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Psukhatme Solar Energy Principles of Thermal Collection and Storagepdf PDF Free

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SENTRAL Liukany LL, GuwaHati ya Liquid Flat-Plate Collectors A brief description of the liquid flat-plate collector has been given in Sec. 2.1, and its varied applications have been described in Sec. 2.2. These include water heating, space heating and cooling, and low- temperature cycles for power generation. 4.1 GENERAL The basic parts that make up a conventional liquid flat-plate collector are (i) the absorber plate, (ii) the tubes fixed to the absorber plate through which the liquid to be heated flows, (iii) the transparent covers, and (iv) the insulated container. The main advantage of a flat-plate collector is that it utilizes both the beam and diffuse components of the solar radiation. In addition, because of its simple stationary design, it requires little maintenance. Its principal disad- vantage is that because of the absence of optical concentration, the area from which heat is lost is large. As a result, the collection efficiency is generally low. The liquid heated is generally water. However, sometimes mixtures of water and ethylene glycol are used if ambient temperatures below 0°C are likely to be encountered. The absorber plate is usually made from a metal sheet ranging in thickness from 0.2 to 1 mm, while the - tal, range in diameter from ceded oF pressure bonded to ra &. the piteh ranging from 5 to 12 pa ie i a to he tOP OF SFE Tine ang 8 Sr plate. The metal most commonly used, woth er aes, copper: HOWOVET i India, bg shoes lt dO absorber platetUb@ combina, lope, These ineudo aluminium Shere y dere eos witha pressure bond, mild sect ern ganze tee tes, nd ‘taint au ag, ain = / Nz =0,229(61644)°% = 8.6875, 3.6873 x 0.0201 _. 2 Rest Pane = 2.608 Wim? K a hie wee 4 Catulaion of ha-c2 ‘Mean temporature of air between first and second cover Proceeding in a similar manner, we obtain hay-ca= 2808 Wim K Catouaton of hy ‘Mean temperature of air between second cever and ambient 3054297. =e 011K AL this temperature, po LI7O kei? Gp 71.005 edie 5.80 10° mis r= 0701 “Properties cf ic aad estes ar give in Apponinc 4 r nag oie ie 3 “ te . $411.80 4 0.08)080 + 0.95) ee ea n 2 | 26x13 Rel ~ 75.60% 10° 0.2074 x 108 > 120.86 x (0.2074 x 108) #2 20.001 888 . een 2X ween ‘ oat, noob 0-105 «28cieonoye QS 27.06 Wnt K = sing these values into Fas (4.32)-(4.39), we obtain tho sti ner soa Te which Sail th equations, The ele : = selon sas euler Se he ie ’ Tat as aA ERC ES) an ea) ar ees vis ts an 325 : mn 1657 eons ” : 120 ee wi 6 we Comes a patos of (atin helt ibe ofthe ble aereenaly dw Tae per, Therefore the average valu of 1609 Win’ i aceptabl toene values of Tea = S265 K and T.g=307.6K are close to the i ramptions of 225 K and 905 A, it will not be necessary to en calelatons for by is t-c. aNd hy th ese ne aes Therefore 60.9 2 = Gaga-aiy SK ‘Using Eg (428), bottom loss coefficient “ eke From Eq. (4.31), side loss coefficient 5 ane “(0.90 + 1.90) «6.165 008 U.