CSS Solved General Science And

Ability Past Paper 2015

• Iqra Ali
• August 21, 2023
• CSS, CSS Solved GSA

• 38529 Views

The CSS Solved General Science & Ability (GSA) Past Paper 2015 is Solved by
Pakistan’s top GSA Coaches, Miss Iqra Ali. They are the only coaches available in
Pakistan who have solved the last 20 years GSA solved papers to help aspirants know
how to attempt the paper to score above 80. And they have guided thousands of CSS
and PMS aspirants. Both coaches have been known for their teaching methodology and
imparting concepts to their students, who scored the highest marks in this subject. At
the special request of CSSPrepForum, both coaches have solved the paper.
 PART-II
Question No. 2

A- Iibn-e Batoota’s famous book Rihalah is an important source of history and

geography. Justify it.

B- Albarouni is recognized more as natural scientist rather theorist. Comment.

Question breakdown

In this question, the examiner has asked you to explain Ibn e Batoota’s famous book
with its relevance to history and geography in the first part and a note on Albarouni,
justifying him as a scientist than a theorist. However, the header of “Muslim Scientists”
has now been omitted from the General Science and Ability Syllabus by FPSC from the
year 2016 onwards. Hence, the question is considered outdated, and there is no need
to prepare it; therefore, not solved in the paper.

Question No. 3

A- How solar eclipse and lunar eclipse are caused?

Question Breakdown:
In this question, the examiner has asked you to explain the phenomenon of the
formation of the solar eclipse and lunar eclipse. Thus, start your answer by defining
Eclipse in your own words and then move towards the formation of both one by one. At
the end of each, draw a schematic diagram explaining the whole phenomenon in an
image.

Answer:

Define Eclipse:

The eclipse means the obscuring of one astronomical object by another.

The Formation of Solar Eclipse:

A lunar eclipse means obscuring the Earth from the Sun’s light by the Moon’s
interaction between the Sun and the Earth. In other words, a solar eclipse happens
when the moon passes in between the Earth and the sun, partially or fully hiding the
sun’s rays for a few minutes. It usually occurs once in eighteen months in the daytime.

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

The Formation of Lunar Eclipse:

A lunar eclipse means obscuring the moon from the Sun’s light by the Earth’s
interaction between the Sun and the moon. In other words, when Earth comes between
the Sun and the Moon and partially or fully casts a shadow across the lunar surface, this
situation is called a lunar eclipse. It’s a common phenomenon, and about three lunar
eclipses occur yearly.

Image by
Miss Iqra Ali

[The same question was asked in GSA paper 2017, Question No. 4 (b), where the
examiner has asked it differently; thus, you are supposed to attempt that question
differently.]

B- Discuss the function of kidneys in human body.

Question Breakdown:

In this question, the examiner has asked you to explain the functioning of kidneys in the
body. However, before directly jumping to the functioning, explain the structure,
location, size, and shape of the kidney in two to three lines to create coherence in the
question. After done, describe a minimum of four to five functions with a neat relevant
diagram. Remember, writing too much cannot help you gain maximum marks, but the
relevancy and presentation do.

Answer:

Definition of Kidneys:

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs situated in the upper abdominal cavity,
one on each side of the spine, below the ribs and behind the belly. Each kidney is
approximately 3 cm thick, 6 cm wide, and 12 cm long, roughly the size of a large fist,
with a reddish-brown colour. Functional units of the kidney are called nephrons, which
are millions in number per kidney and responsible for carrying out the primary functions
of the kidneys.

Functions of Kidneys:

The kidneys are vital organs in the human body, playing a crucial role in maintaining
overall health and homeostasis. They manage fluid levels, electrolyte balance, and
other factors that keep the internal environment of the body consistent and comfortable.
Some other functions are given below:

1. Filtration of Blood:
The primary function of the kidneys is to filter blood to remove waste products
and excess substances from the body. Filtration specifically takes place in
the Glomerulus– a network of capillaries in the nephrons of the kidney- because
of the filtration pressure and porous surface of the glomerulus. The waste
products and excess ions are separated from the blood, and there remains a
filtrate called Glomerular Filtrate.

• Re-absorption of Water and Nutrients:

All the useful substances in the glomerular filtrate, glucose, amino acids,
 bicarbonates, and phosphates, are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted
tubules, leaving the filtrate with most of the nitrogenous wastes. Moving down
the limbs of loops of Henle, the kidneys reabsorb excessive water and
ions through the process called Counter Current Multiplier.

