Immunotechnology

INTRODUCTION TO
IMMUNOLOGY
By Dr. B.P. Nayak.
INTRODUCTION TO
IMMUNOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY AND THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
 Immunology
 Study of the components and function of the immune
system

 Immune System
 Molecules, cells, tissues and organs which provide non-
specific and specific protection against
 Microorganisms
 Microbial toxins
 Tumor cells
 Crucial to human survival
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND
IMMUNITY
 Immune response
 Innate (non-specific)
 Adaptive (specific)
 Primary
 Secondary

 Immunity
 State of non-specific and specific protection

 Acquisition of Immunity
 Natural
 Artificial
NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

 Active
 Antigens enter body naturally with response of
 Innate and adaptive immune systems
 Provides long term protection

 Passive
 Antibodies pass from mother to
 Fetus across placenta
 Infant in breast milk
 Provides immediate short term protection
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

 Active
 Antigens enter body through vaccination with response of
 Innate and adaptive immune systems
 Provides long term protection

 Passive
 Antibodies from immune individuals injected into body
 Referred to as
 Immune serum globulins (ISG)
 Immune globulins (IG)
 Gamma globulins
 Provides immediate short term protection
PRINCIPAL FUNCTION OF THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
To protect humans from pathogenic microorganisms
 Pathogenic microorganisms (Pathogens)
 Microorganisms capable of causing infection and/or
disease

 Infection
 Ability of pathogen to enter host, multiply and stimulate
an immune response

 Disease
 Clinical manifestations associated with infection
PRINCIPAL FUNCTION OF THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Defense against the growth of tumor cells
 kills the growth of tumor cells

Homeostasis
 destruction of abnormal or dead cells
(e.g. dead red or white blood cells, antigen-antibody
complex)
BACTERIA, VIRUSES, FUNGI,
PARASITES
 Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus)
 Klebsiella pneumoniae
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 Ebola virus
 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
 Aspergillus fumigatus
 Candida albicans
 Cryptococcus neoformans
 Cryptosporidium parvum
 Stronglyoides stercoralis
 Ascaris lumbricoides
 Plasmodium falciparum
DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF THE
HUMAN HOST

 Innate Mechanisms (Innate immunity)

 First line of defense
 Non-specific

 Adaptive Mechanisms (Adaptive immunity)

 Second line of defense
 Highly specific with memory

 Cooperation between mechanisms

CELLS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
ORIGIN OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
 Derived from common progenitor cell in bone marrow
 Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

 Progenitor Stem Cells

 Erythroid lineage
 Erythrocytes and Megakaryocytes
 Myeloid lineage
 Monocyte/macrophage, dendritic cells, PMN’s, mast cells
 Lymphoid lineage
 Small and large lymphocytes
FIGURE 2-1 Hematopoiesis
(Kuby Immunology 7th ed.)
CELLS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
 Myeloid Lineage
 Neutrophil
 Eosinophil
 Basophil
 Functions similar to eosinophils and mast cells
Referred to as
 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN’s)
 Nuclei are multilobed (2 to 5)
 Granulocytes
 Cytoplasmic granules
CELLS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
 Myeloid Lineage
 Neutrophil
 Principal phagocytic cell of innate immunity
 Eosinophil
 Principal defender against parasites
 Basophil
 Functions similar to eosinophils and mast cells
Referred to as
 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN’s)
 Nuclei are multilobed (2 to 5)
 Granulocytes
 Cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
CELLS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
 Myeloid lineage
 Monocytes
 Leukocytes with bean shaped or brain-like convoluted nuclei
 Circulate in blood with half life of 8 hours
 Macrophages
 Mononuclear phagocytic cells in tissue
 Derive from blood monocytes
CELLS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
 Myeloid lineage
 Monocytes
 Leukocytes with bean shaped or brain-like convoluted nuclei
 Circulate in blood with half life of 8 hours
 Precursors of tissue macrophages
 Macrophages
 Mononuclear phagocytic cells in tissue
 Derive from blood monocytes
 Participate in innate and adaptive immunity
CELLS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY

 Myeloid lineage
 Dendritic cells
 Cells with dendriform (star shaped)
morphology
 Mast cells
 Located in mucous membrane and connective
tissue throughout body
CELLS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY

 Myeloid lineage
 Dendritic cells
 Cells with dendriform (star shaped) morphology
 Interdigitating reticular cells (synonym)
 Capture and present antigens to T lymphocytes
 Mast cells
 Located in mucous membrane and connective tissue
throughout body
 Major effector cell in allergy
 Modulation of initial immune response
CELLS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY

 Lymphoid Lineage
 Large lymphocytes (large granular lymphocytes)
 Natural killer (NK) cells (CD16, CD56)
 Small lymphocytes
 B cells (CD19)
 T cells (CD3, CD4 or CD8)
 Lymphocytes refers to small lymphocytes
CELLS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY

