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3rd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 912 (2020) 042007 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/912/4/042007

Effect of Nozzle Hole Number on Diesel Engine Using Diesel

and Biodiesel Blends

S Sabareesh kumaran1 and P Raghu1

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara college of Engineering,
Pennalur, Sriperumbudur, Tamilnadu, pincode-602117, India.

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. In this work the experiment was carried out to investigate the performance,
combustion and emissions by changing the number of nozzle holes of the injector such as 3
hole, 4 hole and 5 hole by maintaining the hole diameter as 0.25mm. The experiments are
executed on Kirloskar 4-stroke computerized single cylinder air cooled and electrical
dynamometer coupled DI diesel engine with diesel, Rubber seed methyl ester and B20 Blend
as fuels at 1500 rpm, with the injection timing of 23.4°BTDC with an injection pressure of 240
bar maintained constant throughout the experiment. It is found that 4 hole nozzle gives higher
brake thermal efficiency, lower specific fuel consumption, CO, HC, for Diesel, Biodiesel and
B20 Blend compared with other two nozzle holes. However the NOX got increased which is
more for all the tested fuels by varying a number of nozzle hole diameter.

1. Introduction
In a CI engine the diesel is inoculated into an extremely pressurised gas. The pressure and temperature
of the gas makes the diesel to self-ignite. Certain time period is essential for self-ignition as the
reactions of combustion does not takes place instantly. Hence, the preliminary stage of combustion
process is premixing meanwhile certain amount of diesel has time period to combine with air during
the ignition delay period. Next to the premixed stage the combustion will takes place with diesel being
burnt during controlled combustion stage. As stated earlier the intention of a combustion system in an
engine is to burn the fuel and thus turn it into heat. A fuel injector is a device which is used to impinge
the fuel into the engine for preparing the correct fuel-air mixture which in turn offers effective
combustion to the engine. The capillary and nozzle of diesel fuel injectors are made in such a manner
that they can form the diesel packets while spraying the fuel inside the combustion chamber.
The study was made on a DI diesel engine to evaluate its outcome on performance and emission at
200 bar, 220 bar and 240 bar injection pressure. The dissimilar nozzle hole size injectors such as 3
holes 0.28 mm dia and 5 holes 0.20 mm dia were taken. The result shows that the 5 hole nozzle of Ø =
0.2 mm at the fuel injection pressure of 220 bar gives improved performance and emission
characteristics [1]. The study was done to evaluate the effect of different nozzle hole sizes on
performance, combustion and emissions by using various diameters for a 3hole nozzle. The diameters
chosen are 0.28 mm as base and 0.20 mm as modified. It was observed that 0.20 mm modified nozzle
progresses the vaporisation, atomisation and air-fuel mixing in a lesser time period [2]. This
investigation was done to explore the performance of Jatropha not fit for human consumption
vegetable oils and its blend. The trials were executed on 5,7,9 and 11 hole nozzle injector for an
injection pressure of 210 bar. It is seen that the 9 hole nozzle provides decent performance and lesser
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3rd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 912 (2020) 042007 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/912/4/042007

