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CK2 Fbie LRW 9.2022

The passage discusses clinical depression, also known as major depressive disorder. Some key points: 1) Clinical depression affects up to 20% of people under age 40 at some point in their lives and is a leading cause of disability. An estimated 3 million people in the UK and possibly 9 million more undiagnosed cases have some form of depression. 2) Clinical depression is classified as an ongoing state of negativity and persistent negative thinking with no tangible cause, often accompanied by irritability, tiredness, and lack of motivation. 3) It is diagnosed when excessive sadness or inability to experience pleasure lasts for two weeks or more along with at least five additional symptoms like changes in sleep, appetite,
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
194 views19 pages

CK2 Fbie LRW 9.2022

The passage discusses clinical depression, also known as major depressive disorder. Some key points: 1) Clinical depression affects up to 20% of people under age 40 at some point in their lives and is a leading cause of disability. An estimated 3 million people in the UK and possibly 9 million more undiagnosed cases have some form of depression. 2) Clinical depression is classified as an ongoing state of negativity and persistent negative thinking with no tangible cause, often accompanied by irritability, tiredness, and lack of motivation. 3) It is diagnosed when excessive sadness or inability to experience pleasure lasts for two weeks or more along with at least five additional symptoms like changes in sleep, appetite,
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: ......................................................

Class: ......................................................
Date: ......................................................

FINAL TEST
LISTENING
(30 minutes)

PART 1 Questions 1-10

Questions 1-4
Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

FLAT FACILITIES REPAIRS

The reason for dialing: complain

Full name: (1) ………………………………………..

Address: International House

Room number: (2) ………………………………………..

Register number: (3) ………………………………………..

Length of stay: (4) ………………………………………..

Questions 5-7

Complete the form below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

ITEM PROBLEMS

tap in bathroom (5) ………………………………………..

(6) ……………………………………….. Broken

TV set: (7) ………………………………………..

Questions 8-10

Complete the sentences below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Time of repairing is at (8) ………………………………………..

Telephone number of the repair man is (9) ………………………………………..

The repairing fee is (10) ………………………………………..

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 1


PART 2 Questions 11-20

Questions 11-15
Complete the notes below

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

THE EDGE CLIMBING CENTRE

The Climbing Centre was rebuilt in (11) ………………………………………..


Facilities:
(12) ………………………………………..: 13 meters articulated wall; minus 450 rotation.
A small (13) …………………………….: easy standard.
Relaxing place: offer a (14) ………………………………………..
Changing areas: on the upper floor
Locker keys: get from (15) ………………………………………..

Questions 16-18

Complete the notes below

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Membership Entry requirement Period Annual fee Course fee

6 months: £18
6 – 12
Golden 18 ages and above 12 months: (16) Free
months
£…………………

Silver 18 ages and above 1 year £20 (17) …………………

from 14 to (18)
Bronze 1 year £20 £1
……………………

Questions 19-20

Complete the notes below

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Opening time: 10:00 a.m. – 10:30 p.m. on Monday to Friday

(19) ……………………… 8 p.m. on Saturday and Sunday.

Training: Outdoor course

(20) ………………………………………..: beginners

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 2


PART 3 Questions 21-30

Questions 21-28
Complete the notes below
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

PLACE FUNCTION

Ground floor

(21) ………………………………………..: Supply library information: Apply for library card

(22) ………………………………………..: Supply computers to search information of books

Leisure Bar: Supply (23) ………………………………………..

Second floor

(24) ………………………………………..: Dictionaries; Course books; Literature materials

(25) ………………………………………..: Important books

Periodical Room: Current issues; Newspapers; Magazines;

(26) ………………………………………..

Top floor

(27) ………………………………………..: Photocopier and printer

Conference Room: Work table and (28) ………………………………………..

Questions 29-30
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which of the TWO following warnings are to students?
A. Reference book
B. Recalled book
C. Back newspaper
D. Library Card
E. Student locker

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 3


PART 4 Questions 31-40
Questions 31 – 34.
Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

HOLIDAYS and FESTIVALS

The main religion in Britain is (31) ………………………………………..