 Lymphoid Lineage
 Large lymphocytes (large granular lymphocytes)
 Natural killer (NK) cells (CD16, CD56)
 Innate immunity to viruses and other intracellular pathogens
 Participate in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
(ADCC)
 Small lymphocytes
 B cells (CD19)
 T cells (CD3, CD4 or CD8)
 Adaptive immunity
 Lymphocytes refers to small lymphocytes
THE CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION
(CD)
 A protocol for identification and investigation of cell surface
molecules

 CD number assigned on basis of 1 cell surface molecule

recognized by 2 specific monoclonal antibodies

 CD nomenclature established in 1982

 1st International Workshop and Conference on Human Leukocyte
Differentiation Antigens (HLDA)
THE CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION
(CD)
 CD markers on leukocytes
Granulocyte CD45+, CD15+
Monocyte CD45+, CD14+
T lymphocyte CD45+, CD3+
T helper lymphocyte CD45+, CD3+, CD4+
T cytotoxic lymphocyte CD45+, CD3+, CD8+
B lymphocyte CD45+, CD19+
Natural killer cell CD45+, CD16+, CD56+, CD3-
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT WITH
DIFFERENTIAL (CBC WITH DIFF)
References Ranges
Erythrocytes (RBC) 4.0 to 5.4 M/uL
Thrombocytes (Platelets) 145 to 400 K/uL
Leukocytes (WBC) 4.8 to 10.8 K/uL
Neutrophils 40 to 74 %
Band neutrophils 0 to 9
Eosinophils 0 to 6
Basophils 0 to 1
Lymphocytes 15 to 47
Monocytes 0 to 12
ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
LYMPHOCYTES, LYMPHOID
TISSUES AND ORGANS
 Lymphocytes originate in bone marrow
 Lymphoid tissues and organs
 Primary
 Development and maturation of lymphocytes

 Secondary
 Mature lymphocytes meet pathogens
LYMPHOCYTES, LYMPHOID
TISSUES AND ORGANS
 Lymphocytes originate in bone marrow
 Lymphoid tissues and organs
 Primary
 Development and maturation of lymphocytes
 Bone Marrow (B cells) and thymus gland (T cells)
 Secondary
 Mature lymphocytes meet pathogens
 Spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes, Peyer’s
patches, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

 Lymph
 Fluid and cells in lymphatic vessels

 Lymphatic vessels

 Lymph nodes
 Kidney shaped organs at intervals along lymphatic
vessels

 Other secondary lymphatic tissues and organs

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

 Lymph
 Fluid and cells in lymphatic vessels

 Lymphatic vessels
 Collect and return interstitial fluid to blood
 Transport immune cells throughout body
 Transport lipid from intestine to blood

 Lymph nodes
 Kidney shaped organs at intervals along lymphatic vessels

 Other secondary lymphatic tissues and organs

LYMPHOCYTES AND THE LYMPH
NODES
 Naïve lymphocytes circulate between blood, lymph and
secondary lymph nodes

 Pathogens from infected tissue sites are picked up by lymphatic

vessels and arrive at closest lymph node

 T and B cells congregate at specific regions of nodes

 Architecture and size of nodes change in response to activation

of lymphocytes
LYMPHOCYTES AND THE SPLEEN

 Spleen
 Lymphoid organ in upper left abdomen

 Architecture of Spleen
 Red pulp
 Erythrocytes removed
 White pulp
 Lymphocytes stimulated
LYMPHOCYTES AND THE SPLEEN

 Spleen
 Lymphoid organ in upper left abdomen
 Functions
 Remove damaged or old erythrocytes
 Activation of lymphocytes from blood borne pathogens

 Architecture of Spleen
 Red pulp
 Erythrocytes removed
 White pulp
 Lymphocytes stimulated
SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUES
ASSOCIATED WITH MUCOUS
MEMBRANES
 Primary portals of entry for pathogens
 Respiratory tract
 Gastrointestinal tract
 Secondary lymphoid tissues
 Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
 Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT)
 Tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer’s patches

 Pathogens are directly transferred across mucosa by “M”

cells
MOLECULES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
MOLECULES

 Antibodies
 Complements
 Cytokines
 Interleukines
 Interferons
IMMUNE RESPONSE
INNATE
THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE

 Mediated (initiated) by phagocytes, NK cells and soluble

proteins
 Phagocytes
 Cells specialized in the process of phagocytosis
 Macrophages
 Reside in tissues and recruit neutrophils
 Neutrophils
 Enter infected tissues in large numbers
 Recognize common molecules of bacterial cell surface
using a few surface receptors
 Phagocytosis
 Capture, engulfment and breakdown of bacterial
pathogen
THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE

 Inflammatory response enhances phagocytosis through

acute phase proteins
 Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
 Binds to bacterial surface with particular spatial arrangement of
mannose or fucose
 C-reactive protein (CRP)
 Binds to phosphorylcholine on bacterial surface
 Complement
 Set of proteins which bind to bacterial surface

 Inflammatory response
 Accumulation of fluid and cells at infection site (swelling,
redness, heat and pain)
ADAPTIVE
 ANTIGEN & ANTIBODY

REFER TO ANTIBODY SLIDE

PLS. REFER TO MHC SLIDES