• Excretion of Waste Products:

Filtering waste products from the blood, the kidneys excrete various metabolic
waste products- such as urea, creatinine, uric acid, and drug metabolites- that
are produced from the breakdown of proteins and other cellular processes.

• Maintaining pH and Electrolyte Balance:

The kidneys help maintain the body’s pH in the optimal range, that is, 7.35-7.45,
by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions. This process is
crucial to prevent excessive acidosis or alkalosis in the body, which can be fatal.
Moreover, kidneys maintain the balance of electrolytes, such as sodium,
potassium, calcium, and chloride, in the body, by increasing or decreasing urine
concentration in response to Aldosterone and Antidiuretic Hormone, ensuring
that the internal environment remains within a narrow functional range.

• Secretion of active compounds:

The tubular epithelium of the nephron also secretes substances,
including Erythropoietin, controlling the production of red blood cells; Renin,
managing the volumes of blood plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid;
and Calcitriol, increasing the amount of calcium the intestines can absorb and
the reabsorption of phosphate in the kidneys.
Image by Miss Iqra Ali

[The same question has been asked in GSA paper 2023, Question No. 3 (b) with
special reference to the role of the kidney in excretion. There, you are supposed to
answer it differently.]
 Question No. 4

A- Describe briefly the principle working of two of the followings

(i) Television
(ii) Microwave oven
(iii) RADAR

Question Breakdown
In this particular question, there are two parts which you are supposed to answer. For
your ease, all three parts are solved here. To deal with it, first divide the marks
weightage, according to which each is 2.5 marks. So, just writing a basic definition of
the instrument and a brief principle working mechanism in three to four lines is more
than enough to meet the requirement. Moreover, you can draw block diagrams if any.

Answer:

• (I) Television:

Television is an electronic device that receives broadcasted audio and visual signals.

Working of Television:

Television works on the Principle of “Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and

Reception” broadly. First, Images and sound with cameras and microphones are
encoded into electronic signals; the electrical signals are further processed and
encoded into digital data using Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) for improved
transmission quality and compatibility and transmission. Then, the encoded signals are
sent to the receiver via a transmitter. The receiver equipped with tuners and
demodulators decodes the signals, which are then displayed on a screen using light-
emitting diodes (LEDs), liquid crystal displays (LCDs), or other technologies, while the
sound is reproduced through built-in or external speakers.
Image by Miss Iqra Ali

• (II) Microwave Oven

The micro oven is a simple device operating at a very high frequency and is used for
heating and cooking purposes.

Working of Microwave Oven:

The working principle of a microwave oven involves the generation and utilization of
microwave radiation. Microwave works on the principle of conversion of electromagnetic
energy into thermal energy. The oven generates microwave radiation – a very high
energy electromagnetic radiation with a frequency ranging between 300 MHz and 300
GHz and wavelength from 1 mm to around 30 cm approximately when switched on.
When a polar molecule (like water) present in the food falls in the path of these EM
radiations, it oscillates to align with them, changing the electric field of the microwaves.
It, as a result, leads to their rapid oscillation and the conversion of electromagnetic
energy into thermal energy, which heats the food. Frequency and wavelength allow
microwaves to penetrate deep inside the food and cook it from inside while the
temperature of the air present around the food remains constant as air is non-polar.
Image by Miss Iqra Ali

• (III) RADAR

RADAR is Radio Detection and Ranging. It is a technology used for detecting and
tracking objects by transmitting radio waves and analyzing their reflections to identify
obstacles to control the area of the spot or range of an object. It is used in various
applications, including aviation for aircraft navigation and collision avoidance,
meteorology for weather tracking, maritime navigation, military surveillance, and traffic
control.

Working of RADAR:

The principle behind the working of RADAR is “The Doppler Effect”- the change in
frequency or wavelength of waves (such as sound, light, or radio waves) in relation to
an observer moving relative to the source of the waves. The RADAR system emits
electromagnetic radio waves, which spread through space at the speed of light. When
these waves encounter an object, they reflect back as echoes. A receiver receives
these echoes, carrying information about distance, direction, and object traits. Precise
time measurement of wave travel yields distance, and signal processing determines
time delay and frequency shift, indicating object speed.

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

B- What is current status and future perspective of BIOTECHNOLGY in Pakistan?