Traditional Christmas activities:

Christmas Pantomime – a comical musical play

(32) ……………………………………….. gives a speech on TV and radio.

(33) ……………………………………….. is on the day after Christmas.

The most important Christian holiday in Britain is (34) ………………………………………..

Questions 35 – 40.

Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

England Holiday: (35) ……………………………………….. in November

Set off fireworks

Cook (36) ………………………………………..

North Ireland Holiday: St. Patrick is on (37) ………………………………………..

Scotland Holiday (38) ………………………………………..

First Footing

Halloween: put a candle in (39) ………………………………………..

Wales Holiday Eisteddfod:

The highlight is to (40) ………………………………………..the best two


poets.

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 4


READING
(60 minutes)

Reading passage 1

DEPRESSION
A. It is often more difficult for outsiders and non-sufferers to understand mental rather than
physical illness in others. While it may be easy for us to sympathise with individuals
living with the burden of a physical illness or disability, there is often a stigma attached
to being mentally ill, or a belief that such conditions only exist in individuals who lack the
strength of character to cope with the real world. The pressures of modern life seem to
have resulted in an increase in cases of emotional disharmony and government
initiatives in many countries have, of late, focused on increasing the general public’s
awareness and sympathy towards sufferers of mental illness and related conditions.
B. Clinical depression, or ‘major depressive disorder’, a state of extreme sadness or despair,
is said to affect up to almost 20% of the population at some point in their lives prior to
the age of 40. Studies have shown that this disorder is the leading cause of disability in
North America; in the UK almost 3 million people are said to be diagnosed with some
form of depression at any one time, and experts believe that as many as a further 9
million other cases may go undiagnosed. World Health Organisation projections indicate
that clinical depression may become the second most significant cause of disability on a
global scale by 2020. However, such figures are not unanimously supported, as some
experts believe that the diagnostic criteria used to identify the condition are not precise
enough, leading to other types of depression being wrongly classified as ‘clinical’.
C. Many of us may experience periods of low morale or mood and feelings of dejection, as
a natural human response to negative events in our lives such as bereavement,

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 5


redundancy or breakdown of a relationship. Some of us may even experience periods of
depression and low levels of motivation which have no tangible reason or trigger. Clinical
depression is classified as an on-going state of negativity, with no tangible cause, where
sufferers enter a spiral of persistent negative thinking, often experiencing irritability,
perpetual tiredness and listlessness. Sufferers of clinical depression are said to be at
higher risk of resorting to drug abuse or even suicide attempts than the rest of the
population.
D. Clinical depression is generally diagnosed when an individual is observed to exhibit an
excessively depressed mood and/or ‘anhedonia’ – an inability to experience pleasure
from positive experiences such as enjoying a meal or pleasurable social interaction – for
a period of two weeks or more, in conjunction with five or more additional recognised
symptoms. These additional symptoms may include overwhelming feelings of sadness;
inability to sleep, or conversely, excessive sleeping; feelings of guilt, nervousness,
abandonment or fear; inability to concentrate; interference with memory capabilities;
fixation with death or extreme change in eating habits and associated weight gain or
loss.
E. Clinical depression was originally solely attributed to chemical imbalance in the brain,
and while anti-depressant drugs which work to optimise levels of ‘feel good’ chemicals –
serotonin and norepinephrine – are still commonly prescribed today, experts now believe
that onset of depression may be caused by a number, and often combination of,
physiological and socio-psychological factors. Treatment approaches vary quite
dramatically from place to place and are often tailored to an individual’s particular
situation; however, some variation of a combination of medication and psychotherapy is
most commonly used. The more controversial electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may also
be used where initial approaches fail. In extreme cases, where an individual exhibits
behaviour which indicates that they may cause physical harm to themselves, psychiatric
hospitalisation may be necessary as a form of intensive therapy.
F. Some recent studies, such as those published by the Archives of General Psychiatry,
hold that around a quarter of diagnosed clinical depression cases should actually be
considered as significant but none-the-less ordinary sadness and maladjustment to
coping with trials in life, indicating that in such cases, psychotherapy rather than
treatment through medication is required. Recovery as a result of psychotherapy tends,
in most cases, to be a slower process than improvements related to medication;
however, improvements as a result of psychological treatment, once achieved, have
been observed in some individuals to be more long term and sustainable than those

