EXTRA DISCIPLINARY-1 (SUPPORTIVE)- FASION AND STYLE

UNIT 2 AND UNIT 3

UNIT 2
FASHION
ORIGIN OF FASHION
Percolated from higher class,Lower classes tend to imitate
their social superiors.
➢ Fashion spreads through transportation and media.
➢ Merele's in 1970 recognized fashion as a concept
motivated by change.
➢ Ross in 1982 suggested that fashion could be seen as series
of recurring
changes in the choice of a group of people.
➢ As the Earth grew colder, wearing fur became more of a
necessity.It is believed that the first garment ever created was
the tunic, a form of clothing that was made of two rectangular
hides that were seen together.A cutaway opening was left for
the head,and a belt was wrapped around the waist.
Archaeologists
have also been able to find leggings and loin cloths on
cavemen who died more than 5,000 years ago.High fashion
began as kings and queens established fashion trends with
their kingdoms.Cities like Paris became fashion hubs of the
West.
DEFINITION OF FASHION
Fashion comes from a Latin word Facere means to make.
Fashion comes from a Latin word “Facere” means to make.
❖ Rhythmic imitation and innovation, alternative uniformity
and change.
❖ Style that takes place on body or face that varies from
person to person, day to day,time to time which has a capacity
to attract and copy is called fashion.
❖ Interpretation of the accepted style at any given time worn
by sufficient number of people.
Fashion is a form of self-expression and autonomy at a
particular period and place and in a specific context,
of clothing, footwear, lifestyle, accessories, makeup, hairstyle,
and body posture. term implies a look defined by the fashion
industry as that which is trending.
Fashion scholar Susan B. Kaiser states that everyone is
"forced to appear", unmediated before others. Fashion is
defined in a number of different ways, and its application can
be sometimes unclear. Fashion is a form of expression.
Fashion is what people wear in a specific context.
FASHION TERMS
STYLE
A type of product that can be easily differenciated from
another because of its charecteristics
To give a particular characteristic to a group of garments for
ex-line of gowns
In the fashion world, “style” is usually shorthand for
“personal style,” or the way an individual expresses
themselves through aesthetic choices such as their clothing,
accessories, hairstyle, and the way they put an outfit together.
Fashion includes several types of clothing. This category
encompasses the occasions for which apparel is designed as
well as different categories of sizes.
Active wear – Clothing designed to be worn during exercise
or sports activities is referred to as activewear. Examples
include yoga pants, basketball shorts, sweatshirts, tennis
skirts, and other related items.
Bespoke – The term bespoke refers to clothing that is custom-
made for a particular person at that person’s request. The
pattern for creating the clothing item is made for the
indIvidual. The most common bespoke items are men’s suits.
Capsule wardrobe – A capsule wardrobe consists of specific
clothing items designed to be worn together in a variety of
different combinations to create different looks. When a brand
produces mix and match pieces designed to be used
interchangeably without having to add in other pieces, that is
a capsule wardrobe.
Corporate – Corporate apparel is designed to be worn in
traditional business environments. It primarily includes suits
and related separates designed to be worn as suits. Pieces tend
to be designed in classic styles, with elements like label width
and the cut of pants, skirts and jackets being adjusted to
current fashion.
Designer – In fashion terminology, designer clothing refers to
pricy, ready-to-wear apparel with a designer brand name on
the label. It is mass-produced for sale in retail stores or their
online equivalent. These are typically quality or luxurious
items that reflect the style of the day.