= "9.90 .x 1:80 x 0.04 = 0.33 Win? K 19. sate EO wy coofiont Levis rat, Y tan Colostrs 1g rd ‘thorofore, over” , y,=3.50+ 063-4 0.38 spa. (4:95) and bythe prosore de 4.46 Wim? K ake etibed earn ig9, te nn te craton fe Bae um “ aga eet equtn fr Top Lass Coen Fe se Noe kai Sth aa is 149, it is clear that a tedious ite Hui asm le for the tompsrsttts rom Extunple 4:2, rative 1 egal cover erate of segaon OU cops eomreatons having the In Ba gt va ofthe tp os cot Taree number of cases covering the ent piper en heen sueeeste Garg and Date hau ty alain fr @ ty, ee 5 tect Ae te ore correlations as wall oe Kasam certions normally expected for fat-plate collectors 4 atin: roving oer empiri equation es Kgmey Bed oa oes ton esate paseatet # ake ne aes coxlent. ati a ‘het eact iterative sokution. Malhotraet al haveg rages ation et have given wpleceeellecie ey a CV fay +4] Toa || MOF a a OTE, + TNT yn + Te | 2 ooa-—_* ay \ PML oy 3, = 0.0125 MOL ooo where f= d= 0.04 Ay + 0.000522 (2 + 0,091.24) 30\(_2. csan-coes On6P ante Baca) icaigereren es While wsing Ba, (4.35), 7, a : Want. o in Wim-K* and le and 7, are expressed in in: Weak gis an DE ere Te ao Beis Laspacing (0) SNEED ae ont er oh B13 . nya nen 4g COLLECTOR E! FICIENCY FACTOR + 2057, <310K [en sar, sa sc. 48, provetres for enculting tho overall es 20 ah sis Jase Te oat lst from the cllactar ean thus be calealeted, i ot gad dcr plate temperature is known: Hover, this tnt : the erally not known 1 wil, therefore be neces censider the seer peat in the absorber plate and across te id Ws the fd tov the values of Tp, can be related to the value of he inlet fii temperature, which is & Jcnown quantity. aera amplify the problem, the approach adogted wil le Sig Ube an Date, “The Top Lao Calon to FlabgbeSos O sact a number of one-dimensional analyses, p, Se of heat in the absorber plate in dirs, _ Fe the, to the direction of uid flow will ke considered. Ty." at by cnsderaton of the het ow from the plates the rube wall. Finally, the one-dimensional low of qq will be analysed. nag nk Consider collector having an absorber plete often, tt sion ¢ 1, Assume that there are N uid tubes and that rhe Lag oo iW Ly) Let D, and D, be the inside and outage oa tubes. * emctag Consider a section of the absorber plate with ing tubes. The temperature inthe plate (7, wil vary in th 8% the manner as chown in Fig. 49. I will be assumes gt tisributon exist between any to tebes an temparture willbe cnstent, while in etcen the tbat sl pass thrcush @ maximum. Taking a slice dy. aig’ net and negecing het concen ne a cee ve can write an energy balance for an element ce ayo te ee 3a then solved using the botany enti, a jution gues the 52M ee sin itachi ce alee ie tomperature “Tate ot which energy is conducted through . a angulosa rube from both sides So om? (100-0 (4T2) 4 LE ene | (tee) ts — vite Ta) tanh | ~tar) f spierteawhich energy abso just above the ae owas } = DAS - UsTo~ Td pas the wef energy gain forall the tbe fe cols oera eg ssghenby dq,=NIS - UsT»- To) x 12 ’ n mV -D) , os 9-49 Temperature Disttbuton in an Absorber Pat in a Direction a (alge) tea oes Fight Angies tothe Fuid Flow u bp inideae weeks, je ye written in a simpler manaet Oe ‘Net heat conducted into element) + (incident energy absorbed) Scene cteteonen 4 ohh pe a + Heat lost from element Tat conducted through the plate tothe Bul ripe ie ar, ‘ould have been conducted if the thermal "by Go dedy +S dx dy 1.182% 1.008% 3.110" go, = 7.889 Went K : teal and error method involving small adjustments inthe yg ef 7, and Tez wil now be required such that the values gf °° ‘aleilted from Eqs (450), (4.51) and (4.52) agree with each ota’ is shown inthe