Question Breakdown:

In this question, the examiner has asked you to analyze the current situation of
Biotechnology, along with its future prospects, with special reference to Pakistan. Thus,
start your question with the basic definition of Biotechnology and give a few examples.
Then, jump to the main part, i.e., the current situation. It is better to add references of
some authentic figures in the field or the stats from any think tanks. When done, write
down a future pathway- including suggestions- in 4 to 5 lines. Remember, it is just a five
marks question, and the paper you are solving solely belongs to science. So, keep
these points in special consideration while attempting the answer.

Answer

Define Biotechnology:

Biotechnology is a field of science and technology that involves the application of

biological systems, organisms, or living cells to develop or create products, processes,
or technologies that benefit various sectors, such as agriculture, healthcare, the
environment, and industry. It encompasses a wide range of techniques, including
genetic engineering, molecular biology, biochemistry, and microbiology, among others.

Example of Biotechnology:

Genetic Engineering, DNA Sequencing, Synthetic Biotechnology, Bioremediation, etc

The Current Status of Biotechnology in Pakistan:

With the significant emergence of modern biotechnology around the world, Pakistan, in
the early 1980s, started recognizing the importance of this field by expressing interest in
hosting the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
(ICGEB) proposed by UNIDO. To further its development, a National Commission on
Biotechnology and a National Policy and Action Plan were formulated as part of the
Mid-Term Development Framework, with substantial investments totalling over Rs. 5.0
billion (approximately USD 40 million) during the past decade. Since then, the
country has experienced significant growth and development, with a focus on
agriculture, healthcare, and industrial biotechnology. Presently, around 500 researchers
are engaged in biotechnology studies across 30 biotech centres in the country.
Moreover, the country has been in the top ten countries of GM crop producers during
the last few years. Biotechnology has also been utilized in healthcare for
pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and diagnostics. Pakistani biotech companies are involved
in manufacturing biologics, biosimilars, and enzymes.

Future Prospects of Biotechnology:

The future of biotechnology in Pakistan is promising. Biotechnology is being applied in

agriculture for crop improvement and addressing food security challenges. In
healthcare, there are opportunities for biopharmaceutical production and personalized
medicine. Industrial biotechnology holds potential for biofuels and environmentally
friendly processes. The country has the potential to become a hub for biomanufacturing,
producing biopharmaceuticals, enzymes, and other bioproducts for local use and
export. However, the success will depend on factors such as policy support, funding
availability, infrastructure development, and collaboration between academia, industry,
and government. Further, continued investment in research and development is crucial
for biotech growth, thus, fostering innovation and bringing new solutions to the various
sectors.

Extensive English Essay and Precis Course for CSS & PMS Aspirants
 Question No. 5

A- What do you mean by night vision technology?

Question Breakdown:

In this question, the examiner has again left it to you to explain night vision technology
per your understanding. So you can split the headings per your ease. However, all the
information must be valid, to the point, and relevant. Remember, avoid writing extras in
it; stick to what exactly has been asked. At last, draw a diagram/ table/block, etc., if any.

Answer:

Night Vision Technology:

The technology which allows humans to see in environmental conditions with little or no
light by using night vision devices is called night vision technology.

Working Principle of Night Vision Technology:

Night vision technology works on the principle of converting infrared light into visible
light through a channel of photocathode and phosphor because infrared light, having a
wavelength longer than visible light, cannot be detected by the naked human eye.

Working takes place in the following steps

1. Infrared light from a dark environment strikes the front lens of the night vision
device.
2. The energy packets of infrared light then strike the photocathode, which converts
visible light energy into electrons
3. The electrons undergo excitation, and then de excites to lower energy electrons
which are then captured by the phosphor screen.
 4. The phosphor screen then converts the electron energy into visible light energy.
5. The operator can see the visible light through the eyepiece of the device.

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

Night Vision Technology Operating Devices:

Under night vision technology, generally, three main types are explained:

• Image Intensifier Night Vision Devices

• Digital Night Vision Devices
• Thermal Imager Devices

Uses of Night Vision Technology:

 Image by
Miss Iqra Ali

B- How Energy crises can be minimized in Pakistan.

Question Breakdown:

The examiner has demanded ways to minimize the ongoing energy crisis in Pakistan in
this question. Thus, first of all, define Energy Crisis and give an overview of the current
situation of the energy crisis in Pakistan. Then, move towards the final part, that is,
recommendations and write minimum five practicable ways to deal with the energy
issues in the country. Remember, try to answer it more as a natural science question
than the social sciences. You can also draw pie chart to elaborate on the current
situation. Pay special focus to the presentation while attempting your GSA paper so that
you can get exceptional marks in the subject.

