ECONOMICS (Code No.

030)
(2023-24)
Rationale
Economics is one of the social sciences, which has great influence on every human being. As
economic life and the economy go through changes, the need to ground education in
children’s own experience becomes essential. While doing so, it is imperative to provide them
opportunities to acquire analytical skills to observe and understand the economic realities.

At senior secondary stage, the learners are in a position to understand abstract ideas,
exercise the power of thinking and to develop their own perception. It is at this stage, the
learners are exposed to the rigour of the discipline of economics in a systematic way.

The economics courses are introduced in such a way that in the initial stage, the learners are
introduced to the economic realities that the nation is facing today along with some basic
statistical tools to understand these broader economic realities. In the later stage, the learners
are introduced to economics as a theory of abstraction.

The economics courses also contain many projects and activities. These will provide
opportunities for the learners to explore various economic issues both from their day-to-day life
and also from issues, which are broader and invisible in nature. The academic skills that they
learn in these courses would help to develop the projects and activities. The syllabus is also
expected to provide opportunities to use information and communication technologies to
facilitate their learning process.

Objectives:
 Understanding of some basic economic concepts and development of economic
reasoning which the learners can apply in their day-to-day life as citizens, workers and
consumers.
 Realisation of learners’ role in nation building and sensitivity to the economic issues
that the nation is facing today.
 Equipment with basic tools of economics and statistics to analyse economic issues.
This is pertinent for even those who may not pursue this course beyond senior
secondary stage.
 Development of understanding that there can be more than one view on any economic
issue and necessary skills to argue logically with reasoning.

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 ECONOMICS
CLASS - XII (2023-24)
Theory: 80 Marks 3 Hours
Project: 20 Marks
Units Marks Periods
Part A Introductory Macroeconomics
National Income and Related Aggregates 10 30
Money and Banking 06 15
Determination of Income and Employment 12 30
Government Budget and the Economy 06 17
Balance of Payments 06 18
40

Part B Indian Economic Development

Development Experience (1947-90)
12 28
and Economic Reforms since 1991
Current Challenges facing Indian Economy 20 50
Development Experience of India – A Comparison with
08 12
Neighbours
Theory Paper (40+40 = 80 Marks) 40
200

Part C Project Work 20 20

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates 30 Periods
What is Macroeconomics?
Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods,
intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.

Circular flow of income (two sector model); Methods of calculating National Income -
Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.

Aggregates related to National Income:

Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) and Net Domestic Product (NDP) - at market price, at factor cost; Real and
Nominal GDP
GDP Deflator, GDP and Welfare

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 Unit 2: Money and Banking 15 Periods
Money – meaning and functions, supply of money - Currency held by the public and
net demand deposits held by commercial banks.

Money creation by the commercial banking system.

Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue,
Govt. Bank, Banker's Bank, Control of Credit through Bank Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio
(CRR), Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open
Market Operations, Margin requirement.

Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment 30 Periods

Aggregate demand and its components.
Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal).
Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism.
Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.

Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them -

changes in government spending, taxes and money supply.

Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy 17 Periods

Government budget - meaning, objectives and components.

Classification of receipts - revenue receipts and capital receipts;

Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.
Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget – measures of government deficit.

Unit 5: Balance of Payments 18 Periods

Balance of payments account - meaning and components;
Balance of payments – Surplus and Deficit
Foreign exchange rate - meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating.
Determination of exchange rate in a free market, Merits and demerits of flexible and
fixed exchange rate.
Managed Floating exchange rate system

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 Part B: Indian Economic Development
Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991:
28 Periods
A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence.
Indian economic system and common goals of Five Year Plans.

Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new
agricultural strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI – role & importance) and foreign trade.

Economic Reforms since 1991:

Features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy);
Concepts of demonetization and GST

Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy 60 Periods

Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in
economic development; Growth of Education Sector in India
Rural development: Key issues - credit and marketing - role of cooperatives;
agricultural diversification; alternative farming - organic farming
Employment: Growth and changes in work force participation rate in formal and
informal sectors; problems and policies
Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on
Resources and Environment, including global warming

Unit 8: Development Experience of India: 12 Periods

A comparison with neighbours
India and Pakistan
India and China
Issues: economic growth, population, sectoral development and other Human
Development Indicators
Part C: Project in Economics 20 Periods

Prescribed Books:
1. Statistics for Economics, NCERT
2. Indian Economic Development, NCERT
3. Introductory Microeconomics, NCERT
4. Macroeconomics, NCERT
5. Supplementary Reading Material in Economics, CBSE
Note: The above publications are also available in Hindi Medium.

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 Suggested Question Paper Design
Economics (Code No. 030)
Class XII (2023-24)
March 2024 Examination

Marks: 80 Duration: 3 hrs.

SN Typology of Questions Marks Percentage

Remembering and Understanding:
Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling
facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers.
1 44 55%
Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by
organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving
descriptions, and stating main ideas
Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying
2 acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a 18 22.5%
different way.
Analysing, Evaluating and Creating:
Examine and break information into parts by identifying
motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to
support generalizations.
Present and defend opinions by making judgments about
3 information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a 18 22.5%
set of criteria.
Compile information together in a different way by
combining elements in a new pattern or proposing
alternative solutions.