fellowing table Te ee Ta) Tah) Sh Ci) 45 ‘ESD ea Sana ease- 133 ee | 155.10 188.92 = 190.16 SAS WBS BM~1NST 8595~12181 9151-65: = 18805 21577 804 m 2512 x 10° - afferent from the wah | ja value of Ter © nO! Vere = ied er iteration. Tt wil net therefore is the first itera thet per = 187.78 Wirt inet Soy more iterations and the values =i fre eae 5 Win’ erie, in the second iteration can Be 2 ** (eas - 298.7) ~ 9.725 Wim? K ied Tp ' Water Outlet Termperature Non, from Bq. 4.29), b is obtained fom Oe Cy 98 08 Wim? ‘The water outlet temperature | obtain fo 56g = 08 Win K tion, Substituting, Therefore, sii . = 5601x3600 ie 08 Winn-K " 70x 4.18(T»-691=" 3000 N= 2.725408 +0.08 74 =68.69°= 401K £605 Wim? Hence san Soto Energy 17, nstantanoous Etciency Cherie Using By. 43), the intantanens eficeney py ~ plate area is given by Tog, # "50.7 x15 Nal rity # then ofthe ien collector rather ow hig By, g lass covers used are of poor quality and have a jo! bee ‘Also the thermal conductivity of the absorber plate ma mi, ep similar collector having a copper or aluminium absorie ah fittod with better glass covers having a lowor esting’ would, under comparable conditions, yield a higher eft ficient Be and 55 por cent (20 problem 7). However, it should ost wa such a collector would cost more than the GI collector, "ely 6 IST (h) -4um) are shown in Fig. 6.19 is i for one of the earliest sung! comparison, the variation obtained for one a ows synthesised by Tabor is also shown. fe lective surfaces on vari hhas been the subject of intensive work for many years. As a = number of surfaces having daracterisis approaching those of wv have been comme, » have bech synthesised and a fe metal su ideal_s ciallsd.In most ofthese sees the selectivity s achieved by havay tal base and depositing on it a thin surteg «polished and cleaned layer Whi ie franaparont to large wavelengths, but highly absorhing for small wavelength solar radiation. The surface layer is less thay 21m in thickness and is deposited by a variety of methods. These Include electroplating, chemical vapoar deposition, chemical conver. sion, anodic oxidation and rf-nagetton sputtering. Some of the sue cessful developments in this fiold will now be described. Surface layers of copper oxide and ‘nickel black” were the first selective surfaces found to be suitable from a practical standpoint. The copper oxide layer was formed by chemical conversion, by treating a cleaned and polished copper plate ina hot solution of sodium hydroxide wana ng AM LA rg ate tons | Lasolation for the rath of ap, May atime oe oer the a NCW rein ce eet Bina, i) Inseaton fer the meni of Dee ie Smet | 'hruary is to be maximized. The following radiation Kerstin scar, 8 Hors 00 tn Ope avian ot team and de 144 Solar Energy ampopre ee TTA Ts Toy Tt 00 5 1986.9950 28716-4485 334 6.0505.0025 ag tea | i | Me canh nase snd sod 392.276 | } hi, y= OP at solar noon throughout the year, eon Dai 40 aroma” that sizaon (Dex (i) existe Yih . (4.58) under n (1) existe, ter eray i facing due south with =O". For parc Strmmation in Bq (4.53) wil be done overall the 12 months, ype ars Gj) and Gi, the summation will e done only for rhe ty recited, Tho caleulations are shown in Table 4.5, with the dain’ fmnglos being calclated for the middle days of the month, i gs | that the values obtained for the optimum tilt are in appr,ie* | ‘agreement wrth