Answer:

Define Energy Crisis:

Energy crises refer to situations where there is a shortage or inadequate supply of
energy resources- oil, natural gas, electricity, etc., to meet domestic and industrial
demand. In simple words, a significant shortfall in the supply or rise of demand for
energy is called the energy crisis

An Overview of Energy Crises in Pakistan:

Pakistan is land with ample indigenous natural resources that can play a pivotal role in
helping and running the country’s economic vehicle. However, it is witnessing severe
energy issues due to the acute energy crisis, mainly caused by the mismanagement of
resources.

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

Ways to Minimize Energy Crises in Pakistan:

The following are the ways that can be used to minimize the ongoing energy crisis in the
country.

1. Switching to Renewable Energy Resources

First, Investing in renewable resources like in solar and wind energy projects to
diversify the energy mix. For example, the Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park in Punjab,
one of the largest solar projects in the world, is contributing significant clean
energy to the national grid

• Buying Energy-Efficient Products

Second, for residential and commercial purposes, traditional bulbs must be
replaced with CFLs and LEDs. They use fewer watts of electricity and last longer.
So, an energy crisis can be averted. For this purpose, the Punjab Energy
Efficiency & Conservation Agency (PEECA) has successfully launched initiatives
to improve energy efficiency in various sectors. Nonetheless, steps need to be
taken at a broader level.

• Allowing Easier Grid Access

Third, people who use different options to generate power must be given
permission to plug into the grid and get credit for the power they feed into it.
Apart from that, subsidies on solar panels should be given to encourage more
people to explore renewable options.

• Upgrading and Expanding Power Infrastructure

Fourth, Investing in modernizing the power distribution and transmission systems
can minimize energy losses. The few dams of the country, for example, need to
be revived, and new dams – both big and small- must be constructed to increase
energy production through clean sources of energy.

• Performing Energy Audit

Fifth, the energy audit is a process that can help stakeholders identify the areas
 where homes or offices are losing energy and what steps can be taken to
improve energy efficiency.

• Public Awareness and Education

Last but not least, the public must be educated about energy conservation and
responsible consumption. For this, the initiatives like the awareness campaign by
the “National Energy Conservation Centre” must be taken to promote energy-
saving behaviours.

Question No. 6

A- Write short note on Seismography.

Question Breakdown:

In this question, the examiner has asked for a short note on Seismography. Thus,
debunk this question at your ease, being relevant and to the point. Generally, for the
questions in which a “note” is asked, try starting the answer with the definition, origin-if
any, working mechanism, uses, limitation, and types without giving must weightage to
the types’ explanation. For instance, in this question, we will write down all the
connected definitions: Seismography, seismometer, and seismogram. Then, we will
move to the origination and working mechanism, with a schematic diagram in the end.

Answer:

Definition of Seismography:

Seismography is the scientific study and recording of seismic waves generated by

earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, explosions, or other sources of ground motion with the
help of an instrument called a Seismometer, and the record produced on display is
called a Seismogram.

The procedure of Seismography:

Seismometers, or seismographs, are instruments designed to detect ground motion.

They consist of a heavy mass, with a marker attached, suspended within a frame. When
seismic waves from an earthquake pass through the Earth, they cause the ground to
move. The frame of the seismometer moves with the ground, but the suspended mass
tends to stay relatively still due to inertia. So, the relative motion between the mass and
the frame is recorded on paper through the marker. The recorded motion is transformed
into a graphical representation called a seismogram. This graph displays the amplitude
of ground motion over time. Advanced seismometers record ground motion in three
perpendicular directions: vertical (up-down), north-south, and east-west and are called
Three Component Seismometers.
Image by Miss Iqra Ali

Application of Seismography:

By analyzing seismograms, seismologists can determine the location, depth,

magnitude, and other characteristics of earthquakes, contributing to our understanding
of the Earth’s interior and seismic activity. Moreover, seismography plays a vital role in
earthquake monitoring, hazard assessment, and seismic research.

B- Differentiate between (i) Cell and battery (ii) Smog and Smoke

Question Breakdown:

The question consists of two parts, both dealing with the differences. In the first part,
you are supposed to differentiate between Cell and Battery, and the second part
requires the difference between Smoke and Smog. There are generally two approaches
to dealing with such questions. The first one is to draw two columns, and allot one side
to one jargon and write characteristics differences side by side. In the second method,
you draw three columns, allotting the leftmost column to the name of the characteristics.
The second approach is definitely the best, but choose it only when you are able to
draw a neat table, as the presentation and clarity are keys to obtaining maximum marks
in GSA Paper

• (I) Cell and Battery

Characteristic Cell Battery

Definition A single electrochemical unit produces electrical A collection of two or more cells connected to
energy through chemical reactions. increase voltage or capacity.