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 6


attained through prescription drugs. Various counselling approaches exist, though all
focus on enhancing the subject’s ability to function on a personal and interpersonal level.
Sessions involve encouragement of an individual to view themselves and their
relationships in a more positive manner, with the intention of helping patients to replace
negative thoughts with a more positive outlook.
G. It is apparent that susceptibility to depression can run in families. However, it remains
unclear as to whether this is truly an inherited genetic trait or whether biological and
environmental factors common to family members may be at the root of the problem. In
some cases, sufferers of depression may need to unlearn certain behaviours and
attitudes they have established in life and develop new coping strategies designed to
help them deal with problems they may encounter, undoing patterns of destructive
behaviour they may have observed in their role models and acquired for themselves.

Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 has seven sections A-G.


Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letters A-G in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
1 Details of treatment alternatives for worst case scenario depression.
2 Information regarding cases where drug treatment is inappropriate.
3 Details of how those diagnosed with depression may be more vulnerable than other
members of society.
4 Information about society’s attitudes to depression and similar illnesses.
5 Information regarding why estimates of incidence of future growth in cases may be
overly exaggerated.

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 7


Questions 6-8
Choose THREE letters A-G.
Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.
Your answers may be given in any order
Which THREE of the following statements are true of depression?
A. Governments have generally failed to take action to educate the general public about the
condition.
B. The highest reported number of cases are in the USA.
C. In Britain, it is likely that there are more individuals who live with the condition without
the help of a doctor than those being officially treated.
D. Clinical depression may be triggered by divorce.
E. Lethargy may be one of the symptoms of depression.
F. Prescribed pharmaceuticals have radically changed over recent years.
G. Approaches to treating depression are not universal.

Questions 9-13

Complete the summary of paragraphs F and G with the list of words A-L below.

Write the correct letter A-L in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

Whilst recovery through counselling rather than medicine may be more (9) ……………………………,
results once achieved may have more (10) …………………………… with some patients.
Counselling sessions are geared towards improving the subject’s relationship with others
and their own (11) ……………………………, encouraging sufferers of depression to take on a more
(12) …………………………… outlook.
The extent to which genetic disposition and sociological factors impact on state of mind is
(13) ……………………………. Many people undergoing counselling therapy do so with the purpose
of unlearning negative behaviour and reactions.

A. Gratify G. Inconclusive
B. Longevity H. Self – image
C. Ambition I. Gradual
D. Optimistic J. Unequivocal
E. Pessimistic K. Immediate
F. Difficulty L. Categorical

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 8


Reading passage 2

THE FACE OF MODERN MAN?

A. In response to the emergence of the ‘metro-sexual’ male, in other words, an urban,


sophisticated man who is fashionable, well-groomed and unashamedly committed to
ensuring his appearance is the best it can be, a whole new industry has developed.
According to research conducted on behalf of a leading health and beauty retailer in the
UK, the market for male cosmetics and related products has grown by 800% since the
year 2000 and is expected to continue to increase significantly. The male grooming
products market has become the fastest growing sector within the beauty and
cosmetics industry, currently equivalent to around 1.5 billion pounds per annum.
B. Over the last decade, a large number of brands and companies catering for
enhancement of the male image have been successfully established, such operations
ranging from male-only spas, boutiques, personal hygiene products, hair and skin care
ranges, and male magazines with a strong leaning towards men’s fashion. Jamie
Cawley, proprietor of a successful chain of London-based male grooming boutiques,
holds that his company’s success in this highly competitive market can be attributed to
the ‘exclusivity’ tactics they have employed, in that their products and services are clearly
defined as male- orientated and distinctly separate to feminine products offered by other
organisations. However, market analyst, Kim Sawyer, believes that future growth in the
market can also be achieved through sale of unisex products marketed to both genders,
this strategy becoming increasingly easy to implement as men’s interest in appearance
and grooming has become more of a social norm.
C. Traditionalists such as journalist Jim Howrard contend that the turn-around in male
attitudes which has led to the success of the industry would have been inconceivable a
decade ago, given the conventional male role, psyche and obligation to exude
masculinity; however, behavioural scientist Professor Ruth Chesterton argues that the
metro-sexual man of today is in fact a modern incarnation of the ‘dandy’ of the late
eighteenth and early nineteenth century. British dandies of that period, who were often of
middle class backgrounds but imitated aristocratic lifestyles, were devoted to cultivation
of their physical appearance, development of a refined demeanour and hedonistic
pursuits. In France, she adds, dandyism, in contrast, was also strongly linked to political
ideology and embraced by youths wishing to clearly define themselves from members of
the working class revolutionary social groups of the period.