CLASSICS&FADS
A particular style that continues as an accepted fashion over a
extended period of time
A classic fashion is a style that lasts for several seasons,
sometimes even years, and is accepted by a wide range of
people. Classics are those styles that you don’t even have to
think about. You just know they will be acceptable from one
year to the next. Running shoes are a good example of a
classic style.
Classic Color: Black, Gray, White (Achromatic Colors)
It is not hard to believe that Achromatic Colors are the classic
colors. Because we usually call Black and White Movies the
Classics. In the fashion world, Black and White T-shirts are
the classic of the classics. They match EVERY fashion item,
you don’t even need to think about your ootd seriously.
Classic Pattern: Plain, Polka Dot, Stripe, Check
In general, Classic Patterns have the characteristic of
simpleness and regularity. Most of them consist of the basic
motifs: Dot, Line, Multiple Lines. Clothes with these classic
patterns mostly represent Minimalism
A fad is any form of collective behavior that develops
within a culture, a generation or social group in which a group
of people enthusiastically follow an impulse for a short
period.
The fashion which lives for a shor period of time - fads
Fads are objects or behaviors that achieve short-lived
popularity but fade away. Fads are often seen as sudden,
quick-spreading, and short-lived. Fads include diets, clothing,
hairstyles, toys, and more. Some popular fads throughout
history are toys such as yo-yos, hula hoops, and fad dances
such as the Macarena, floss and the twist.
Similar to habits or customs but less durable, fads often result
from an activity or behavior being perceived as emotionally
popular or exciting within a peer group, or being deemed
“cool” as often promoted by social networks. A fad is said to
“catch on” when the number of people adopting it begins to
increase to the point of being noteworthy. Fads often fade
quickly when the perception of novelty is gone.
CHANGE

“What makes fashion interesting is that it always changes.”

Change means what we do today might be worthless
tomorrow, but we have to accept that because we are in
fashion.
 There is nothing safe forever in fashion.
 Fashion is a train that will not wait for anybody. Get on
it, or it’s gone.
 Fashion changes only to stimulate (encouraging) buying.
 If fashion never changed, the public would not buy
clothing so often.
 Fashion is one way for consumers to visually express
their relationship to current events and to life itself.
Fashion changes because
 It reflects changes in people’s lifestyle and current
events.
 People need change.
 People get bored with what they have.