Components Consists of anode, cathode, and electrolyte Self-contained power source storing and
facilitating ion movement. providing energy to a circuit.

Size Typically small and used in low-power devices like Larger and capable of storing more energy than
watches and calculators. individual cells.

Usage Found in wristwatches, calculators, small Used in portable electronics, vehicles, backup
electronics. systems, and grid energy storage.

Examples Button cells, coin cells, alkaline cells. Rechargeable batteries (e.g., Li-ion) and non-
rechargeable batteries (e.g., alkaline).

by Miss Iqra Ali

• (II) Smoke and Smog

Characteristic Smoke Smog

Definition Airborne particles and gases produced by Air pollution resulting from the mixture of
incomplete combustion or burning. smoke, pollutants, and atmospheric moisture.

Associated Generated from various sources, including Often found in urban and industrial regions with
Areas wildfires, industry, fossil fuels, and household high pollutant levels.
activities.
 Formation Consists of solid particles (e.g., soot, ash) and Forms when pollutants react with sunlight,
Process gases (e.g., CO, CO2) released during leading to ground-level ozone and fine particulat
combustion. matter.

Appearance No specific appearance; depends on the source Has a hazy, fog-like appearance in the
and conditions. atmosphere.

Effects Can have health and environmental impacts Detrimental to human health, visibility, and the
depending on composition and exposure. environment.

Composition Comprises solid particles, gases, and chemicals Includes pollutants like nitrogen oxides, volatile
released during burning. organic compounds, ozone, and fine particles.

by Miss Iqra Ali

Question No. 7

A- What do you understand by Pollen Allergy.

Question Breakdown:

In this question, the examiner has asked you to explain your understanding of Pollen
Allergy. Thus, answer this question at your ease. For instance, you can write the
definition of pollen allergy, its types, and the mechanism of how pollen allergy happens.
Remember, it will give you a chance to add the diagrammatic presentation to your
paper, which will make your paper exceptional. You can also add symptoms and ways
to tackle it in bullet form.

Answer:

Define Pollen Allergy:

Pollen Allergy, also known as Hay fever, is an allergy to pollen-a very fine powder
produced by trees, flowers, grasses, and weeds. When a person having pollen allergy
interacts with pollen, his immune system mistakenly identifies it as a threat and triggers
irritation and inflammation.

Types of Pollen Allergy:

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

Mechanism of Action of Pollen Allergy:

Allergies happen when external stimulants, like airborne particles-pollen or animal hair,
ingest matter-cinnamon or certain medicines. These allergens are perceived as foreign
by the immune system, leading it to generate specialized antibodies designed to
connect with specific allergen types following the lock and key model. Then, the
antigen-antibody conglomerate travels to the mast cells in body tissues, especially
surface tissues of the nose and skin. The main job of mast cells is to secrete certain
chemicals, like Histamines and Leukotrienes, to flush out the allergens, which as a
result, causes an allergic reaction, leading to sneezing, difficulty in breathing, fluid
leakage, and a runny nose.

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

Symptoms of Pollen Allergy:

Symptoms of pollen allergy include

• Frequent and repetitive sneezing

• Persistent cough
• Throat Irritation
• Nasal congestion, itching, and excessive mucus production
• Itchy and teary Eyes

Treatment and Prevention of Pollen Allergy:

Management of pollen allergies typically involves avoiding exposure to pollen, using
over-the-counter antihistamines, nasal sprays, and decongestants, and going for
Immunotherapy in severe cases.

B- Write down short note on any two of the following. (i) Antibiotics (ii) Hormones (iii)
Green House effect?

Question Breakdown:

In this question, the examiner has asked you to write notes on two of three given
terminologies. However, all three parts will be solved here to provide students with
maximum knowledge. First, keep in mind that each part would contain 2.5 marks, so
divide the weightage carefully and keep the balance between the both. Since there are
notes, you can write definitions, examples, and types without explaining the types
independently, uses, and pathologies associated.

Answer:

• (I) Antibiotics

Define Antibiotics:

Antibiotics are the substances used to kill bacteria or to inhibit their growth, thus,
treating bacterial infections like meningococcal disease, tuberculosis (TB), whooping
cough (pertussis), Q fever, and strep throat.

