Godavari Foundation's

Dr. Ulhas Patil English Medium

School
Bhusawal Tal. Bhusawal Dist. Jalgaon Ph. 02582-
CBSE Affiliation No. 1130250

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled Study of various
factor on which internal resistance/emf of cell depends Is record
of work done by Hemant Mukesh Thakur Class XII, enrollment
number ________________of Dr. Ulhas Patil English Medium
School, Bhusawal for partial fulfilment of practical work of Physics
prescribed by CBSE in year 2023-2024.

External Examiner Internal Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken effort in project. However, it would
not have been possible without the kind of
support and help of many individuals
I would like to thank my principal, Miss Anagha
Patil Man and school for providing me with
facilities required to do my project.
I am highly indebted to my teacher for their
valuable guidance that has sustained my effort in
all the stages of the project work.
My thanks and appreciations go to my fellow
classmates in developing the project and to the
people who have willingly helped out with their
abilities.
 Dr. Ulhas Patil English Medium
School

Investigatory Project

Name= Hemant Mukesh Thakur

Class= XII
Topic= Study of various factor on which the
internal resistance/emf of a cell depends.
Guided By= Physics Teacher

Signature
 Index
1. Introduction
 Internal Resistance
2. Practical Analysis
 Objective
 Apparatus
 Theory
 Circuit Diagram
 Procedure
 Result & Inference
 Precautions
 Source of error
3. Flowchart Conclusion
4. Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our daily

use electronic appliances and the use is
increasing day. Thus, the batteries need to be
made more powerful so that their can be
potential can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical
analysis for the factors affecting the internal
resistance of the cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is
decreased, we can increase the potential
difference across it, and hence make it more
reliable.

INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance
offered by the electrolyte of the cell to flow of
ions
 Its S.I. Unit is Ohm( )

For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance

(r), connected to an external resistance (R) such
that (I) is the current flowing through the
circuit
 PRACTICAL ANALYSIS

OBJECTIVE
To study the various factor on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends

ANALYSIS
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery modulator),
two one way key, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a
resistance box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell),
a jockey, a setsquare, connecting wire and sand
paper.
THEORY
The internal resistance of the cell is the resistance
offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The
Internal resistance of a cell
 Is directly proportional to the distance between
the electrodes.
 Is inversely proportional to facing surface area
of the electrodes in electrolyte.
 Decreases with increase in temperature of
electrolyte.
 Is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
r=(E-V)/I
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the emf of the battery and of the cell
and make sure that emf of the battery is more
than that of the cell, Otherwise null or
balance point will not be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with
distance of separation
4. Keep both the electrode at a distance of 16
cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery,
making rheostat resistance small
6. With inserting a plug in key K2 , adjust the
rheostat so that a null point is obtained on
the last wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the position of the
null point accurately using a set square and
measure the balancing length (l1) between
the null pont and the end P.
8. Next introduce plug in both K1 and K2. At the
same time, take out a small resistance (1-5W)
from the shunt resistance box connected in
parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire
and obtain the null point
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from end P.
Record the observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2. Wait
for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrode 9cm apart to obtain
another set of observations.
To study variations of internal resistance with
area of electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase
the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by
dipping them into the electrolyte at different
depths for each observation.
15. Obtain three such observation by repeating
step 7 to 10. Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with
concentration of electrolyte
16. Keeping all othe factors constant, decrease
the concentration of electrolyte by adding
distilled water for different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating
step 7 to 10. Record your Readings.
OBSERVATIONS

Table for effect of separation between electrodes

Table for effect of temperature

RESULT & INFERENCES
 The Electromotive Force Of the cell is constant
and is equal to E=0.98 Volt.
 The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrode dipped
in electrolyte.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the concentration of the
electrolyte.
Precautions
1. The connections should be neat, clean and
tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the key only
when the observation are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cell E1
and E2 should, all be connected to the
terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along
the wire. It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant
for a particular set of observation. If
necessary, adjust the rheostat for this
purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully
charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of
uniform cross-section and material density
throughout its length.
3. End resistance may not be zero.
FLOWCHART CONCLUSION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.google.com
 www.documents.mx
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.docfoc.com
 www.slideshare.net