The speed of change is influenced by modern

communications, marketing, advance in mass production,
greater income and seasons.
One of the greatest impacts on fashion is acceleration of
changes.
Consumers are aware of new styles before they reach the
stores.
Because fashion is a product of change, a sense of timing (the
ability to understand the speed of acceptance and change) is
an important asset for anyone involved with product
development or marketing in the fashion industry.
“Timing is the key to successful idea"-Valentino, Italian
designer
ACCEPTANCE
• Acceptance implies that consumers must buy and wear a
style to make it a fashion.
• “There is no fashion if nobody buys it”
• Different market segments adopt different fashions.
• Advertising generating the public’s desire for new
fashions.
• Fashion acceptance therefore correlates with exposure,
primarily in the media and on television in particular.
• Acceptance by the public does not prove that a design
necessarily beautiful, only that its timing is right and that it
fills a need.
• Acceptance by a large number of people makes a fashion
successful.
• The degree of acceptance also provides clues to fashion
trends for coming seasons.
TASTE
• An individual’s preference for one style or another is
referred to as taste.
• Good taste in fashion implies sensitivity to what is
beautiful and appropriate.
• People who have good taste also understand quality and
simplicity.
• Taste is usually developed by exposure to and
appreciation for beautiful design and experience.
• Rapid production capabilities to capitalize on success of
the style
• Lower prices in an age of global communications,
copies often reach stores before the originals and at a
fraction of cost.
• Because this practice is very unfair to the original
creators , some designers try to copyright their designs. But
copyright is impossible because of the fast pace of the
industry.
• By the time ,the design is granted a copyright there is no
longer in fashion.
• To protect their profits some designers copy their own
designs at lower prices, in a lower priced times a season later.
Other designs are flattered by copy and expect it.
BOUTIQUE COLLECTION
A boutique is a small store that sells stylish clothing,jewellery
or other usually expensive things.recently the term boutique
has begun to be applied to mass market items that are either
niche or produced in internationally small numbers to be sold
at very high prices
A small shop or a small specialty department within
a larger store, especially one that sells fashionable clothes and
accessories or a special selection of other merchandise.
Another name for boutique emporium.
Business or establishment that is small and
sophisticated or fashionable.
The Term Boutique entered into everyday English since
the late 1960s.
A boutique business focuses on a small segment of a
niche – serving clients who want a personalized experience
and who want to know that they are getting the very best
products or services.
There are numerous types of boutiques such
as designer clothes, new born fashion, boutiques exclusive for
women or stores selling a particular form of clothing such as
saris, dresses, etc. It is very simple to establish a business in
this field as it requires minimum capital during the initial
stage.
MANNEQUIN
Mannequin comes from the French word mannequin,which
had acquired the meaning ‘an artist’s jointed model’
Which in turn came from the Flemish word manneken,
meaning ‘little man,figurine’
A mannequin is an often articulated doll used by
artists,tailors,dressmakers,windowdressers and others
especially to display or fit clothing
A dummy used to display clothes in a shop Window. An
artist's, tailor's, or dressmaker's lay figure also: a form
representing the human especially for displaying clothes. One
employed to model clothing.
HOW DOES THE MANNEQUIN COST:
A mannequin price can range anywhere from $200 to
upwards of $1000. The price depends largely on the material
used to make them, but also on the realism of its construction.
Cheaper versions will look stiff, perhaps posed in unnatural
looking positions, and tend to look and it is cheap.
Alternatives for your Clothing Displays:
Mannequins have long been a popular way to display
apparel in retail stores because customers can easily visualize
entire outfits, fully accessorized. But mannequins are costly. If
you don't have the budget to buy a bevy of traditional full-
sized “dummies,” there are more affordable mannequin
alternatives you can use to create wonderfully varied and eye-
catching apparel displays. Here are some mannequin
alternatives that will fit your store’s personality as well as
your budget.
Dress Forms:
Used by professional dressmakers to custom-tailor designs,
these headless-but shapely forms also work nicely to display
blouses and dresses. You can adjust their height and easily
move them around on their rolling stand. Some dress forms
are expandable, and there are even styles for pants.
Costumers:
Costumers and display hangers can be full-body or just
specific components. They can be free-standing, but there are
also table-top and wall-mounted versions.
Flexible Rod Forms:
Though not as realistic as a true mannequin, these forms
are made of flexible, padded rods that can be dressed and
arranged in almost any pose.
Partial Mannequins:
If you sell stockings or socks, necklaces, bracelets and/or
rings, gloves, shoes and boots, etc. you might need only these
body parts:
• Hands and arms
• Neck
• Torso
• Legs
• Calf
• Ankle and foot
Partial mannequins are available in a wide variety of
materials, either in fixed poses or with flexibility so you can
pose them yourself.
Ghost Mannequins:
These male or female mannequin components fit inside
apparel items, giving them invisible human form. The clothes
appear to be floating in mid-air. You can combine or use
separate torso sections, arms, hands, or legs as well as V- or
round-neck layers.
Shop mannequins are derived from dress forms used by
fashion houses for dress making.
Historically, artists have often used articulated mannequins,
sometimes known as lay figures, as an aid in drawing draped
figures. The advantage of this is that clothing or drapery
arranged on a mannequin may be kept immobile for far longer
than would be possible by using a living model.

TREND
Fashion trends are the styling ideas that major collections
have in commen. they indicate the direction in which fashion
is moving. Fashion forecasters look for the styles they think
are prophetic,ideas that capture the mood of the times and
signal a new fashion trend.
 Trend refers to what is popular at a certain point in time. The
term trend is often used in relation to fashion. In the fashion
industry, trend refers to the fashions that are popular at a given
point in time.
The fashion trends in 2019-2020 include
distinct and unique fashion accessories like oversized hats,
bamboo bags, shell jewelry and embellished belts. Also, the
tie-dye patterns, sequins, fringes, and puffed sleeves in trend.
Trending in 2022 for women:
Top-To-Toe colour
Fringing Details
Sequins and Shimmer
Maxi VS Mini
Bold stripes
Fashion Trends how start and evolve through five key ways:
From Runway Trends
From Street Style
Through Celebrities
Through Fashion bloggers
Through the different fashion capitals of the world.
HIGH FASHION
High fashion clothing is typically custom made women’s
clothing
High fashion items are commonly sold through boutiques
HIGH FASHION, or Haute Couture is the creation of
exquisite clothing custom made for individual elite clients. It
is not mainstream, as they use the best quality and rarest
materials available, as well as personalized craftsmanship,
hence the name Haute Couture.
The place HIGH FASHION refers to the most luxurious,
elegant and expensive clothing and accessories from top
fashion designers
HIGH FASHION clothing is typically custom made women's
clothing HIGH FASHION items are commonly sold
through boutiques.
FASHION SHOWS
A FASHION SHOW is an event put on by a fashion designer
to showcase their upcoming line of clothing and/or
accessories during Fashion Week. Fashion shows debut every
season, particularly the Spring/Summer and Fall/Winter
seasons. This is where the latest fashion trends are made. The
three most influential fashion weeks are New York Fashion
Week, Paris Fashion Week, and Milan Fashion Week, which
are semiannual events. The London and Berlin fashion weeks
are also of global importance.
Fashion shows are important as they showcase the new styles
of the season. They are a walking art show and also guide the
looks for the fast fashion stores who knock off the high
fashion looks.
Formal presentation of a group of styles and collection's often
in connections showing the seasonal new fashionable outfits
created by fashion designer.
KNOCK-OFFS
Meaning of knockoffs:
A copy that sells for less than the original broadly. A copy or
imitation of someone or something popular.
Knockoffs in fashion:
Knock off clothing is a very close copy of designer fashion
clothing, fashion accessories like footwear, handbags, belts,
gloves, hats, hosiery, jewellery and watches.
An unlicensed copy of something especially fashion clothing,
intended to be sold at a lower price than the original.
It is not the same buying fake designer clothes. Knockoff
clothing will not have the real brands label on it. Its designed
by a different fashion house intended to be a lower cost than
the original.
Fake designer clothes are counterfeit and they are illegal.
They will have the designer’s label on them even though they
aren’t made by the designer.
CUSTOM MADE
 Made according to the specification of a particular
individual buyer.

