Chapter at a Glance

1. Banking is abusiness of receiving, safe-guardn&

and lending of money.
2. Recurring deposit Account: In this account a
depositor chooses to deposit a specified amount
(in multiples ofR 5) every month for aspecihed
number of months. This period may vary trom
months to 10 years. At the expiry of this peri0d
the depositor gets the amount deposited by him
together with an interest compounded quarterly
at a fixed rate. The rate of interest is revised from
time to time.
3. Calculation of maturity amount on recurring
deposit :
The interest on the recurring deposit account can
be calculated by using the formula:
S.I. = Px
n(n+1) X
2x12 100
where S.I. is the simple interest, P is the money
deposited per month, n is the number of months
for which the money has been deposited and ris
the simple interest rate percent per annum.
Chapterat a Glance
lwopermissible rules:
L Addition-Subtraction Rule
thesame number or expression is added to or
subtracted from both sides of an inequation, the
resulting inequation has the same solution (or
solutions) as the original.
Rule.
2. Multiplication - Division
(i) Ifboth sides of an inequation are multiplied
or divided by the same positive number,
the resulting inequation has the same
solution (or solutions) as the original.
(ii) Ifboth sides of an inequation are multiplied
or divided by the same negative number,
the resulting inequation has the same
solution (or solutions) as the original if the
symbol of the inequality is reversed.
Thus, the only difference between solving a
linear equation and solving an inequation
concerns multiplying or dividing both sides by
anegative number. Therefore, always reverse
the symbol of an inequation when multiplying
or dividing bya negative number.
3. Properties of absolute values :
(i) |-x= lxl xER
(ii) lxyl =Ixllyl x, yER
(iii) -4x, yER& y+0

(iv) |x= Vr' xER

(v) Ifa>0,
then lx|<a -asx<a
|xl a> x2aor x s -a.
 ?- 4nc is
(ii) 2-4ac > 0and a
Chapter at a Glance >the roots are and pert
rational ect squ
1. The standard form of aquadratic equation is 4ac > 0and b2- 40c is unequal.
ar' + br +¢ = 0, where a, b and c are all real
(ii) 2 -
the roots are
not a pe
numbers and a 0.
Square ’
unequal.
irrational
e-g., equation 4r? + 5r - 6 = 0 is a quadratic (iv) b2- 4ac <0 >the roots are
equation in standard form.
6. Sum and product of the roots : If a. and
imaginary.
2. Every quadratic equation gives two values the roots of quadratic equation ax' +by a
of the unknown variable and these values are
then
called roots of the equation.
3. Zero Product Rule : Whenever the product a=
-b+vb'-4ac
2a
of two expressions is zero; at least one of the
expressions is zero. -b-Vb-4ac
If and B=
(r+3)(x2) =0 2a
x+3 =0, or x-2 =0
-b+Vb-4ax -b-Vb?. -4ac
X=-3, or x=2 then a+ß= 2a
4. Solving quadratic equations using the
-2b -b
formula: a+ß= ’a+ß=.
20
The roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx +c
- 0; where a #0 carn be obtained by using the Product of the roots
formula:
-b+yb? - 4ac -b-Vb'-4ac
-b+Vb -4ac aß = 2a 2a
X=
2a