emission rates [3]. This investigation deals with the outcome of diverse constraints which includes
hole number, diameter and length of holes, nozzle sac diameter and the needle seat angle of injectors
were studied based on injection rate and sac pressure. Outcomes demonstrate that decrease in sac
pressure by 46%, therefore doubling the hole number had massive variation in injection rate. Even
though, the sac pressure will increase up to 60%, when the hole diameter is decreased by 40% in spite
of the quasi-constant injection rate [4].
This study deals with the evaluation of diesel engine’s performance using neem oil methyl ester
(NOME). The engine runs at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and CR of 17.5. The various injectors used
are 3, 4, 5 holes of 0.3 mm diameter and the injection timing are 19o, 23o, 27o and 31o BTDC. The
pressure of 205, 220, 230, 240 and 260 bars were selected for evaluation. It is found that the injection
timing of 27o, injection pressure of 240 bar and 5 hole injector gives greater performance with NOME
[5]. Studied the performance of single cylinder 4 stroke variable compression ratio engine with
cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) as fuel. The various injection timing used are 19 o, 23o and 27o
BTDC and the injection pressure of 210, 220, 230 and 240 bars and 3, 4 and 5 hole injectors of 0.3
mm diameter of each were selected. The results shows that 4 hole injector and IT of 19 o and pressure
of 230 bar gives better engine performance and emission [6].
The experiment was done to evaluate the performance of CRDI engine using acid oil methyl ester
(AOME) biodiesel blended with diesel and ethanol. First the injection timing is varied between 25 o
BTDC to 5o ATDC and next the injection pressure is varied between 600 to 1000 bar. The
compression ratio and the engine speed were kept constant at 17.5 and 1500 rpm respectively for both
cases. It is evaluated that injection timing of 10o and the injection pressure of 900 bar gives higher
performance and lesser emissions [7].
The diesel engine’s performance depends mainly on their injection scheme strategy. Hence the
advances were done in the injection system design to achieve better engine performance. The injectors
will inject the fuel at very high pressure and thus the material selected must able to withstand the high
stresses. Superior accuracy and tolerance were given in the injection system design.

2. Experimental Setup

Table 1. Engine specifications.

Engine type Four stroke, single cylinder, air cooled direct injection diesel engine
Piston type Bowl- in- piston
Capacity 661 cm3
Maximum power/ HP 4.4 kW/ 7.2 HP at 1500 rpm
Maximum torque 28 Nm
Bore x stroke 87.5 mm x 110 mm
Compression ratio 17.5:1
Speed 1500 rpm
Dynamometer Electrical dynamometer with loading unit
Injection timing 23.4oBtdc
Injection Pressure Injection pressure 240 bar
Type of fuel injection Pump-in-line injection system
No. of nozzle holes 3, 4, 5
The engine specifications were shown in table 1, the rated power of the engine is 4.4 kW. The engine
is a 4 stroke, single cylinder and air-cooled diesel engine coupled with electrical dynamometer. The
injectors used are 3, 4 and 5 holes with diameter of 0.25 mm each fueled with diesel, biodiesel and
B20 blend. The engine rums at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and the CR of 17.5. The injection
pressure of 240 bar and the injection timing of 23.4o were selected for the complete experiment.

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3rd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 912 (2020) 042007 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/912/4/042007

Thermocouple is employed to measure the ambient air temperature. An exhaust gas analyzer is
employed to calculate the amount CO, CO2, HC, NOx and O2.

3. Results and Discussions

The experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different nozzle hole number in CI engine.
The combustion, performance and emission characteristics of various nozzles are tested under
different load conditions using diesel, biodiesel and B20 blend. Some of the engine parameters and
emissions are calculated and represented in the form of graphical representation.
3.1 Brake thermal efficiency
Brake Thermal Efficiency is known as brake power of a heat engine. It helps to determine how an
engine converts heat energy to mechanical energy. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) measures the
effectiveness of chemical energy conversion into beneficial work in an engine. Effect of nozzle hole
number on BTE for 3, 4 and 5 hole nozzles for various fuels used are shown in Figure 1 to Figure 3
respectively. Hence it was evaluated that nozzle holes number has substantial impact on spray
penetration and droplet size. From the above graphs it was observed that for 4 hole nozzle the BTE
amplified slightly as a outcome of improved vaporization and atomization for diesel and RSME. 5
hole nozzle shows increased BTE for B20 blend alone. It is clear that for diesel and biodiesel the 4
hole nozzle is preferred than the other two nozzles for better BTE.

Figure 1. Effect on BTE for Diesel. Figure 2. Effect on BTE for Biodiesel.

Figure 3. Effect on BTE for Blend.

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3rd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 912 (2020) 042007 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/912/4/042007

3.2. Brake specific fuel consumption

Figure 4. Effect on SFC for Diesel. Figure 5. Effect on SFC for Biodiesel.

