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Notes 13B

The document discusses calculating the osmotic pressure difference and required outlet pressure from a pump given various parameters. It provides the following key details: 1) The osmotic pressure difference is calculated to be approximately 0.038 atm. 2) The required outlet pressure from the pump is estimated to be 0.078 atm, which is 0.04 atm higher than the osmotic pressure difference to overcome the reject stream concentration of 5.25 wt%. 3) In summary, it provides the calculated values of mass flux, osmotic pressure difference, and estimated required outlet pressure.

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Jerich Ivan Paalisbo
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20 views

Notes 13B

The document discusses calculating the osmotic pressure difference and required outlet pressure from a pump given various parameters. It provides the following key details: 1) The osmotic pressure difference is calculated to be approximately 0.038 atm. 2) The required outlet pressure from the pump is estimated to be 0.078 atm, which is 0.04 atm higher than the osmotic pressure difference to overcome the reject stream concentration of 5.25 wt%. 3) In summary, it provides the calculated values of mass flux, osmotic pressure difference, and estimated required outlet pressure.

Uploaded by

Jerich Ivan Paalisbo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Substitute the values into the formula: [\Delta \pi = \frac{0.0345 \times 2.

23 \times 10^{-4} \times


50}{1 - 0.0345}] [\Delta \pi \approx 0.038 \mathrm{~atm}] So, the osmotic pressure difference,
$\Delta \pi \approx 0.038 \mathrm{~atm}$. Finally, for part (c): (c) Required outlet pressure from the
pump: The required outlet pressure from the pump can be estimated using the osmotic pressure
difference and the reject stream concentration. Given: Reject stream concentration = $5.25
\mathrm{wt} %$ The required outlet pressure can be estimated to be slightly higher than the osmotic
pressure difference to overcome the reject stream concentration. Therefore, the required outlet
pressure from the pump can be estimated to be approximately $0.04 \mathrm{~atm}$ higher than
the osmotic pressure difference. So, the estimated required outlet pressure from the pump is
approximately $0.078 \mathrm{~atm}$. In summary: (a) Mass flux of solvent,
$\mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{w}} \approx 8.51 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{2} \cdot
\mathrm{hr}$. (b) Osmotic pressure difference, $\Delta \pi \approx 0.038 \mathrm{~atm}$. (c)
Estimated required outlet pressure from the pump is approximately $0.078 \mathrm{~atm}$.

The solution to this problem involves calculating the expected number of edges in a random
simple graph with a vertex set of {1,2,...,10}.

Step 1: Calculate the total number of possible edges in the graph.


In a simple graph with n vertices, the total number of possible edges can be calculated using the
formula n choose 2 (nC2), which is equal to n(n-1)/2. In this case, with 10 vertices, the total
number of possible edges is 10 9 / 2 = 45.

Step 2: Calculate the probability of each edge being present in the graph.
Since the graph is random, each edge has an equal probability of being present. The probability
of an edge being present in the graph is 1/2, as for each pair of vertices, there are two
possibilities: either the edge is present or it is not.

Step 3: Calculate the expected number of edges.


The expected number of edges can be found by multiplying the total number of possible edges
by the probability of each edge being present. Therefore, the expected number of edges is 45 *
1/2 = 22.5.

Step 4: Check the output.


The resulting expected number of edges is 22.5.

Thus, the expected number of edges in the random graph is 22.5.

The capstone project seeks to push the boundaries of robotic arm control systems by tackling
issues related to accuracy and effectiveness. The research is centered on creating new
methods and algorithms to elevate the overall performance of robotic arms across different
uses. The main goals include refining precision in positioning, optimizing motion planning, and
simplifying control procedures. The project harnesses state-of-the-art technologies like machine
learning and advanced sensor integration to achieve exceptional levels of accuracy and
efficiency. The outcomes showcase substantial improvements in the robotic arm's capacity to
carry out intricate tasks with heightened precision and speed, thus presenting a valuable
advancement in the development of robotic systems across various industries. The discoveries
hold significance for automation, manufacturing, and other sectors where precise and efficient
robotic arm control is crucial.

To find the current $y(t)$ in the circuit using Laplace transform circuit models, we can follow these
steps:
1. Determine the Laplace transform of the input signal $x(t)$.
2. Use the Laplace transform circuit model to find the transfer function $H(s)$ of the circuit.
3. Apply the initial condition to find the complete response of the circuit.
4. Calculate the inverse Laplace transform of the product of the transfer function and the input
signal to find the current $y(t)$.
Now, let's solve for $Y(s)$ for the given input signals:
1. For $x(t) = e^{-t}u(t)$: The Laplace transform of $x(t)$ is given by:$X(s) = \frac{1}{s+1}$
2. For $x(t) = \cos(t)u(t)$: The Laplace transform of $x(t)$ is given by:$X(s) = \frac{s}{s^2+1}$
Next, we need to find the transfer function $H(s)$ of the circuit. Since the circuit diagram is not
provided, I'll assume a simple RL circuit with a voltage source. The transfer function for an RL circuit
is given by: $H(s) = \frac{1}{Ls+R}$ Now, we can apply the initial condition to find the complete
response of the circuit. The initial current through the inductor at time $t=0^-$ is given as $2A$. This
can be used to find the complete response of the circuit.

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