Philo Rviewer Freedom is expressed in two ways:

Lesson 7-11 1. Free Will

2. Free action
Lesson 7

Freedom or Liberty
Free Will
- social and political concept which has great
- capacity to choose from alternative courses
significance in how people participate in
of action or decision
society.
Free Action
- freedom to perform an action without any
Positive Liberty
obstacles or hindrances.
- control of his/her own life and fulfilling one’s
potential.
Human Acts
- voluntary actions
Negative Liberty
- individual has motive and full knowledge of
- external restraint, barriers, and other
the action.
interferences from other people.
Acts of Man
Liberalism
- involuntary actions
- preservation of individual rights and
- actions that occur naturally without the
stresses the role of the government in
knowledge of the agent such as
protecting these civil liberties.
sleepwalking.
Libertarianism
Faculties Model
- individual, not the government, is the best
- free will as the use of our mental faculties
judge in upholding and exercising rights.
Hierarchical Model
Socialism
- free will is based on human wants and
- freedom to acquire economic resources and
desires.
the ability to work and act according to one’s
desire.
Reasons-Responsive View
- man has free will because he/she is able to
Natural Rights
entertain reasons not to enact a certain
- innate in the person such as gift of life.
decision and act upon them when the need
arises.
Legal Rights
- Society’s customs and laws that are
Determinism
enacted by legislation and enforced by a
- philosophical view that believes that every
government.
event in the world is brought about by
underlying causes or factors.
Human Agency
- capacity of a person to act and exert control
Moral Responsibility
over his/her behavior.
- effective guide in the proper exercise of
human freedom.
- person’s status of deserving praise and - shared awareness and understanding
reward, or blame and punishment for an among persons.
action.
Everyday interactions reveal instances where
the self interacts with the other.

Levels of self-other interaction:

1. Simple awareness of the existence of

the other
- they exist outside of our own awareness or
perception
Lesson 8
2. Deeper level of interaction between the
Self-awareness self and the other
- understanding of oneself as an existing - awareness of the self as being seen by
human being that recognizes human others.
existence as distinct from other living beings Self-consciousness
and other humans as well. - considered by philosophers as a defining
characteristic of the self-other relationship.
Individuality
- person’s awareness that he or she should Seeming
live his/her life on his/her own terms and to - presents himself/herself in a certain way
live a life that is distinct from other people. when dealing with others.
- instances when people behave a certain
Authenticity way in order to intentionally deceive or
- achieved once the individual’s thoughts, manipulate other people.
ideas, and actions express and upholds
his/her individuality. Dialogue
- genuine relationship established among
Self individuals.
- awareness of one’s individuality. - made possible when the self realizes that
- naturally aware of himself/herself as a the other is genuine and unique individual.
distinct being.
Monologue
Other - Distancing of the self from the other.
- refers to objects outside of personal
experience Existentialists
- often used by most philosophers to refer to - consider human relationships as a defining
other individuals apart from the self. influence on human life.
- aware that there are other beings apart from
him/her. Human Relations
- Constructivist theory of knowledge -shape
Intersubjectivity knowledge and truth within a certain society.
- interaction between the self and the other
- Phenomenologists -shared experience - continuous dialogue with the other, and that
between persons can shape the perception the self becomes whole through interaction
of reality. with nature, with other people, and with God.

Conflicting views regarding how Ethics of Care

individuals relate to each other in actual - moral dimension of relationship and
situation: interactions.
- moral perspective encourages individuals to
One view considers genuine relationships as see to the needs of other people, most
difficult and almost impossible to attain. especially vulnerable.

Jean-Paul Sartre “being-with-others”

- Human relationships are frustrating and are - a human person with continually seeks and
often inauthentic and ambiguous. maintains harmonious relationships.
- Humans tend to view others as a means to
achieve certain desires. Christian Perspective
- human relations in the context of
Alienation community.
- an individual ceases to view the other as a - humans naturally seek to establish
distinct and authentic person. fellowship with each other, and to minister to
one another.