Figure 6. Effect on SFC for Blend.

Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is the fuel efficiency of prime mover in which fuel burns to
yield shaft or rotational. Thus BSFC relates the efficiency of an internal combustion engine with its
shaft output. It is also the amount of fuel consumed to the power generated. Consequence of nozzle
hole number on BSFC for 3,4,5 hole nozzles are shown in Figure 4 to Figure 6 respectively. The
BSFC depends principally on fuel aspects such as viscosity, density and its chemical structure. For
the 4 hole nozzle, the BSFC was encouragingly falling due to increased mixing rates of fuel and air.
From the outcomes it is found that 4 hole nozzle have low BSFC when compared with other nozzles
for diesel, bio diesel and B20 Blend fuel.
3.3. Heat release rate
HRR is a vital parameter of combustion found by the application of the first law of thermodynamics
on the cylinder gas pressure variable. Based on HRR the various combustion stages were classified.
The combustion stages are classified into premixed combustion stage, mixed combustion stage, and
late combustion stage.

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3rd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 912 (2020) 042007 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/912/4/042007

Figure 7. Effect on HRR for Diesel. Figure 8. Effect on HRR for Biodiesel.

Figure 9. Effect on HRR for Blend.

Effect on heat release rate for 3, 4 and 5 hole nozzles are shown in Figure 7 to Figure 9 respectively.
The peak rise in Heat Release Rate for the 4 hole nozzle is because of the delay during the early stage
of combustion.
3.4 Cylinder Pressure
The pressure inside the engine cylinder is a vital parameter to be observed during the combustion
process to evaluate the performance characteristics of the diesel engine. It is dependent on the amount
of fuel taking part in uncontrolled combustion. Variation of cylinder pressure for 3, 4 and 5 hole
nozzles are shown in Figure 10 to Figure 12 respectively. From the graphs it is evaluated that the 4
hole nozzle has high in-cylinder pressure compared with the other nozzles. It is due to the complete
vaporization of the fuel in 4 hole nozzle and results in appropriate mixing of air and fuel.
3.5 Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide is mainly due to the partial combustion in which the complete oxidation process
does not occurs. CO mainly depends on the air fuel mixture, if the rich mixture is used the level of
CO will be higher. In rich mixtures due to shortage in air the CO2 cannot be formed from the carbon
and thus CO is formed. The large amount of CO is formed during the starting of the engine and
rapid acceleration. Effect on carbon monoxide emissions for 3, 4 and 5 hole nozzles are shown in

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3rd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 912 (2020) 042007 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/912/4/042007

Figure 13 to Figure 14 respectively. By relating the graphs, it is found that for 4 hole nozzle due to
thoroughness in the fuel and air mixing the CO emission is prominently lowered with diesel, RSME
and B20 blend.

Figure 10. Variation of pressure for Diesel. Figure 11. Variation of pressure for Biodiesel.

Figure 12. Variation of pressure for Blend.

3.6 Hydrocarbon emission

Hydrocarbon emissions are the source of unburned fuels that impinge on to the cylinder wall. The
HC emissions are due to lean mixtures, in lean mixtures the flame speeds might be too little for
combustion and causes wall quenching. When the unburnt fuel burns in the successive cycle it will
produce HC emissions. Effect on HC emissions for 3, 4 and 5 hole nozzles are shown in Figure 16 to
Figure 18 respectively. From the graphs it is evident that HC formation is considerably decreased with
4 hole nozzle with diesel, RSME and B20 blend because it will produce high flame speeds for better
turbulence.
3.7 Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
The volume of NOx formed is due to the peak temperature reached in the cylinder, oxygen
concentrations, and residence time. The large amount of NOx is formed during the early stage of the
combustion, when the piston is motionless close to the top of its stroke. At this stage the

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3rd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 912 (2020) 042007 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/912/4/042007

temperature of the flame is at its peak. Effect on NOx emissions for 3, 4 and 5 hole nozzles are shown
in Figure 19 to Figure 21 respectively. From the graphs it is observed that NOx emission increases
with 4 hole nozzle this is owing to the complete combustion of air and fuel.

