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Research Reviewer

The document outlines the typical parts and structure of a research paper, including an introduction with the background, problem statement, significance, assumptions, scope and limitations, and definition of terms. It also describes the typical chapters which include a literature review, methodology, results, conclusions and recommendations. Quantitative research uses statistically analyzed data to study observable phenomena and variables. It has strengths such as being replicable, generalizable, and able to establish cause and effect relationships. However, it also has weaknesses such as an inability to explore topics in depth or explain human experiences fully. Quantitative research is commonly used in the natural sciences due to its large sample sizes, objective analysis, visual presentation of results, and reliable and generalizable findings.

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10 views

Research Reviewer

The document outlines the typical parts and structure of a research paper, including an introduction with the background, problem statement, significance, assumptions, scope and limitations, and definition of terms. It also describes the typical chapters which include a literature review, methodology, results, conclusions and recommendations. Quantitative research uses statistically analyzed data to study observable phenomena and variables. It has strengths such as being replicable, generalizable, and able to establish cause and effect relationships. However, it also has weaknesses such as an inability to explore topics in depth or explain human experiences fully. Quantitative research is commonly used in the natural sciences due to its large sample sizes, objective analysis, visual presentation of results, and reliable and generalizable findings.

Uploaded by

maeesoto
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH

PARTS OR RESEARCH PAPER

1. Chapter 1
 Background of the study – purpose and reason behind the conduct of the study
 Statement of the Problem – main problem that is trying to solve
 Significance of the Study – (why conduct the study?)
 Assumption of the Study – expected outcome
 Scope and Limitation of the Study – determines the coverage of the study
 Definition of Terms – defines technical terms based on how being used.
2. Chapter 2
 Review of Related Literature
3. Chapter 3
 Method of Research – kinds of research used in the study
 Subject of the study – Describe respondents
 Description of Research Instrument – describe the instrument which is the questionnaire
 Date Gathering Procedure – narrates the process undergo by the study
 Statistical Treatment Applied – include sampling method and formulas to come up with
findings
4. Chapter 4
 Result of the Study – present all the data gather using the questionnaire using tabular
form
5. Chapter 5
 Summary of Findings – summarize the interpretation given in Chapter 4
 Conclusion – based on the findings
 Recommendation – directly based on the significance of the study

Others:

 Title Page
 Acknowledgement
 Table of Contents
 List of Tables/Figures
 Bibliography
 Appendix

Practical Research is classified into two main types : QUALITATIVE and QUANTITATIVE

Quantitative Research – uses scientifically collected and Statistically analyze data to investigate
observable phenomena.

Phenomenon – existing or observable fact or situation that we want to unearth further or understand

Variables - play a significant role in quantitative research

-anything that has a quantity or quality that varies.


 Dependent Variables - presumed effect
- observed and measured (experimental)
-Extraneous Variable – may affect the result of the experiment, crucial to
identify and control them on such way do not threaten the internal validity.
 Independent Variables – presumed cause
-pre-define and manipulated (experimental)
-Confounding Variable – when the researchers fails to control extraneous
variable.

Quantitative Variable – also called numerical variables are the type of variables used in
quantitative research because they are numeric and can be measured. Under this category
are discrete and continuous variables.

A. Discrete variables are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative values or values
between fixed points. For example: number of students in a class, group size and frequency.
B. Continuous variables take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a positive or a
negative. Example: height, temperature.
Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely:
A. Interval are quantitative variables where the interval or differences between consecutive values
are equal and meaningful but the numbers are arbitrary.
B. Ratio type of data is similar to interval, the only difference is the presence of a true zero value.

Qualitative Variables - are also referred to as Categorical Variables are not expressed in numbers but are
descriptions or categories. It can be further divided into nominal, ordinal or dichotomous.

A. Dichotomous are consisting of only two distinct categories or values. For example, a response to a
question either be a yes or no.
B. Nominal variable simply defines groups of subjects. Here you may have more than 2 categories of
equivalent magnitude.
C. Ordinal variable, from the name itself denotes that a variable is ranked in a certain
order.
Strengths of Quantitative Research

The following are the strengths of quantitative research.


1. Quantitative research can be replicated or repeated.
2. Findings are generalizable to the population.
3. Conclusive establishment of cause and effect
4. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict outcomes
5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software.
6. Fast and easy data gathering
7. Very objective
8. Validity and reliability can be established

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

The following are the disadvantages of quantitative research:


1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human experiences.
3. Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as feelings, and beliefs.
4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
5. The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses.
6. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate responses.
7. A Large sample size makes data collection more costly.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is commonly used in natural sciences research problems


because of the following characteristics:
1 . LARGE SAMPLE SIZE. To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must
come from a large sample size.
2 . OBJECTIVE. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately, objectively,
and are unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses.
3 . VISUAL RESULT PRESENTATION. Data is numerical, which makes presentation
through graphs, charts, and tables possible and for better conveyance and
interpretation.
4 . FASTER DATA ANALYSIS. The use of a statistical tools give way for a less timeconsuming data analysis.
5 . GENERALIZED DATA. Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if
sampling is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random samples were taken.
6 . FAST DATA COLLECTION. Depending on the type of data needed, collection can be
quick and easy. Quantitative research uses standardized research instruments that
allow the researcher to collect data from a large sample size efficiently. For instance,
a single survey form can be administered simultaneously to collect various measurable
characteristics like age, gender, socio-economic status, etc.
7 . RELIABLE DATA. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a
representative of the population, making it more credible and reliable for policymaking
and decision making.
8 . REPLICATION. The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing
its validity, free from false or immature conclusions.

Kinds of Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is a broad spectrum that it can be classified into smaller and
more specific kinds: descriptive, correlational, ex post facto, quasi-experimental, and
experimental.

• Descriptive design is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs


in nature.

• The correlational design identifies the relationship between variables. Data is collected by
observation since it does not consider the cause and effect for example, the relationship
between the amount of physical activity done and student academic achievement.

• Ex post facto design is used to investigate a possible relationship between previous events
and present conditions. The term “Ex post facto”, means after the fact, looks at the possible
causes of an already occurring phenomenon.

• A quasi-experimental design is used to establish the cause and effect relationship of


variables. Although it resembles the experimental design, the quasi-experimental has lesser
validity due to the absence of random selection and assignment of subjects. Here, the
independent variable is identified but not manipulated.

• Experimental design like quasi- experimental is used to establish the cause and effect
relationship of two or more variables. This design provides a more conclusive result because
it uses random assignment of subjects and experimental manipulations.

Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields

The value of quantitative research to man’s quest to discover the unknown and
improve underlying conditions is undeniable.

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