Total 80 100%

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 Guidelines for Project Work in Economics (Class XI and XII)
The objectives of the project work are to enable learners to:
 probe deeper into theoretical concepts learnt in classes XI and XII
 analyse and evaluate real world economic scenarios using theoretical constructs and
arguments
 demonstrate the learning of economic theory
 follow up aspects of economics in which learners have interest
 develop the communication skills to argue logically
The expectations of the project work are that:
 learners will complete only ONE project in each academic session
 project should be of 3,500-4,000 words (excluding diagrams & graphs), preferably
hand-written
 it will be an independent, self-directed piece of study
Role of the teacher:
The teacher plays a critical role in developing thinking skills of the learners. A teacher should:
 help each learner select the topic based on recently published extracts from the news
media, government policies, RBI bulletin, NITI Aayog reports, IMF/World Bank reports etc.,
after detailed discussions and deliberations of the topic
 play the role of a facilitator and supervisor to monitor the project work of the learner
through periodic discussions
 guide the research work in terms of sources for the relevant data
 educate learner about plagiarism and the importance of quoting the source of the
information to ensure authenticity of research work
 prepare the learner for the presentation of the project work
 arrange a presentation of the project file
Scope of the project:
Learners may work upon the following lines as a suggested flow chart:
Choose a title/topic

Collection of the research material/data

Organization of material/data

Present material/data

Analysing the material/data for conclusion

Draw the relevant conclusion

Presentation of the Project Work

10

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 Expected Checklist:
 Introduction of topic/title
 Identifying the causes, consequences and/or remedies
 Various stakeholders and effect on each of them
 Advantages and disadvantages of situations or issues identified
 Short-term and long-term implications of economic strategies suggested in the course of
research
 Validity, reliability, appropriateness and relevance of data used for research work and
for presentation in the project file
 Presentation and writing that is succinct and coherent in project file
 Citation of the materials referred to, in the file in footnotes, resources section,
bibliography etc.

Mode of presentation/submission of the Project:

At the end of the stipulated term, each learner will present the research work in the Project File
to the External and Internal examiner. The questions should be asked from the Research
Work/ Project File of the learner. The Internal Examiner should ensure that the study
submitted by the learner is his/her own original work. In case of any doubt, authenticity
should be checked and verified.

Marking Scheme:
Marks are suggested to be given as –
S. No. Heading Marks Allotted
1. Relevance of the topic 3
2. Knowledge Content/Research Work 6
3. Presentation Technique 3
4. Viva-voce 8
Total 20 Marks
Suggestive List of Projects:
Class XI
 Effect on PPC due to various government  Invisible Hand (Adam Smith)
policies
 Opportunity Cost as an Economic Tool  Effect of Price Change on a Substitute Good
(taking real life situations) (taking prices from real life visiting local
market)
 Effect on Equilibrium Prices in Local Market  Effect of Price Change on a Complementary
(taking real life situation or recent news) Good (taking prices from real life visiting
local market)
 Solar Energy, a Cost-Effective Comparison  Bumper Production- Boon or Bane for the
with Conventional Energy Sources Farmer
 Any other newspaper article and its  Any other topic
evaluation on basis of economic principles

11

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 Class XII
 Micro and Small Scale Industries  Food Supply Channel in India
 Contemporary Employment situation in India  Disinvestment policy of the government
 Goods and Services Tax Act and its Impact  Health Expenditure (of any state)
on GDP
 Human Development Index  Inclusive Growth Strategy
 Self-help group  Trends in Credit availability in India
 Monetary Policy Committee and its functions  Role of RBI in Control of Credit
 Government Budget & its Components  Trends in budgetary condition of India
 Exchange Rate determination – Methods and  Currency War – reasons and repercussions
Techniques
 Livestock – Backbone of Rural India  Alternate fuel – types and importance
 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – Cost Ratio Benefits  Golden Quadrilateral- Cost ratio benefit
 Minimum Support Prices  Relation between Stock Price Index and
Economic Health of a Nation
 Waste Management in India – Need of the  Minimum Wage Rate – Approach and
hour Application
 Digital India- Step towards the future  Rain Water Harvesting – A solution to water
crisis
 Vertical Farming – An alternate way  Silk Route- Revival of the past
 Make in India – The way ahead  Bumper Production- Boon or Bane for the
farmer
 Rise of Concrete Jungle- Trend Analysis  Organic Farming – Back to the Nature
 Aatmanirbhar Bharat  e-Rupee (e- ₹)
 Sri Lanka’s Economic Crisis  Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s)
 Environmental Crisis  Comparative Study of Economies
(Maximum three economies)
 New Education Policy (NEP) 2020: A  G-20: Inclusive and Action Oriented
Promise for a New Education System
 Amrit Kaal: Empowered and Inclusive  Cashless Economy
Economy
 Any other newspaper article and its  Any other topic
evaluation on basis of economic principles

12

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