Figure 13. Effect on CO for Diesel. Figure 14. Effect on CO for Biodiesel.

Figure 15. Effect on CO for Blend.

3.8 CO2 Emissions

During combustion the hydrocarbon fuel burns with air to liberate heat energy, in this process the
carbon in the fuel reacts with oxygen in the air to produce carbon-dioxide as a by-product. The carbon-
dioxide emissions are the source of the complete combustion. Effect on CO2 emissions for 3, 4 and 5
hole nozzles are shown in Figure 22 to Figure 24 respectively. From the graphs it is seen that the 4
hole nozzle produces high CO2 emissions, hence the 4 hole nozzle generates complete combustion in
the CI engine as compared with the 3 and 5 hole nozzle for all the fuels tested.

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3rd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 912 (2020) 042007 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/912/4/042007

Figure 16. Effect on HC for Diesel. Figure 17. Effect on HC for Biodiesel.

Figure 18. Effect on HC for Blend.

Figure 19. Effect on NOx for Diesel. Figure 20. Effect on NOx for Biodiesel.

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3rd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 912 (2020) 042007 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/912/4/042007

Figure 21. Effect on NOx for Blend.

Figure 22. Effect on CO2 for Diesel. Figure 23. Effect on CO2 for Biodiesel.

Figure 24. Effect on CO2 for Blend.

4. Conclusion
The combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine is studied
by varying the number of injector nozzle hole The 0.25 mm diameter hole injector is selected and the
number of holes is varied to 3,4 and 5. Tests are done with diesel, RSME and B20 blend, from the

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3rd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME 2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 912 (2020) 042007 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/912/4/042007

results observed it is determined that 4 hole nozzle generates encouraging results concerning engine
performance, combustion and emission compared with the other two nozzles for all the fuels used. The
major drawback is that increase in NOx and CO2 emissions were observed for all the tested fuels. The
3 hole and 5 hole nozzle gives higher CO and HC emissions whereas NOX is reduced due to lesser heat
release rate and improper mixing of air and fuel.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the management of Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering for give us with the
essential experimental setup to execute this work.
5. References
[1] Sharma R, Singh R R and Vishwakarma S K 2013 Experimental study of the effect of fuel
injector nozzle holes on direct injection diesel engine IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering 7.
[2] Vijay Kumar M, Veeresh Babu A, Ravi Kumar P and Manoj Kumar Dundi T 2018. Influence of
different nozzle hole orifice diameter on performance, combustion and emissions in a diesel
engine Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering 1 1-6.
[3] Senthil Kumar R., 2014 Experimental Investigation of Injectors Nozzle Hole on CI engine
Using Jatropha Oil as Bio-fuel, International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering &
Technology 3 1-7.
[4] Pirooz A R Y A 2014. Effects of injector nozzle geometry on spray characteristics, an
analysis Indian J. Sci. Res. 5 354-361.
[5] Halewadimath, S.S., Banapurmath, N.R. and Khandal, S.V., 2017. Performance, Emission and
Combustion Characteristics of Modified Diesel Engine Fuelled with Neem Oil Methyl Ester
(NOME) SciFed Journal of Biofuel and Bioenergetics, 1.
[6] Suresh G, Kamath H C and Banapurmath N R 2014. Effects of injection timing, injector
opening pressure and nozzle geometry on the performance of cottonseed oil methyl ester-
fuelled diesel engine International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 7 82-92.
[7] Rajesh S, Kulkarni B M, Banapurmath N R and Kumarappa S 2018. Effect of injection
parameters on performance and emission characteristics of a CRDi diesel engine fuelled with
acid oil biodiesel–ethanol blended fuels Biofuels 9 353-367.

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