 Apparel made to order for an individual customer, out and

fitted to individual measurements as opposed to apparel that is
man produced.

Example : If a individual bought a material, the tailor stitched

the dress according to her desire : out fitting ,neck design, full
sleeve or half sleeve etc.
Example: Custom made wedding gown for women

DESIGNER
Designers conduct research on fashion trends and interpret
them for their audience. They attempt to design clothes which
are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing.they consider
who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it
will be worn.they have a wide range and combination of
materials to work with and a widerange of colours,
patterns,and styles to choose from
Fashion designers work in different ways. Some sketch their
ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a dress form,
another term for mannequin. When a designer is completely
satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), they will consult a
professional pattern maker who then makes the finished,
working version of the pattern out of card or via a computer
program. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a
model to make sure it is an operational outfit.

Example: Designer make custom made dresses are made for

film heroines according to the movie stories or to showcase
new trends or for their outlook
FASHION CONSULTANT
Also known as stylists or image consultants, fashion
consultants help clients to develop and enhance their
professional and/or personal image. Their duties include
helping clients decide which styles are most flattering and
suitable for them. Typically, Fashion consultants work for
companies or on an individual contract basis.
Fashion Consultant Responsibilities:
• Listening to the client's needs and understanding their
individual personality.
• Providing tailored advice on individual pieces, whole
outfits, colors, styles, and fabrics that will suit the client's
preferences, style, body type, and price range, as well as the
occasion they're dressing for.
• Selling merchandise and increasing sales for the
company.
• Remaining up-to-date with current fashion trends and
principles.
• Updating your portfolio of looks and trends to reflect
seasonal fashion changes and to develop new outfits and
recommendations for clients.
• Generating and pursuing leads to grow your client base.
• Following up with clients via phone or email and
answering requests and questions.