the recommendations given earlier. ae ‘Table 45 Celeulaions for Optimum Tl fora Collector Amay in New Te 5 5 Raagy eb? = eg dee Win! Tae «868 FP S32r 4% 13624220 .asg Maar 1% -2a® 8100s A 4as2 105 oa tani M4365 as 83 $55 om J so 58 a7 osm J 2499 ars 789 A 238s S34 258 2m 6368 © 3g a= 87 arson Naa@ gas ang Dame 360 aaa? tsa BAK 2 nc eae 2 un Ra er i Pate Cotes tog , i i nt erate irl arn formance of & flat pate calles eh Meh Se dig cAetstins teach Figo ee evained wih Nadie! etar Saft 92, Fe” yi the valce of the cher parame SM veer Ea Mig 4) | re Fld Inet Temperature on ast om ig ofest 200 h (IST) 46 AEE sor at 1200 (ST) wet? col ‘ete Periomance ot 0 0 8) wy ae sme Saag 7885 405 © 415 ph) 5836 534657 ogy m8 asap cre we 3417 fee * 403 981mg ) ue ‘gable 4.6 that the efficiency ofthe ealector decreases 3. from Msnereasing rate with increasing values of Ty (eee 350i 296.8 he value falling rom 820 to 200 per cent ay ffi. 419) 09 90°C. This decrease is because of the highs eee shat which the elector a whol perates when tho teaperatee perature increases. Becauso ofthis, the tp lac coef iB ae temperature difference with the suroundings dist 8 0) oat lost incroases and the useful hoat gin decrease, cident Solor FIUX fi fre dhe reults given earlier n Table 41. Tis seen tat the Hg 16 fom goes with te fx, the irereae being more prenoared Fe cfu, As sated in See. 495, thefladinlet temperate sen a jont tmperavure essentially determine the Ise from a sai Stone, i these quantities are conatant andthe inidnt fox Stor Mike wseful heat gain ad the effloncy must increas. ‘eadbe noted thatthe incident fax is composed of beam, iis and ‘Mie radiation and thet the variation ebtained in Fg, 415 s SManced by the relative proportion ofthese components | $37 Dust on the Top Cover sc em ptin sor ne the ts en ing calculations of the flux transmitted through the coves tor have been done under the assumption tht the cove™ and has no dust accumulated om it. This essamPott only if the cover is continuously cleaned. Hore ug sour EY 0 m0 “CUO HD Fi not teperaue 10) Fig, 448 Voration of Etfclaney of the GI Collector with Flu ig Temperature (n, Based on Absorbor Plate Area) ‘practical situation, tis isnot possible. Cleaning is generally done eres every fow days. For this reason, itis recommended that the inci, flux be multiplied by 2 correction factor which accounts for th: ‘eduction in intensity boeause ofthe accumulation of dust. ‘There is, however, considerable difficulty in assigning a value tothe ‘orrecton facto Ina specific situation beesuse ofits dependence en ‘umber of parameters. The valuo depends obviously on the location of thecolleter and the timecf tho year. Tt also depends upon the material cf the cover (gloss ur plastic) the tlt of the collector and the frequoney ‘The resus of two studi sre a follows. Fer callectorsinslined at 20° in Boston, USA, Hottel and Woerts* found a reduction of less than 1 per cant in the tranamitted radiation nd accordingly commended s correction facor f 098, fewer nc IG Howe nt Bb, We, rant ABB 949 a MAE Pe Sache Cac, ‘nus Fatt Colsirs tsp 0) ol 70) Init act Wm) we io * Etfcienoy ofthe GI Collector wih nedoe Flak ‘Absorber Plate Area) vom seems to bo on the higher side, Garg* endasted endation Seon glass covers inclined at various angles. The Eo or og Nay anne, hae he iments Were FRor a collector inclined at 45°, Garg