5. To examine the nature of the roots:

(-H'-b-4ac)
Examining the roots of a quadratic equation 4a?
means to see the type of its roots i.e., whether
they are real or imaginary, rational or irrational, b-b' +4ac
equal or unequal. 4a
The nature of the roots of a quadratic equation 4ac
depends entirely on the value of its discriminant aß = ’aßC
b2- 4ac. 4a
Case I: If a, b and c are real numbers and 7. To fornm a quadratic equation with given roots
a#0, then discriminant: Let a, ß be the roots of the required quadrati
(i) b² - 4ac = 0 ’ the roots are real and equal. equation, then
- (a +ß)x +aß = 0
(i) -4ac>0 > the roots are real and unequal.
(sum of the roots)r t product of roots =l
(iii) b2-4ac <0> the roots are imaginary (not will be the required quadratic equation.
real). 8. To find the roots of the quadratic equation
Case II :If a, b and care rational numbers and
a 0 , then discriminant. use quadratic equation formula which is
(i) b² - 40c = 0> the roots are rational and -btyb' - 4ac
equal. 2a
hapterat,a Glance proportion then the
the four quantities are in
10. If = product of middle
1. Ratio of two quantities of the same kind and product of extreme terms
in the same units 1s a product rule.
comparison which is terms. This is called cross
obtained by dividing the first quantity by the Fourth proportional: If a, b, c and d are
11. fourth
other.
proportion then d is called the
in
2. Ratio between a and b
written as a:b has no proportional.
unit. quantities of the same kind,
, In ratioa :b, the first 12. The (non-zero) to be in continued
said
quantity a is a, b, c, d, e, f, . ,are
term or the antecedent and secondcalled the first b c d
called the second term or the quantity b is proportion if ;=
b c
=

d e f
AThe second term of a consequent of a : b.
ratio can not be zero. quantities of the
s A ratio must be
expressed in its lowest terms 13. In particular, three (non-zero) continued
ie. the H.C.F. of its both the terms is same kind, a, b and care said to be in
unity. proportion if the ratio of a to b is equal to
the
6 When two or more ratios are
multiplied
together, they are said to be compounded. ratio of b to c i.e., if
b c
Thus, if and are any two ratios, then
bd For example:
is their compounded ratio. 2,4 and 8are in continued proportion,
:.Compounded ratio of a: band c: dis ac :bd. since
2 4

7. A ratio compounded with itself is called 4 8

duplicate ratio of the given ratio. 14. First proportional :If a, b are c are in continued
.duplicate ratio of a: bis a² : be. proportion, then ais called the first proportional.
Similarly, triplicate ratio of a: bis a³:b. 15. Third proportional: If a, b and c are in
Sub-duplicate ratio of a: bis ya:Vb. continued proportion, then c is called the third
Sub-triplicate ratio of a:bis a:6. proportional.
16. Mearn proportional: If a, b and c are in
8. The reciprocal ratio of a: bisb:a.
9. Proportion :An equality of two ratios is called a continued proportion, then bis called the mean
proportionalof a and c.
proportion. Thus, if bis the mean proportional of a and C,
Four (non-zero) quantities a, b, c, d are said to be then
C
in proportion if a: b=C:die, if - ;=
C
=b=ac ’b=yac.
IWe write it as a: b::c:d.
terms Hence, the mean proportion between two
Ihe quantities a, b, c and d are called the numbers is the positive square root of their
first,
Of the proportion; a, b, c and d are the product.
second, third and fourth terms respectively. 17. Properties of Ratio &Proportion:
First and tourth terms are called extremes (or
are
extreme terms). Second and third terms If
d
Called means (or middle terms).
proportion
iI the quantities a, b, cand d are in ()
b d
By Invertendo
then ad = bc.

’ Product of extreme terms (iü) d By Alternendo

- Product of middle terms.
 a+b C+d By Componendo
(iii)
b d
C-d By Dividendo
(iv)
b d
C+d
(v) a-b C-d