FASHION COORDINATOR
Fashion coordinators produce fashion shows and other
promotional vehicles for companies and designers. Some are
responsible for a particular department, for example, men's
apparel, while others may oversee the promotion of the entire
apparel and accessories line. The majority of coordinators are
employed by design firms, retail corporations, and apparel
centers. Some fashion coordinators work in the entertainment
industry.
Job Duties
A fashion coordinator establishes relationships with designers,
manufacturers and merchandisers to both showcase new
collections and stay abreast of current market trends. Using
inspiration and research gained from these relationships -- and
attending fashion events and monitoring fashion publications -
- the fashion coordinator selects the garments and accessories
used for events like photo shoots and couture shows.
Marketing is also a large part of this job as she is responsible
for coordinating public relations for upcoming events. If
employed by a retailer, she might also be expected to share
insights that helps the store's buyers fill inventory.
HOT NUMBER
Hot number which means hot stuff. Someone or something
that is currently popular or fashionable. Style number that sell
quickly.
For example:
That new song is going to be a hot number, or he really
thinks he’s hot stuff. These slangy expressions use hot in the
sense of “recent “or “fresh”, a usage dating from the 1300s,
although hot stuff dates from the 1700s and hot number from
about 1900.
The trend in the garment industry changes with the
introduction of the new style. The movie, celebrity and the
actors in television screenplay a vital role in changing the
trend in the market. Along with men and women, kids to wish
to dress up as per the latest trend in the market. The Mastani
dress is inspired by the movie named ‘ Bajirao Mastani’
released by the Bollywood industry. The dresses presented
through various characters of the movie have made the
audience spellbound. Later, the garment shops, malls as well
as showrooms started selling the Bajirao Mastani dress.
Every second, new trends are emerging, and old ones are
dying, it’s the circle of life.
Also the other example of popular trend in 2020and also it
continue to trend in 2021.wide heels and chunky soles have
been popular sneaker styles for several years, but the trend
many expand to less casual footwear in the coming year. “
chunkier heel will start to pop up on loafers and dress shoes in
2021, “ The look adds a bit of flair and moves away from the
streamlined style prevalent at the beginning of the decade.”
HAUTE COUTURE
Haute couture refers to the world of high fashion and custom-
made garments. The phrase comes from French and translates
as “high sewing” or “high dressmaking.” Is the creation of
exlusive custom-fitted clothing. Haute couture is high end
fashion that is constructed by hand from start to finish, made
from high quality, expensive, often unusual fabric and sewn
with extreme attention to detail and finished by the most
experienced and capable sewers, often using time –
consuming, hand –executed techniques.
Charles Frederick worth and the beginning of haute couture

Before the mid -19th century all clothes were made by

hand according to individual measurements and wishes –
men’s clothes by tailors and women ‘s by seamstresses and
milliners. Every middle – class woman could sew any could ,
if necessary , make clothes for herself and her family , or at
least keep them in order . women from poorer families simply
had to sew ,as they could not afford to buy clothes. Ready –
made clothes first began to appear towards the end of the 18th
century, when manufacturers started to make capes, coats and
other garments that did not have to fit the wearer exactly.
wealthier middle –class women could buy clothes that were
semi-complete, so that they could finish them off and decorate
them at home. This saved them the trouble of cutting out
material, and they could sew up skirts and blouses in their
own individual way.
In the mid-19th century Englishman Charles Frederick worth
fundamentally changed the course of fashion by bringing
Parisian haute couture into being. Worth did not sew dresses
according to the wishes of his customers, but created
individual collections which he presented to society ladies;
they chose the material from a series of samples offered by
worth to suit the particular cut of the dress. A distinct
individualist, worth realized his vision of beauty and elegance
and succeeded in turning the dressmaker into a creator of
fashion, and the craftsman into an artist. Rather than simply
sewing dresses, he made fashion; he dressed queens and
princesses, actresses and wealthy middle –class women, and
his designs, which were always in keeping with the period, set
the tone for haute couture right up to the 1920s.they then
continued to have a lasting influence on the creations of later
fashion designers.

MASS FASHION
Mass marketing is the process of appealing to an entire market
rather than one targeted group. The marketing technique uses
mass distribution and mass media to reach the widest
audience possible.
Mass marketing markets to everyone and commonly focuses
on selling “must-have” products at a lower price to achieve a
higher number of sales and to obtain maximum brand
exposure.
MASS PRODUCTION IN THE FASHION INDUSTRY:
Speed is the key to mass production in today’s garment supply
chain.
Used by large retailers, including some of the world’s biggest
brands, the concept of mass production, does not disappoint.
Fast, affordable, reaching the end customer in record time,
and keeping inventory to a minimum.
This scenario seems no less than idyllic – sure-fire success;
high-profit margins for retailers on one end, and satisfied end
customers on the other.