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 9


D. Over recent decades, according to sociologist Ben Cameron, gender roles for both sexes
have become less defined. According to research, he says, achievement of status and
success have become less important in younger generations of men, as has the need to
repress emotions. Cameron defines the traditional masculine role within western
societies – hegemonic masculinity – as an expectation that males demonstrate physical
strength and fitness, be decisive, self-assured, rational, successful and in control.
Meeting this list of criteria and avoiding situations of demonstrating weakness, being
overly emotional or in any way ’inferior’, he says, has placed a great deal of pressure on
many members of the male population. So restrictive can society’s pressure to behave in
a ‘masculine’ fashion on males be, Professor Chesterton states that in many situations
men may respond in a way they deem acceptable to society, given their perceived gender
role, rather than giving what they may actually consider to be the best and most objective
response.
E. Jim Howard says that learning and acquiring gender identity makes up a huge
component of a child’s socialisation and that a child who exhibits non-standard
behavioural characteristics often encounters social and self image difficulties due to the
adverse reactions of their peers. According to Kim Sawyer, media images and messages
also add to pressures associated with the male image, stating that even in these modern
and changing times, hegemonic masculinity is often idolised and portrayed as the
definitive male persona.
F. Whilst male stereotypes and ideals vary from culture to culture, according to Professor
Chesterton, a universal trait in stereotypical male behaviour is an increased likelihood to
take risks than is generally found in female behaviour patterns. For this reason, she
attributes such behaviour to the influence of genetic predisposition as opposed to
socially learned behaviour. Men, she says, are three times more likely to die due to
accident than females, a strong indication he says of their greater willingness to involve
themselves in precarious situations. Ben Cameron also says that an attitude of
invincibility is more dominant in males and is a predominant factor in the trend for fewer
medical checkups in males and late diagnosis of chronic and terminal illness than in
their more cautious and vigilant female counterparts.
G. Jamie Cawley, however, remains optimistic that the metro-sexual culture will continue
and that what society accepts as the face of masculinity will continue to change. He
attributes this to a male revolt against the strict confines of gender roles, adding that
such changes of attitudes have led and will continue to lead to establishment of greater
equality between the sexes.

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 10


Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs A-G.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-D and F-G from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number i to viii in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write:

List of Headings
i. Basis and predictions
ii. Revolution or recurrence?
iii. Servicing a growing demand
iv. The surfacing of a new phenomenon
v. A long – held mindset and its downsides
vi. Influence on minors
vii. Hereditary predilection
viii. Effects of external pressures

Example: viii Paragraph E

14 Paragraph B
15 Paragraph C
16 Paragraph D
17 Paragraph F
18 Paragraph G

Questions 19-22
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 11


19 Sales in the female health and beauty market have slightly declined over recent years.
20 The rise of ‘dandyism’ in England and France is attributed to similar factors.
21 Emotional reaction is contradictory to hegemonic masculine behaviour.
22 There is a correlation between men’s belief that they are indestructible and their
decreased likelihood to seek medical advice.

