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Phy Assignment

The document discusses the mechanical properties of solids including elasticity, plasticity, stress, strain, and modulus of elasticity. It defines key terms like elastic limit, yield point, tensile strength. Hooke's law states that stress is directly proportional to strain for small deformations. The stress-strain curve is plotted with strain on the x-axis and stress on the y-axis. Young's modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus relate applied forces to deformations. Elastic properties influence structural design of buildings and thickness of cables.

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fatma khatoon
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11 views

Phy Assignment

The document discusses the mechanical properties of solids including elasticity, plasticity, stress, strain, and modulus of elasticity. It defines key terms like elastic limit, yield point, tensile strength. Hooke's law states that stress is directly proportional to strain for small deformations. The stress-strain curve is plotted with strain on the x-axis and stress on the y-axis. Young's modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus relate applied forces to deformations. Elastic properties influence structural design of buildings and thickness of cables.

Uploaded by

fatma khatoon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter - 9 Mechanical Properties Of Solids

Properties of solids

● Solids have a definite shape and size.


● Solids are crystalline or amorphous.
● The density of solids is slightly higher than their liquid states.

Deforming force: –

A force which changes the size, shape or volume .

When a body is subjected to a deforming force, a restoring force is developed in


the body. Elasticity and elastic deformation:

● The property of a body, by virtue of which it tends to regain its


original size and shape when the applied force is removed, is known
as elasticity and the deformation caused is known as elastic
deformation.
● Example of perfectly elastic body- quartz Plasticity :
● Substances which do not retain their state when deforming forces are
removed are called plastic and this property is called plasticity.
● Eg of perfectly plastic body- putty

ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF SOLIDS

● When a solid is deformed, the atoms or molecules are displaced from


their equilibrium positions causing a change in the inter atomic (or
intermolecular) distances.
● When the deforming force is removed, the inter atomic forces tend to
drive them back to their original positions.
● Thus the body regains its original shape and size.

STRESS:

● The restoring force per unit area is known as stress.


● If F is the force applied and A is the area of cross section of the body,
magnitude of the stress = F/A
● The SI unit of stress is N m-2 or pascal (Pa)
● Its dimensional formula is

Types of stress

● Longitudinal stress or linear stress


● Normal stress or hydraulic stress
● Shearing stress or tangential stress

Longitudinal stress or linear stress


● This stress produces a change in length.
● The change in length may be elongation( tensile stress ) or
compression (compressive stress)

Normal stress or hydraulic stress or volume stress

• This stress produces a change in volume

Shearing stress or tangential stress


● This stress produces a change in shape

STRAIN:

● It is the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension.


● It has no unit and dimensions.

Longitudinal (Linear) strain:

● It is the ratio of change in the length (ΔL) to the original length(L) of


the body .
● Longitudinal strain = ΔL/L

Volume strain:

● It is the ratio of change in volume (ΔV) to the original volume (V)


● Volume strain = ΔV/ V

Shearing strain :

● It is the angle turned by a straight line assumed on the body which


was originally perpendicular to the tangential force.

● Usually θ is very small, tan θ is nearly equal to angle θ.


● Thus, shearing strain = tan θ ≈ θ

HOOKE’S LAW:

● For small deformations the stress is directly proportional to strain.


● Where k is the proportionality constant and is known as modulus of
elasticity.

● Modulus of elasticity depends on, nature of the material of the body


and temperature.
● It is independent of the dimensions of the body.
● S.I unit of ‘k’ is Nm-2 or Pascal [Pa]

Stress – Strain Curve:

● A graph drawn with strain along x-axis and strain along y-axis.
● The point B in the curve is known as yield point (also known as
elastic limit) and the corresponding stress is known as yield strength
(Sy) of the material.
● The point D on the graph is the ultimate tensile strength (Su) of the
material.
● If the ultimate strength and fracture points D and E are close, the
material is said to be brittle.
● If they are far apart, the material is said to be ductile.

Elastomers:

● Substances which can be stretched to cause large strains are called


elastomers.
● Eg: tissue of aorta, rubber etc
Stress-strain curve for the elastic tissue of Aorta

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Young’s Modulus

● The ratio of tensile (or compressive) stress (σ) to the longitudinal


strain (ε ) is defined as Young’s modulus and is denoted by the
symbol Y.

● The unit of Young’s modulus is N m-2 or Pascal (Pa).


Determination of Young’s Modulus of the Material of a Wire
• The Young’s modulus of the material of the experimental wire is given by

Shear Modulus (Modulus of Rigidity)

● The ratio of shearing stress to the corresponding shearing strain is


called the shear modulus of the material and is represented by G.

● The shearing stress σs can also be expressed as

• SI unit of shear modulus is N m-2 or Pa.

● For most materials G ≈ Y/3.

Bulk Modulus

● The ratio of hydraulic (Normal) stress to the corresponding hydraulic


(volume) strain is called bulk modulus. It is denoted by symbol B.

● SI unit of bulk modulus is the same as that of pressure.


Compressibility

● The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called compressibility and is


denoted by k.
● It is defined as the fractional change in volume per unit increase in
pressure.

● The bulk moduli for solids are much larger than for liquids, which are
again much larger than the bulk modulus for gases(air).
● Thus solids are least compressible whereas gases are most
compressible.

APPLICATIONS OF ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF MATERIALS

1. In designing a building, the structural design of the columns, beams


and supports.
○ A bar of length l, breadth b, and depth d when loaded at the
centre by a load W sags by an amount given by
● For a given material, increasing the depth d rather than the breadth b
is more effective in reducing the bending.
● The bending of deep bars is called buckling.
● To avoid buckling I shaped beams are used.

● I shaped section provides a large load bearing surface and enough


depth to prevent bending.
● This shape reduces the weight of the beam, without sacrificing the
strength. Hence reduces the cost.

2. To find the thickness required for a metal rope, to be used in cranes to pull
up heavy objects.

• The ropes are always made of a number of thin wires braided together for
flexibility and strength

3. The maximum height of the mountain is limited by the elastic properties of the
rock which hold the mountain.

• The maximum height is calculated to be around 10 kms.

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