ASSIGNMENT Of BIODIVERSITY And CONSERVATION

Topic:
Status of Local Species of flora and fauna of Alpine Grassland
Ecosystem of Himalayas Of Pakistan

Submitted To:
Madam Ghazala Usman
Submitted By:
Ayesha Shabbir 19058
Haseeb Ahmed 19057
Saba Riaz 19055
Samia Samreen 19056
Tanzila Iqbal 19063
M. Jamshed 19064
 Status of the Species in the Tropical Grassland Ecosystem of the
Pakistan
Introduction
The alpine grassland ecosystem of Himalayas of Pakistan is transitional landscape because
grassland ecosystem is dominated by the grass with few or no trees in the areas where there is
not enough for a forest and too much of a forest. There are different names in different region
of the world.

Temperature range
Temperature are often extreme in grassland. The average temperature is about 20C to 30C.
Tropical grassland have dry and wet seasons that remain warm all the time.

Soil topography
The soil of the tropical grassland ecosystem is porous, with rapid drainage of water. It has only
thin layer of humus. The organic protein of created by partial decomposition of the plant or
animal matter, which provide vegetation with nutrients.
Common flora of alpine grassland plants
Common grasses in tropical grassland include:

1. Bermuda Grass
2. Elephant grass
3. Blue fescue
4. Feathers grass
5. Rhodes grass
6. Res oat grass
7. Lemon grass
These grasses generally grow dominant during the dry period and then grow rapidly during the
wet session.
 Endangered species
Clarkia franciscana

Scientific classification
kingdom Plantae

Clade Angiosperm

Order Myrtales

Family Onagraceae

Genus Clarkia

specie C.franciscana

Status:
Endangered Specie
Reasons of Endangeredment
▪ Logging activity being performed to get wood
▪ Habitat destruction due to land convertion to agriculture and farming
▪ Plants used for the purpose of medicine of intestinal parasites
 Acanthomintha ilicifolia

Scientific classification
kingdom Plantae

class Angiosperm

Clade Eudicots

Order Lamiales

Family Lamiaceae

Genus Acanthomintha

specie A.ilicifolia

Status:
Endangered Specie

Reasons of endangerment
▪ Its habitat had been greatly modified for agriculture
▪ Invasive species invaded there and cause the to become dead
▪ Modified for plantation of different type of plants that are commercially important .
 Adansonia digitata

Scientific classification
kingdom Plantae

Clade Angiospermae

Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Genus Adansonia

specie A. digitata

Status
Endangered Specie
Reasons of endangerment
▪ Drought as this plant require more water as compared to other plants.
▪ Over use as it is demanded for its leaves at international level specially by
Africa.
▪ Lack of seed dispersal due to extreme demand of pulp at national and
international level.
 Extinct Specie
Polygonatum verticillatum

Scientific classification
kingdom Plantae

Class Angiosperm

Clade Eudicots

Order Asparagales

Family Asparagaceae

Genus Polygonatum

specie P.verticillatum

Status:
Extinct specie

Reasons of extinction
▪ Over exploitation of rhizome and other parts for medicine and consequent
degradation
▪ Urban expansion in that area for different projects
▪ Agriculture expansion in area for different crop plants which leads to removal of
plants
 Rheum australe

Scientific classification
kingdom Plantae

Class Angiosperm

Clade Eudicots

Order Caryophyllales

Family Polygonanceae

Genus Rheum

specie R. australe

Status
Extinct specie

Reasons of extinction:
▪ Destruction of habitat to construct different projects leading to specie
extinction

▪ extensive use as a medicinal herb since antiquity in different traditional systems

Scientific classification
kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Aves

Order Charadriiformes

Family Charadriidae

Genus Charadrius

specie C. montanus

Status:
Endangered specie

Reasons of Endangeredment
 Habitat loss due to conversion of shortgrass prairie to agricultural uses
 declining prairie dog populations were major factors contributing to this
decline.
 loss of eggs and chicks due to predation
 Vulpus velox (Swift fox)

Scientific classification
kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Mammalia

Order Carnivore

Family Canidae

Genus vulpes

specie V. velox

Status:
Endangered specie

Reasons of Endangeredment
 habitat losses due to agricultural, industrial and urban development.
 With the increase of agriculture in the Great Plains came a significant
decrease in shortgrass prairie habitat

Reference:
IUCN, UNEP & WWF 1980 Wild construction strategy
Kan Ahmad (2020)
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