Questions 23- 27
Look at the following list of statements (Questions 23-27) based on changes in male image
and behavior.
Match each statement with the correct person A-E.
Write the correct letters A-E in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.
23 Male behaviour patterns have changed in a way that would have been considered
implausible in the past.
24 Traditional benchmarks of masculinity are often exacerbated by the press.
25 Metro-sexual culture has developed as a response to modern men’s dissatisfaction with
traditional images.
26 The need to conform to society’s expectations of male behaviour may impede men’s
decision-making and judgement,
27 There is potential in a market which makes no differentiation between products for
males and females.
List of Contributors
A. Jamie Cawley
B. Kim Sawyer
C. Jim Howard
D. Professor Ruth Chesterton
E. Ben Cameron

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 12


Reading passage 3

CLINIC TRIALS

A. The benefits of vitamins to our well-being are now familiar to most; however, when the
link between diets lacking in citrus fruits and the development of the affliction ‘scurvy’ in
sailors was first discovered by James Lind in 1747, the concept of vitamins was yet to be
discovered. Scurvy, which causes softening of the gums, oral bleeding and, in extreme
cases, tooth loss, is now known to present as a result of lack of Vitamin C in the diet.
Additional symptoms include depression, liver spots on the skin – particularly arms and
legs – loss of colour in the face and partial immobility; high incidence of the ailment
aboard ships took an enormous toll on the crew’s ability to complete essential tasks
while at sea.
B. Suggestions that citrus fruit may lower the incidence or indeed prevent scurvy had been
made as early as 1600. It was Lind, however, who would conduct the first clinical trial by
studying the effect within scientific experimental parameters. However, while the
correlation between consuming citrus fruit and avoidance of scurvy was established, the
preventative properties were attributed to the presence of acids in the fruit and not what
would later be identified as vitamin content.
C. Lind’s subjects for his trial consisted of twelve sailors already exhibiting symptoms of
scurvy. These individuals were split into six groups; each pair common diet. Pair 1 were
rationed a daily quart of cider, pair 2 elixir of vitriol, pair 3 a given quantity of vinegar, pair
4 seawater, pair 5 oranges and a lemon and pair 6 barley water. Despite the trial having
to be aborted after day five, when supplies of fruit were depleted, the findings of the
interventional study showed that only the control group who were given fruit
supplements showed any significant improvement in their condition (one had, in fact,
recovered to the extent that he was fit enough to return to work). The immediate impact

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 13


on sailors’ health and incidence of scurvy on board ship was, however, limited as Lind
and other physicians remained convinced that the curative effect was acid based.
Therefore, while consumption of citrus fruit was recommended, it was often replaced by
cheaper acid supplements. The preventative qualities of citrus fruit against scurvy were
not truly recognised until 1800, though throughout the latter part of the 1700s, lemon
juice was increasingly administered as a cure for sailors already afflicted.
D. Nowadays, the implementation of findings discovered in clinical trials into mainstream
medicine remains an arduous and lengthy process and the clinical trials themselves
represent only a small stage of the process of developing a new drug from research
stage to launch in the marketplace. On average, for every thousand drugs conceived, only
one of the thousand actually makes it to the stage of clinical trial, other projects being
abandoned for a variety of reasons. Stages which need to be fulfilled prior to clinical trial
– where the treatment is actually tested on human subjects -include discovery,
purification, characterisation and laboratory testing.
E. A new pharmaceutical for treatment of a disease such as cancer typically takes a period
of 6 years or more before reaching the stage of clinical trial. Since legislation requires
subjects participating in such trials to be monitored for a considerable period of time so
that side-effects and benefits can be assessed correctly, a further eight years typically
passes between the stage of a drug entering clinical trial and being approved for general
use. One of the greatest barriers to clinical trial procedures is availability of subjects
willing to participate. Criteria for selection is rigorous and trials where subjects are
required to be suffering from the disease in question, experience tremendous
recruitment difficulties as individuals already vulnerable due to the effects of their
condition, are often reluctant to potentially put their health at higher levels of risk.
F. Clinical trials are conducted in line with a strict protocol and the stages of a trial are
generally defined by five distinct phases. A drug that is deemed safe and effective
enough to reach the end of stage three is most often, at that point, approved for use in
mainstream medicine. Phase 0 involves a first-in-human trial (usually conducted using a
small population often to fifteen subjects) with the purpose of ascertaining that the
drug’s effect is, in fact, the same as predicted in pre-clinical studies. If no concerns are
raised, the drug then enters Phase 1 of trial where a modest selection (usually between
twenty and eighty subjects) of usually healthy volunteers, is exposed to the drug.
However, for HIV and cancer drugs, this stage is conducted using patients suffering from
the condition in question. There are two main variations of Phase I testing, these being
SAD (single ascending dose) and MAD (multiple ascending dose). The former involves a