cbtained a Pinay mont rr a cleaning frequency of 20 days. teeien of 118 eesed on ratty Base of 0.22 felt 90 prevent ameviat cements. a esta fr te correction factor between 0.82 and 099 seems ie indicated NALYSIS OF COLLECTORS SIMILAR z 70 ‘THE CONVENTIONAL COLLECTOR wentional lgeid fate a ote late wit tbsstondel shich are fairly similar tothe Jar we havo considered only hhaving the geometry of a flat a We now consider two other types, w solr Ener erepe Garg, “Effect of Dirt on. sparent Covers Slr Enc 8 0 be Lud Pape Cotatos ep sn one ofthese, the tubes ary yolid assumption for most situation, de ysed thus far 0 OP ile in the other, ¢he CO%Ue jsav9 aan ston, there are ala cone analy ate, WI , the typi toy, 1638 1 Sich require a transiont analysis, Surp seth tm hn or bah hese pes har Sy pai an hone Ken ste singly very Cig. 430. al tothe case considered. The only gin ne Me pst SPP one Se of rani em. On ay dy analysis iden’ tps are obtained for the collector eff; Py oe i neN Cow hours in the moming to reach its operating cifferent express ey gt jw ake ech t may operate under quast-staady ondins. a} aes pore, aff Tyalysis is needed for these hours {from say 7 ta {onsen ne beating ofthe collector fm ite overnight ew side operating temperature. Fellowing Dutfio and o Fo 417 Pte ard Tube Ft pateColectrs (a) Tubes Bonded ig ‘Absorber Plate () Tubes imine with Absorber Plate In the case oftubes bonded above, "les ‘In the case of tubes in line with the absorber plate, ms 1 ola = - hy Tom T+ 7 7 convective We emi coefcents Ur, aed Ur a8 ellos Vol Tpn — Te) = ip =e om = Te) * ‘do an approximate lumped-parameter analysis for for this situation. We assume that the absorber reer pottom and side insultin, and the water inthe seat capacity (RO)p cover nas heat gain during tis period, wo obtain the ne Mace equations forthe absorber plate and thecver ‘and are at the same temperature ‘ine a hoat capacity (0) and is aa temperature pn = TE) (456) nto -Thil (457) ‘and radiative losses from the top by (Ts -T8) T lore b = 1,) + 08{T! - Ti) \ Ol artowas and Up(T,~ Ti) =he(Te~ Te) + 84S Th resneanee fn Ce there 5 no tac inva ‘has, Bas (4.56) and (4.57) become ay (458) (Cp Bom 5 Uy Tym To~ Uo UXTon 79) A dt as s! ing the bond (adbesie) sbeorber plate Ne “e® are usualy fabricated integral with te 41 TRANSIENT ANALYSig ‘only So rn ay ans | THA. Dutie and WA. Baska, Soar Energy Theme! Process, Sab Wiese" 50 soo Ene! woe Uy Tpn- Te) Vek 7,y te M ain the sods st \ ? ple Te)= UeT pm Te) | that this relation holds during the transient hate Ky Woossme ta nt Differentiating Bq. (4.60), ve hays a tha is 0 aT, _ 4, dT pm Ua Ge OE aT. suttatng fr Up and St Bq. (4.58) and then adding p a and (428), we have tt ‘The quantity within the square brackets represents an ef capacity ofthe elector and will be denoted by the symbol (moj ®t ‘liferential equation (462) ean be integrated under the ase, thatthe vos of § and 7, are constants, This is valid if tye intel fh inaraton ep retenabiy smal, Using tet £20,Tyq= Tp we git = A,Uit snes cal 49 0), Bauation (4.3) ean bo used cither fo find the ts . ind the time taken lector to reach the mean plate termporature eoreapeading De tr a et apse pt ened peratire after a certain amount of time has elapsed = meas aa fot plate collector operates at @ mean. late temy "tte Number of covers as 1 1.2 Wn. 64 Wn? + 9228 Want Oreral es efeent Top loss coetcent + Us v te and tubes gor plot 00) ens iOn (a) og ator i coletor 1 oy ee areata a 6 1 1G, plate tompe am, (e we cient on Avorage ta ; ana Fier sy ae ‘pe gw) (hy pert, ee 4 15 060 ae a ‘so 5 os » © - swith the initial condition at 6 a.m., we apply Bq. (4.5) for ses ie hao ae 542.0421 x418)4( 16484 nO. 4542.04 21 x4.18)4( 16. 