Lesson 9
Karl Marx
- States that alienation happens when a Society
being is treated as an object instead of a - a group of people living in the same
human being.
territory and sharing a common culture
and heritage.
Edith Stein
- self-other relationship as being driven by
Empathy -awareness and recognition that
the other is a human person with thoughts
Hunting-and-Gathering Societies
and feelings. - simplest and earliest societies
- dependent on resources readily available
from their surroundings.
Edmund Husserl
- “primitive” since they utilize the simplest
- intersubjectivity is more than just shared
technology.
understanding, but capability to put oneself
- nomadic tribes such as the San in Africa
“in the place where the other is”
Agricultural Societies
Gabriel Marcel
- agricultural activities
- genuine relationship based on Availability
- farming, fishing, and livestock-raising as a
or willingness of a person to be present and
primary way of life
be at the disposal of another.
Industrial Societies
Martin Buber
- mechanical production and exchange of
goods and services
 - man in his natural state as more
Modern Societies cooperative and reasonable
- technologically-advanced societies - society- formed through the consent of the
characterized by industry, mass production, individuals that organized it, a concept known
and advanced communication and as the consent of the governed
transportation
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Virtual Societies - advocate the concept of the “general will”
- established because of advances in
technology General Will
- not confined by territory and are composed - comes from the sovereign citizens and the
of individuals coming from various social entrust their will to the government
backgrounds
- social media, online message boards, and John Rawls
online games - human beings approach social cooperation
in a rational manner in order to meet their
Social Philosophy individual self-interests
- studying society, its constructs and its
influence on the human person Original Position
- Rawls version of the natural state
Humans
- have a natural tendency to cooperate and David Gauthier
organize - described man’s self-interest as a
significant factor in building and maintaining
Society societies
- natural outcome of this human tendency to - people choose to cooperate since it is
socialize beneficial to meet their self-interest

Natural State Socialization

- fully understand the true character of - process by which an individual learns the
society, they imagined human as living in a prevailing behavior attitudes, and values
so-called “natural state” within his/her society, a person adopts a set
- removed from modernity and civilization of ideals and behavior considered
appropriate within his/her own society
Thomas Hobbes
- man in his natural state is governed by his Stanford Prison Experiment
desires - conducted in 1971 in Stanford University
- society- men seek to control their natural - 24 male volunteers, who were of sound
tendencies and impose order. mental state and had no history of violence
participated.
Social Contract - divided into 2 groups. 1-prison guards.
- agreement where individuals sacrifice some 2-prisoners.
of their rights and submit to a higher - guards began to implement harsh and
authority. abusive measures against the prisoners.
Prisoners, at first compliant, but then began
John Locke to rebel against the guards.
- researchers had to stop the experiment - seeks to understand human existence and
because of increasingly violent behavior of the significance of human experience
the guards, rebellious actions of the
prisoners, and the detrimental effects the major existential questions revolve
experiment was having on the participants. around:
- whether it was concluded in a proper - one’s identity
manner, but its results have revealed the - existence
strong influence of society on individual - choices
behavior. - purpose
- meaning

Social Roles Major Viewpoints on the Meaning of

- expected behaviors that must be performed Life:
by a person.
Supernaturalist Views
Social Group - life gains meaning from a relationship with
- tend to behave a certain way, and the divine
continuous interaction within their group
reinforce such behavior Naturalist Views
- one can achieve meaning in life even
Normative Democratic Theory without the spiritual realm and reject the
- considers a democratic society as morally influence of supernatural forces in life
desirable.
- living within a democratic society can result Subjectivism
in positive changes in the behavior of - individual as the one who defines his/her
individuals own life’s meaning based on his/her desires,
goals, and choices
Community Relations
- desire to establish and maintain Smooth Objectivism
Interpersonal Relationships - no subjective bases for life’s meaning
- standards and goals are inherently
Anthropologists and Sociologists meaningful and worth attaining
Identify Several Traditions that
Contribute to Harmonious Nihilistic Views
Relationships within Filipino Society: - futile and irrelevant to ponder on the
- pakikisama question of life’s meaning
- pakikipagkapwa-tao
- utang-na-loob Views on Life’s Purpose
- damayan
- bayanihan St. Augustine
- human person is made incomplete and
finite by God and thus, he/she continually
Lesson 10 seek happiness and satisfaction
- love is considered to be the source of
happiness
Existentialism
Disordered Love
- do not fully satisfy the person
Experiential Values
- also seeks spiritual satisfaction which can - interaction with the world and other people
only be fulfilled by the love of God and experiences of positive aspects of life
- such as: goodness, truth, and beauty
Soren Kierkegaard
- defines existence as the person’s journey Attitudinal Values
toward Self-actualization - adoption of a positive attitude and outlook
towards negative experiences
3 stages of individual’s personal - such as: pain, suffering, and injustice, and
progression to self-actualization: making meaningful choices in facing these
adversities
Aesthetic Stage
- actions of the person are governed by Albert Camus
his/her senses, impulses, and emotions - discussion on absurdism offers a unique
perspective on how a person can find
Ethical Stage meaning and purpose in an otherwise
- person develops an awareness of moral meaningless and absurd existence
universal standards that guide his/her actions
Absurdism
Religious Stage - as the person tries to make sense of his/her
- person is able to devote himself/herself to a life and find meaning in it, he/she eventually
higher standard or purpose in life realizes that such meaning cannot be found