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 14


single administration of a drug at a pre-determined level to one group of subjects, and
the second involves administration of a pre-determined sequence of dosages.
G. Phases 0 and 1 are geared towards establishing the safety of a pharmaceutical and once
this has been confirmed, drugs pass into Phase II testing where, while safety continues
to be monitored, the drug’s effectiveness is also assessed using a larger group of
subjects, ranging from twenty up to three hundred. In some trials, Phase II is regarded as
involving two sub-stages, in that Phase II(a) may be concerned with establishing
optimum dosage levels and Phase II(b) to evaluate effectiveness. Phase III is the most
expensive, time-consuming and complex stage of the trial process, often involving as
many as 3000 patients. At this stage, a new drug’s effectiveness is rigorously tested and
compared to that of the best of the existing alternatives already approved and in
common use. Where research indicates that a pharmaceutical has passed all
requirements of Phases 0, I, II and III, submissions to relevant regulatory and licensing
bodies are then made.
H. The final phase of clinical testing, Phase IV, is conducted over a lengthy period of time
post-launch for general usage. This stage is, in essence, a safety net which involves
continued monitoring of the drug, its properties and side-effects through which any long
term adverse reactions, which remained undetected in the pre-launch clinical testing
time frame can be discovered. Identification of harmful effects at this stage, on
occasion, has led to withdrawal of a drug from the market; for example, as was the case
with cerivastin, a cholesterol-lowering drug, which was later found to have an adverse
effect on muscle reaction which, on occasion, had fatal consequences.

Questions 28-31

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet.

In advanced cases of scurvy suffers may experience (28) ………………………….. along with
numerous other symptoms.
Fruit adds were mistakenly heralded as having (29) ………………………….. in incidents of scurvy
prior to the identification of vitamins.
Lind’s subjects for the first clinical trial were seamen who were at the time of (30)
………………………….. the condition in question.
All groups in Lind’s experiment were given a (31) ………………………….. along with specific rations
which were varied for each control group.

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 15


Questions 32 - 35

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write your answers in boxes 32 – 35 on your answer sheet.

32 The first clinical trial was conducted for only 5 days because

A that period of time was the planned protocol.

B the subjects in the relevant control group had already recovered.

C resources fundamental to the experiment were used up.

D those taking part in the trial were too sick to continue.

33 The impact of findings from the trial were not used to full potential because
A Lind failed to recommend consumption of citrus fruit.

B ineffective substitutes were often made available.

C other physicians were unconvinced by his evidence.

D the trial was not conducted over a long enough period to be valid.

34 One of the greatest hindrances to clinical testing today is

A Low volunteer rates.


B The poor success rate.

C The strict protocol.

D Shortage of laboratory staff.

35 Clinical testing for HIV and cancer drugs differs from usual procedures because
A the clinical trial phase is much longer.

B The MAD instead of the SAD approach is used during Phase I.

C Subjects exhibiting no symptoms of the illness are not used.


D Effectiveness is more rigorously tested than safety.

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 16


Questions 36 - 40

Complete the flowchart

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.

PHASES OF CLINICAL TESTING

Phase 0
10 -15 subjects tested to confirm assumptions made in the (36) …………………………..
stages were accurate.

Phase I

2 different approaches may be used. One involving one-off exposure to the drug
the other involving a (37) …………………………..

Phase II

May involve two sub-stages to establish (38) ………………………….. quantities and


usefulness.

Phase III

The most (39) ………………………….., protracted and costly of all stages. Submissions
made post-testing at this stage of all is agreeable.

Phase IV

Precautionary monitoring continues post-launch. Any serious issues uncovered


can, on occasion, result in (40) …………………………..

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 17


WRITING
(60 minutes)
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The maps below show changes in the city of Nelson in recent times.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 18


WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Nowadays, more and more jobs and tasks are done by machines which involve hard
physical work. Do these positive effects of this trend outweigh the negative effects?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.

FINAL TEST – FIGHTER B – MĐ 02 | 19

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