5 319,79 sorbed fz jg 607 Ama tho ab ae 00.252 7.5 Win! Ba. (469), 1527900 pW) _ gy [_LOX1X72%1, 9600) eeiaat- = 14) 19.78 ‘1000 = 0.123 ‘Therefore Tym a7 a.m. = 14.910 y from 7 to 6 am.,S = 87,5 Win and Tya at 8 am, = 2585. Sa ee mS =abe Win and Taam - sre ‘Sue the tomporature at 10 a.m. will crass the operating value, we ful find out the time after 9 a.m, which will be required to reach 7/0, Assuming that the value of S = 477.8 Wim’ from 9 to 10 am. Inés ‘or part of the hour also, we get from Eo, (4.63), A73-72(10~-18)__ [| LSx1xT2xt , 9600) 4773-7.2(49.59 18) "P| 19.79” 1000, Silrng, we get = ¢=042 h=25min. gaits the collector will attain a mean plate temperature ef 0°Cat | 852m, Mg yrs 41 TESTING PROCEDURES viet ite BODE Ht pup Fea taubschind OH 8 Tibi, ay Dy ira nas agp He Mii og Th wari heb Both, un, yy ‘io praetor 15 YN Vly kit Sains Pome A Nanay 8 btn iene Wass Weel, WAVTing ge dapoone SsNeN* Yoana) bits sre His and Sead * Basa i prone juan Sonar ANE Va 8 f mbsanatis Sisgenty shining, she essentin} 4 he seb econ Di, M4. Nie cae oop psa et | Lon 1 oY | ye ce | } Stent Bypass UTEMOR 4-—— ee {2 {ses} Elec heatar Fo418- Seema Demet Setup resting Liu Ft at Cote jt ‘a Mal sate sth Deere 10 Them Prema A Mil et ae raf ae eit Bora at Cer Bd 8S Roma, Pt a ah tae Standards aeg2, * Medion Stoned i aaa ing Hn 8 WH try sayy ah, #2010 BG § MH athe ag ypblt OHS AMEE Bape ny OD ne it sn ye St ne of te Sh one nt neti Ly hath 100 wove tok ints yp 09 ie pride nace tys iby ye tee a Oh EME DONA Ya ‘neeshig Ne is tha tet Dlortin th iy Wehr i Hest th Missany erase tol sehr sage 0 gin HAS OLY HBC ste nnn tte weenie th vb WHE be, 3 snr Ft jn 0 Thy OA Vea be itd sponeacioah eet Se et ee et Deen nya, Bot 2 tits Ses t86 ars: sean ted, Bran fos sin, 10h, eas ON oad noe nest Bi 8 RA Its dare ues A ernie tan a Aad oh I fig ouraba sommes vols iste ete mnensuresncals mie I «ith ahs wd, are the 8 peligy, we uid inlet nd a benperntare A Ys elector dakar radision intibea8 onthe cll pa Uy the prabars (), xe pre Feat To m ‘ Irap wcrtats the onllector tA), i a Dh iy em stn a te By We" Adp Ady us srlar endings are reared under sendy sa mad a sotet er in considered Uo he operoting under sady stale on of Une experimental parainetor is es than Timits over 36 sina period: fhe flowing, specie "> qlebal radiation fncient on collector pane +60 Win? «+ Ambient temperature £0" 4 Pid flow rate £1% 4 Fld inlet temperabare +010 ‘Temperature rise across eallector 2010 ln addton, ts speeiied that the value of fy should be geste than 90 Win, the wind speed should be hetween 4 and 6 ini and the fluid Iv rate should be set at approximately 0.02 ke/s por square metre of tllsee gross area. It is to be noted that although te prsedare Aue ifr outdoor ating, ‘also applicable for indoor testing solar simulator iieticeney sales calelated rom By (4.64) a oe psameter (7), Teil. The reason for ding tis is appares fone Sauidere the Hotlel-Whillier lisa oquation. Dividing be? 76448) by Ad, we havo

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