Discovery of Antibiotics:

The first natural antibiotic, Penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.

Examples of Antibiotics:

The most common antibiotics used in Pakistan are

 a. Flagyl
b. Amoxicillin
c. Azomax

Types of Antibiotics:

Common types of antibiotics include

a. Penicillin
b. Cephalosporin
c. Macrolides
d. Tetracycline
e. Fluoroquinolone
f. Sulfonamides

Limitations of Antibiotics:

Proper use of antibiotics is crucial to prevent antibiotic resistance. Overuse or misuse

contributes to the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Moreover, these can cause
some side effects to the users, which include anorexia, increased appetite, gout,
hiccups, kidney stones (Nephrolithiasis), etc.

• (II) Hormones

Define Hormone:

Hormones are chemical messengers synthesized and produced by specialized glands

to control and regulate the activity of certain cells and organs. These specialized glands
are known as endocrine glands, and the system is called the endocrine system.

Discovery of Hormones:

The first hormone was discovered in 1902 by E. H. Starling and W. M. Bayliss secretin.
Example of Hormones:

a. Somatotropin
b. Insulin
c. Estrogen
d. Cortisol
e. Adrenaline

Role of Hormones in the Human Body:

Different hormones have different functions and are produced by specific glands or
organs. For example

a. Somatotropin produced by the pituitary gland promotes growth in children

b. Insulin produced by the Pancreas regulates blood sugar levels
c. Estrogen produced by ovaries is responsible for the development of secondary
sexual characteristics
d. Cortisol secreted by adrenaline balances the metabolism, immune response, and
the body’s stress response.
e. Adrenaline released during the “fight or flight” response increases heart rate,
dilates airways, and prepares the body for physical activity.

Implications of Hormones Imbalance:

Excessive or under-secretion of hormones can lead to various health issues like

irregular menstrual cycles and fertility issues in women, diabetes, thyroid dysfunction,
etc., affecting energy levels, metabolism, and overall physiological stability.

• (III) Green House Effect

Define Green House Effect:

The greenhouse effect is a process in which radiations from the sun are absorbed by
greenhouse gases, like CO2, and not reflected back into space. Other than the
greenhouse effect, our atmosphere already absorbs some heat. This insulates the
surface of the earth and causes global warming.

For Example:
The greenhouse effect works like a greenhouse. It is used to grow tropical flowers and
plants. The greenhouse is a building with glass walls and a glass roof. The glass walls
can trap heat.

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

Enhanced Greenhouse Effects and their Relation to Global Warming

The phenomenon of the greenhouse effect is essential for maintaining Earth’s
temperature within a habitable range. However, human activities have significantly
increased the concentration of greenhouse gases, leading to enhanced greenhouse
effect. The enhanced greenhouse effect is also known as “climate change or global
warming”.

Factors Contributing to “Enhanced Greenhouse Effects”

• Deforestation to reduce and store CO2

• Production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels
• Release of CO2 from cement production.
• Release of nitrogen oxide from the use of high-nitrogen fertilizers
• Intensive production of livestock, which produces methane

Impacts of Enhanced Greenhouse Gases:

The enhanced greenhouse gases or climate change have negative impacts on potential
consequences like rising sea levels, extreme weather events, melting of glaciers, and
shifts in ecosystems.
 Question No. 8

A- Write down note on Forensic Science and Criminology.

Question Breakdown:

In this question, the examiner has asked you to write notes on Forensic Medicine and
Criminology. Deconstructing the terms, both are interconnected to one another, with
Criminology being a wider field and forensic medicine a narrower. However, both are
independently explainable too. Thus, start your answer by explaining Forensic Medicine
with its definition, scope, and role. Then, explain the definition, scope, and role of
Criminology. In the end, do not forget to explain the interrelationship between the both
with similarities and differences in two to three lines or a schematic presentation.

Answer:

• (I) Forensic Medicine:

Definition of Forensic Medicine:

Forensic Medicine is a branch of science that deals with applying scientific methods and
techniques for the investigation of crime or civil action and providing scientific evidence
that could be used for legal proceedings.

Scope of Forensic Medicine:

Forensic Medicine is an applied natural science encompassing various scientific

disciplines such as Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Genetics, and Information Technology.
It, moreover, integrates medical knowledge with principles from Law, Criminology,
Anthropology, and other fields to provide comprehensive insights into legal cases.

