 Max throughput
 Min turnaround time
 Min waiting time
 Min response time

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 6.10 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 First- Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling

Process CPU Burst

P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
 Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P1 , P2 , P3
The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:

P1 P2 P3
0 24 27 30

 Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27

 Average waiting time: (0 + 24 + 27)/3 = 17

Operating System Concepts – 9th10th Edition

Edition 6.11 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin andGagne
Galvin, Gagne©2018
©2013
 FCFS Scheduling (Cont.)
Suppose that the processes arrive in the order:
P2 , P 3 , P1
 The Gantt chart for the schedule is:

P2 P3 P1
0 3 6 30

 Waiting time for P1 = 6; P2 = 0; P3 = 3

 Average waiting time: (6 + 0 + 3)/3 = 3

 Much better than previous case WHY?

 Convoy effect - short process behind long process
 Consider one CPU-bound and many I/O-bound processes
 Worse affect to the time-sharing systems.

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.12 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Shortest-Job-First (SJF) Scheduling

 Associate with each process the length of its next CPU burst
 Use these lengths to schedule the process with the shortest
time
 SJF is optimal – gives minimum average waiting time for a given
set of processes
 The difficulty is knowing the length of the next CPU request
 Could ask the user

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.13 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Example of SJF

ProcessArrival Time Burst Time

P1 0.0 6
P2 2.0 8
P3 4.0 7
P4 5.0 3

 SJF scheduling chart

P4 P1 P3 P2
0 3 9 16 24

 Average waiting time = (3 + 16 + 9 + 0) / 4 = 7

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.14 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Determining Length of Next CPU Burst

 Can only estimate the length – should be similar to the previous one
 Then pick process with shortest predicted next CPU burst

 Can be done by using the length of previous CPU bursts, using

exponential averaging

1. t n  actual length of n th CPU burst

2.  n 1  predicted value for the next CPU burst
3.  , 0    1
4. Define :  n 1   t n  1    n .
 Commonly, α set to ½
 Preemptive version called shortest-remaining-time-first

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.15 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Example of Shortest-remaining-time-first

 Now we add the concepts of varying arrival times and preemption to

the analysis
ProcessAarri Arrival TimeT Burst Time
P1 0 8
P2 1 4
P3 2 9
P4 3 5
 Preemptive SJF Gantt Chart

 Average waiting time = [(10-1)+(1-1)+(17-2)+5-3)]/4 = 26/4 = 6.5

msec

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.18 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Priority Scheduling

 A priority number (integer) is associated with each process

 The CPU is allocated to the process with the highest priority

(smallest integer  highest priority)
 Preemptive
 Nonpreemptive

 SJF is priority scheduling where priority is the inverse of predicted

next CPU burst time

 Problem  Starvation – low priority processes may never execute

 Solution  Aging – as time progresses increase the priority of

the process

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.19 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Example of Priority Scheduling

Process Arrival Time Burst TimeT Priority

P1 0 10 2
P2 1 5 1
P3 2 2 4
P4 3 1 5

 Priority scheduling Gantt Chart

P1 P2 P1 P3 P4
0 1 6 16 18 19

 Average waiting time = (6-1+16-3+18-4)/4 = 8 msec

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.20 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Round Robin (RR)

 Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum q),
usually 10-100 milliseconds. After this time has elapsed, the
process is preempted and added to the end of the ready queue.
 If there are n processes in the ready queue and the time
quantum is q, then each process gets 1/n of the CPU time in
chunks of at most q time units at once. No process waits more
than (n-1)q time units.
 Timer interrupts every quantum to schedule next process
 Performance
 q large  FIFO
 q small  q must be large with respect to context switch,
otherwise overhead is too high

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.21 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Example of RR with Time Quantum = 4
Process Arrival Time Burst Time
P1 0 24
P2 1 3
P3 2 3
 q=4
 The Gantt chart is:

P1 P2 P3 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1
0 4 7 10 14 18 22 26 30

 Typically, higher average turnaround than SJF, but better

response
 q should be large compared to context switch time
 q usually 10ms to 100ms, context switch < 10 µsec

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.22 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Time Quantum and Context Switch Time

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.23 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Multilevel Queue
 Ready queue is partitioned into separate queues, eg:
 foreground (interactive)
 background (batch)
 Process permanently in a given queue
 Each queue has its own scheduling algorithm:
 foreground – RR
 background – FCFS
 Scheduling must be done between the queues:
 Fixed priority scheduling; (i.e., serve all from foreground then
from background). Possibility of starvation.
 Time slice – each queue gets a certain amount of CPU time
which it can schedule amongst its processes; i.e., 80% to
foreground in RR, 20% to background in FCFS

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.24 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Multilevel Queue Scheduling

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.25 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Multilevel Feedback Queue

 A process can move between the various queues; aging can be

implemented this way
 Multilevel-feedback-queue scheduler defined by the following
parameters:
 number of queues
 scheduling algorithms for each queue
 method used to determine when to upgrade a process
 method used to determine when to demote a process
 method used to determine which queue a process will enter
when that process needs service

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.26 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Example of Multilevel Feedback Queue

 Three queues:
 Q0 – RR with time quantum 8
milliseconds
 Q1 – RR time quantum 16 milliseconds
 Q2 – FCFS

 Scheduling
 A new job enters queue Q0 which is
served RR
 When it gains CPU, job receives 8
milliseconds
 If it does not finish in 8
milliseconds, job is moved to
queue Q1
 At Q1 job is again served RR and
receives 16 additional milliseconds
 If it still does not complete, it is
preempted and moved to queue Q2

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.27 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 CPU: preemptive SJF. R1,R2: FIFO

Process Arrival Time IO

(~ Ready Queue CPU Burst
Arrival Time)
Resource Burst

P1 0 8 R1 5

P2 2 1 R2 8

P3 10 6 R1 5

P4 11 3 R2 20

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.28 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 CPU: preemptive SJF. R1,R2: FIFO

Process Arrival IO 1 IO 2
Time CPU CPU
Burst 1 Burst 2
Resource Burst Resource Burst
P1 0 8 R1 5 1 Null 0

P2 2 1 R2 8 2 R1 5

P3 10 6 R1 5 2 R2 3

P4 11 3 R2 20 0 Null 0

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.29 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 Coding Exercise (Advanced & Special)

 Write a GUI program using Java to input:

 The number of processes.
 System arrival time, Ready list arrival time (They can be identical).
 The number of CPU-I/O cycles.
 For each cycle, input the CPU burst and I/O burst for each
process.
 Scheduling algorithms for CPU and I/O.
then output
 The Gannt chart to depict the scheduling progress.
 Waiting times, turn around times and their averages responsively.
 Submit:
 Code
 Demo
 Additional components, plugin, libraries, tools, …

Operating System Concepts – 910 th Edition

th Edition 6.30 Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz,
Silberschatz,Galvin and
Galvin, Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018
 End

10Edition
Operating System Concepts – 9th th Edition
Lecturer: Ngoc Tran, Ph.D. Silberschatz, Galvin
Silberschatz, Galvin,and Gagne
Gagne ©2013
©2018