By Componendo and Dividendo

C
(vi) By Convertendo
a-b C-d
C e
(vii) If " ,then each ratio.
b d ff
atcte

b+d+f
sum of antecedents
Sum of consequents
Chapter at a Glance Example : Let
2
1. An mxnmatrix and B = |0 51
usually written as: A 4
row
|1 2
’ 2nd
[1+0 2+5|1 1
Iow then A+ B=
3+1 4+2 4 6
.Ain
...amn’ row 12. Properties of matrix addition:
(i) Matrix addition is commutative
lst 2nd nth i.e., A+B = B+A
column column column (ü) Matrix addition is associative for any three
matrices A, BandC.
Generally the matrix is represented by A+(B +C) =(A +B) +C.
A= [aijlm xn Or A= [j. (iii) Existence of identity.
The numbers a11, Q12,....., amn are called the
elements of matrix A. A null matrix is identity element for
addition
2. Order of Matrix = Numbers of Row
i.e., A+0 =A =0+A.
x Numbers of Column
3. Equality of matrices: Two matrices A= [a;lp xq
(iv) Cancellation laws hold good in case of
matrices
B= [b;jlrxs are equal i.e., A=Bif and only if A +B =A +C > B=C.
(i) A
and B are of same order i.e., p =r and q=s (v) IfO is the null (zero) matrix of the Same
(ii) Eachelement of Ais equal to corresponding order as matrix A, then A + O=0+A= A
element of Bi.e.,ai; =bij: and A+(-A) =(-A) +A =0 where- A
is the
4. A matrix which has only One row iscalled row additive inverse.
matrix. 13. Subtraction of Matrices :
5. A matrix which has only one column is called For two matrices A and Bof the same order, we
column matrix. define
6. A matrix which has an equal number of rows A-B =A +(- B).
and columns is called square matrix. [2 9 f0 -21
Example: IfA =
7. Amatrix in which number of rows are not equal 6 -7 and B= 3 4|
to the numnber of columns is called a rectangular
matrix.
then A -B =
[2-0 9-(-2)]
8. If each element of a matrix is zero it is called 6-3 -7-4
zero or anull matrix.
11|
9. Asquare matrix which has allits elements zero
each except on the principal diagonal is called a 3 -1
diagonal matrix. 14. Two matrices can be added or subtracted
10. Transpose of a matrix is the matrix obtained by together if they are of the same order.
interchanging its rows and columns. If A is a 15. To multiply a matrix by a scalar, we need to
matrix, then its transpose is denoted by A'. multiply each of its elements by this scalar.
11. Addition of matrices: Let Aand B be two 16. Multiplication of Matrices: Two matrices Aand
matrices each of order m x 1. Then their sum A Bcan be multiplied together if and only if the
+B is a matrix of order m x n and is obtained by number of columns of Ais equal to number 0r
adding the corresponding elements of Aand B. rows ofB.
 of Matrix Multiplication :
Properties is not Commutative
17. Matrix multiplication BA
any two matrices AB
in generalfor associative le,
multiplication is
(i) Matrix (BC) when both sides are
(AB) C = A
detined. over
multiplication is distributed
Matrix
(iti) matrix addition i.,
(B + C) = AB + AC
(i) A AC+BC.
(A + B) C =
n x n matrix then
(iv) If Aisan
I,A = A=AI,
two matrices can be the
(v) The product of
while neither of them is the
null matrix
null matrix.
Product of two matrices A and B = AB
18.
1st row of Ax1st column ofofBB
2nd row of A x 1st column
1st row of Ax 2nd column of B
2nd row of A x 2nd column of B
If A is amatrix of order m x n and B is a matrix
19.
of order n xpthen
A,xnX B,xp =Cm xp
where Cis the matrix of order m xp.
 Chapter
9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. In
3. 2. 1.
(ii) )Arithmetic
Properties
(iA.P.: of Ifa, Sum end given IfA.tPwhere
he. (i) and terms
a, For (ii) (ii)consecutive is
preceding sequence.
can Ifdefinite a A
a =a+ an
in group
ided subtracted Ifthen If n, sequence
of = anIfd<0,
Ifd If is be a at
a a lare n (n a, (1A.P. denoted d obtained
sequence a
fixed the fixed ternms
-r+1)th is - =1, >0, A.P. order Glance
of
mean known th e 1)the term
resulting
by has d all the the numbers,
on-zero non-zero from of nth nth the A.P. A.P. by the is byfollowing of
each between S,, S, an d. called
adding
term n term term terms
terms, numbers
each
=(a+I) 2
is is difference
called
sequence,
term A.P.from
and decreasing
increasing. which
o
is term
number 12a is of arithmetic
term and a is its given difference
common certain a certain a
of +(n-1) the r a the in
an is th is which are
given of b= beginning. term the A. P . between
P.ltiplied is a is by and
progression. quantity arranged
rule
alsogiven a+b d) first are
added 2 each
A.P. is
an from term of same.
A.P., term called
the tw o to in
the orA.P. or its a