Leap of Faith Victor Frankl

- person recognizes and accepts the need for - life’s meaning was borne out of his
a relationship with God experience as a prisoner in a concentration
camp during the Nazi occupation of
Victor Frankl Czechoslovakia
- believes that man has a Will to Meaning - led him to reflect on the human condition-
whether life is still worth living in the face of
Will to Meaning great adversity
- person’s innate character that drives - observation led him to conclude that those
him/her to find meaning in life who did not have deep understanding of their
experiences might have lost the will to live
one can discover meaning in life by: since they saw no reason to continue fighting
(according to Frankl) for their existence
- applying creative, experiential, and
attitudinal values Logotherapy
- method of psychotherapy
Creative Values - developed by Frankl
- creation or achievement of something - to help people who have undergone great
- such as: making a work of art or doing difficulties and restore their will to live
meaningful tasks
- more active and meaning-centered
psychotherapy Aristotle
- motivates the person to find or rediscover - happiness is the primary reason for human
meaning in his/her life, focus on a vision of action, and one becomes happy through the
future he/she wishes to fulfill, and work to practice of virtues and accumulation of
attain it achievements towards excellence

Gabriel Marcel
- “A Metaphysics of Hope” believes that in
times of trial and despair people naturally Epicurus
hope for release or salvation from adversity - happiness means a life of peace that is free
from fear and discomfort
Hope - not through material things, but by finding
- natural and inevitable response to trials and inner peace, being truly present and involved
despair in one’s life, and focusing on the essential
- human is naturally predisposed to hope things that give meaning to life

St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas

Lesson 11 - define happiness as a union with God

Happiness Utilitarianism
- defined in two ways - proposes a view on happiness based on the
Greatest Happiness Principle
1. State of mind- one can say that he/she is - a person’s actions are considered moral or
happy or “is in a good mood” today desirable when they produce the greatest
- can still maintain happiness even if happiness for other people
experiencing difficulties in life - society should promote activities or actions
that produce the greatest happiness or
2. Evaluation of one’s experiences in life- satisfaction for its members
being happy means having a satisfying life
that goes well for the person living it Contemporary Philosophers
- approach happiness in terms of
Eudaimonia Whole Life Satisfaction
- Ancient Greeks term - person is able to evaluate his/her life
- Good spirit experiences and determine his/her level of
- person’s state of well-being or happiness satisfaction with how he/she has lived life

Greeks Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz

- happiness is something to be achieved and - “satisfaction with one’s life as a whole”
a good life is a happy life - one views past experience, present
condition, and future prospects in life with
Plato satisfaction
- happiness with living a moral life, practicing
virtues, fulfilling personal and political duties, Richard Brandt
and controlling one’s desires
- total life pattern- a person should not only
be satisfied with the life he/she has lived, but
must also feel constant joy and enthusiasm in
life

Wayne Sumner
- cognitive perspective- able to look at the
past experiences and have a positive
evaluation of his/her condition
- emotional or affective side- lived a life
that is enriching and rewarding

Jean Baudrillard
- criticized modern society for focusing on
materialism and consumption as influences
on a person’s happiness
- observed that people seek matrial things
because of
sign value
- perceived prestige, luxury, and power that
comes from buying commodities

- within a consumerist society, a

“successful” and “happy” life is determined by
one’s social standing, wealth, and power

3 Distinct Elements of Happiness as

Well-being

1. Contentment – satisfaction with one’s

life
2. Welfare – satisfaction of a person’s wants
and desires
3. Dignity – ability to control and define
one’s own destiny and the freedom to live a
live of one’s choosing

Ethics
- significant role in discussing happiness and
the means to achieve it