Application of Forensic Medicine:

Forensic Science plays a vital role in criminal investigations, providing crucial scientific
support to aid in the pursuit of justice. Forensic scientists analyze physical evidence,
such as DNA, fingerprints, fibres, and ballistics, to establish links between suspects,
victims, and crime scenes. They employ advanced techniques and technologies to
identify, interpret, and present evidence in a court of law.

• (II) Criminology

Define Criminology:

Criminology is the study of crime, its causes, and its consequences. Moreover, it deals
with examining criminal behaviour, understanding the factors leading to crime, and
developing theories to explain criminal activities.

Scope of Criminology:

Criminology is an interdisciplinary science that covers various fields and areas of study
like Psychology, Biology, Sociology, Political Science, Law, Computer Science, Social
Work, and Economics.

Application of Criminology:

In Criminology, criminologists analyze various aspects, including societal, psychological,

and economic factors, to understand the root causes of crime. They study patterns,
trends, and statistics to gain insights into crime rates and devise strategies for
prevention and intervention. They also delve into the criminal justice system, exploring
topics such as policy-making, law enforcement, corrections, and rehabilitation.

• (III) Relationship between Forensic Medicine and Criminology:

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

B- What are fertilizers? What do you understand by NPK Fertilizers?

Question Breakdown:

The question consists of two parts: What are fertilizers, and what are NPK fertilizers?
Since NPK fertilizers come under a type of fertilizers, start your answer with the
definition of Fertilizers and then explain their types highlighting NPK fertilizers. There is
no need to explain each type separately; just drawing a flowchart of common categories
with one or two examples of each is more than enough. Then, it directly moves towards
explaining NPK fertilizers: their definition, examples, uses, and limitations. Remember,
your GSA paper does not demand lengthy answers; thus, keeping into consideration the
required length, try to inculcate the maximum of your knowledge in tables, charts, pie
diagrams, etc., to make your paper stand out among thousand by managing the time
and balancing the information and length simultaneously.

Answer:

• Fertilizers

Define Fertilizers:

Fertilizers are chemical substances that can be in a solid, liquid, or gaseous state and
contain one or more plant nutrients and are supplied to the crops to increase their
growth and yields. They supplement the natural nutrient content of the soil, ensuring
that plants have an adequate supply of essential nutrients for healthy development.

Types and Examples of Fertilizers:

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

• NPK Fertilizers:

Define NPK Fertilizers:

NPK fertilizers, also known as compound fertilizers, are fertilizers that contain three
primary nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in a balanced
combination.

Composition of NPK Fertilizers:

The NPK ratio on fertilizer packaging represents the relative proportions of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium in the fertilizer formulation. For example, a fertilizer with an
NPK ratio of 10-10-10 indicates that it contains 10% nitrogen, 10% phosphorus, and
10% potassium.
Global Consumption of NPK Fertilizers:

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

Advantages of NPK Fertilizers:

The three elements in NPK fertilizers have specific roles in supporting different aspects
of plant growth:

a. Nitrogen (N) helps with leaf and stem development, enhances chlorophyll
production, and promotes overall plant growth.
b. Phosphorus (P) supports root development, flowering, and fruiting, as well as
plays a role in energy transfer and DNA synthesis.
 c. Potassium (K) contributes to overall plant health and helps with various
physiological processes such as photosynthesis, enzyme activation, and water
regulation

Nonetheless, different plants have varying nutrient requirements, so it is also an

advantage of the NPK fertilizer that they can be formulated based on the type of crop
and soil. Moreover, their compounded nature enables them to be less soluble in
groundwater, making them suitable for dry soil matrices and areas prone to droughts.

Limitations of NPK Fertilizers:

While NPK fertilizers offer benefits by supplying essential nutrients to plants, they also
have limitations and disadvantages, including potential nutrient imbalances, neglect of
micronutrients, soil degradation, and environmental pollution. Moreover, overreliance
can lead to soil dependency, altered pH, increased costs, and reduced nutritional
quality.

Question No. 9

A- What is Anemia? What are its symptoms and causes?

Question Breakdown:

This question already consists of two parts, with the second part further divided into two.
So, distribute your answer sagaciously. This question will be solved by giving 2:1:1
weightage to the asked parts. First, solve the first part by defining what anemia is, with
diagnostic criteria and a diagram. Then move to the next part, explaining the symptoms
and causes of anaemia with a pie-chart clarifying the distribution based on causes and
symptoms. In the end, you can write the treatment mechanism in a sentence or two.
Remember, draw as many relevant diagrams as you can in your GSA paper to obtain
maximum marks.
Answer:

Define Anemia:

Anaemia is a medical condition characterized by a deficiency or destruction of red blood

cells or a decrease in the amount of haemoglobin in the blood. In a broad sense,
anaemia is the blood’s inability to supply adequate oxygen to the tissue for proper
metabolism.

Image by Miss Iqra Ali

Diagnostic Criteria for Anemia:

The diagnostic criteria of Anemia are low hematocrit (Hct), low haemoglobin, or
decreased Red Blood Cell (RBCs) count.

Hematocrit Male = <42%. Female = <37%.

Haemoglobin Male = Hb <13.5 g/dL. Female = Hb 11.5 g/dL.

Red Blood Cells Count Male = <4.7 million cells/mcL Female = < 4.2 million cells/mcL.

Symptoms of Anemia:
 • A feeling of unusual fatigue
• Reduced physical strength and stamina
• Pale Skin due to reduced oxygen supply
• Difficulty in breathing
• Dizziness or Lightheadedness
• Poor blood circulation leads to chilly extremities.
• Headache and Irregular Heartbeat

Causes and Risk Factors of Anemia:

Anaemia can have various underlying causes, which can be broadly categorized into
three main groups

1. Increased Blood Loss

o Gastro-Intestinal pathologies or bleeding
o Hemorrhoids
o Menorrhagia
o Hematuria
2. Defective Red Blood Cell Formation
o Nutritional Inadequacies
o Pregnancy
3. Excessive Red Blood Cells Destruction
o Genetic Variations
o Infections like Malaria
o Autoimmune Diseases
Image by Miss Iqra Ali (statssource-google)

Ways to Reduce Anemia:

Treatment for anaemia depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.
Some common treatment approaches include taking Iron or vitamin supplements,
making dietary changes to include iron-rich foods, and treating underlying medical
conditions or managing chronic diseases.

B- Write short note on space shuttle.

Question Breakdown

In this question, the examiner has asked you to write a note on Space Shuttle. Since the
question demands “note”, write it at your ease. For instance, first, define the space
shuttle, then its origin, then the components of the space shuttle, and the working
mechanism. Selecting to write a working mechanism is a good approach in such a
question because you can draw diagrams, making your GSA paper stand out among
thousands of aspirants.

Answer:

Definition of Space Shuttle:

A space shuttle- officially called Space Transportation System- is a reusable spacecraft

designed to transport people and cargo between Earth and space.

Origin of Space Shuttle:

The space shuttle was developed by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), the United States space agency, as the fourth human
spaceflight program in the 1970s. The goal was to create a spacecraft that could be
reused multiple times, reducing the cost of space exploration and enabling more
frequent missions.

Components of the Space Shuttle:

The space shuttle consisted of three main components:

a. The orbiter, which was the wing spacecraft itself – NASA had five orbiters.
Atlantis, Challenger, Columbia, Discovery and Endeavour)
b. The solid rocket boosters (SRBs), which provide initial thrust during launch
c. The external tank, which contains propellant for the main engines
Working Mechanism of Space Shuttle:

The Space Shuttle was a unique spacecraft with a combination of rocket-like launch and
plane-like landing capabilities. Here are the main points describing its functioning:

1. Launch and Ascent:

The Space Shuttle launched vertically like a rocket, propelled by three powerful
engines fed by an enormous external fuel tank. Additionally, two solid rocket
boosters attached to the tank provided extra thrust during liftoff. About two
minutes into the flight, the solid rocket boosters burned out and separated. They
parachuted into the Ocean for recovery and refurbishment. Once in space, the
shuttle discarded the external fuel tank, which tumbled back into Earth’s
atmosphere for destructive reentry.

• Orbital Operation:
In orbit, the shuttle used a series of small thrusters for manoeuvring. Two larger
in-space engines were utilized for orbital changes and slowing down the shuttle
during its return to Earth. The shuttle had a large cargo bay that could capture
satellites for repair and act as a workspace for astronauts during servicing
missions.
 • Reentry and Landing:
After the mission, the shuttle reentered the atmosphere, shielded by heat-
resistant tiles. The shuttle landed like a plane but had no engines during its return
to Earth, making it a glider with only one chance to execute a successful landing
on the runway.

Retirement of space Shuttle:

The space shuttle program operated from 1981 to 2011, with a total of 135 missions. In
2011, NASA retired the space shuttle fleet, citing the need to focus on developing new
spacecraft and technologies for future exploration beyond low-Earth orbit.