FASHION FORWARD
At the fore front of a new fashion trend, also called advanced
fashion.
Fashion forward
• The style and trends of the young and the fearless
• Street style
• Formal wear
• Classy& casual
• Weekend wear
• Season trends
• Risk factor
STREET STYLE
When walking through the city and even in some small
towns, people are influenced by what others are wearing and
try to keep up with trends
FORMAL WEAR
Every girl has to dress up at some point in their lives. There
are so many styles to choose from, luckily you can try on as
many as you want.
CLASSY & CASUAL
Casual wear can make a statement and still be glamorous,
the trick is in the accessories.
WEEKEND WEAR
Whether you are looking to dress it up or dress it down on the
weekend, one things for sure, you keep in style.
SEASON TRENDS
Each new season trends are created and recycled making
every season different.
RISK FACTOR
What’s fashion without taking risk? If you like to take risks,
then here are some trends name like edgy sunglasses, neon
print dresses, polka dots, lace tights, cutout dresses
FASHION VICTIMS
Fashion victims are the people who blindly follow a brand
without any discernment and without any analysis. As it is a
latest fashion, they adapt to it without even thinking about
suitability.
Fashion victims are victims because they are vulnerable to
faddishness and materialism “according to versace, “when a
women alters her look too much from season to season, she
become a fashion victim”
FAD
Intense but short-lived fashion trend. Fads are also by their
nature at the extreme range of currently acceptance style,
which means they commonly cross the line from the sublime
to the ridiculous.
MATERIALISM
Designer label have come to from an important part of our
identification of style and fashion.
Designer branding is sometimes associated with a higher
quality of manufacture and a more expensive price. The
ownership and display of such products of quality is
frequently marketed to suggest that the wearer will
automatically embody a personal characteristic of quality by
association branding marketed.
HOW TO AVOID BEING A FASHION VICTIMS
• Don’t be a compulsive buyer
• Don’t spend beyond your means
• Scan, clean and organize your current wardrobe

UNIT 3
ROLE OF A FASHION DESIGNER
What exactly does a designer do? No two designers will
answer this question in the same way because each designer
does so many different things. As a rule, designers work for a
wholesale apparel house or manufacturer, and there duties
included a range of
interrelated jobs.
Usually, the designer is directly responsible to the head of
the company or the division. The head of the company, or
chief operating officer (COO), directs the overall operations
that allow the company to function. The COO supervises the
sales personnel as well as the functions considered to be the
business side of the operation. In addition, depending on the
size of the company, the COO may work closely with the
designer in choosing fabrics and finalizing the styles selected
for the line.
The average apparel firm is divided into three major
departments: design, production and sales. The designer is
actually a participant in all three departments. The best way to
present a picture of the designer at work is to trace the
creation of a line. The line begins as a series of ideas in the
designer’s mind, ideas that are made concrete in the design
process, sold to the retailer, and then sold to the customer.
SOURCES OF INSPIRATION
INTRODUCTION:
Paris couture and European pret-a-porter (ready-to-wear)are
the traditional source for fashion trends. Each year at show to
time, buyers, fashion, editors, and manufacturers flock to
pari6, London, and Milan to review the new styles.
Manufacturers of Missy and designer apparel trend to watch
couture show with the greatest interest. Before the show
begin, U.S. publication preview the opening with articles on
fabric trends, rough sketches or style predictions, and
interviews with designers. As soon as the show are over,
fashion editors select the style they feel are prophetic and send
photos, sketches, and stori6 to the United States for
publication in consumer and trade fashion magazine and
newspapers. Thus the information is passed on the consumers
almost as soon as the designer receives it. But it is important
to remember that all European collection we see in domestic
publication have been edited by U.S. journalists. In fact,
before people in the United States had access to the internet,
many potentially important ideas never reaches U.S. designers
unless they attended the show or read European fashion
magazines. European collection are now available on the
internet.
A fashion trend born in Europe is not necessarily destined to
succeed in the United States because some ideas are too
advanced or impractical for the American lifestyle. While
reading about European sources of fashion trends, you may
have thought that many U.S. designers create similar garments
because they are inspired by a common source. The designer
who creates a trend and develop a unique product will have a
loyal following of retailers and customers.
❖ TIMING
Timing is an important aspect of successful styling. Most
designers try to fit their garments into the general fashion
climate. Climate is a combination of new trends in fashion,
the general economic condition of the country, technological
developments, and current retail trends. A designer must
understand his or her specific market. Novices mistakenly
think that the newest fashion trends are appropriate for every
line.
❖ Start of a fashion
A new style or silhouette is shown. The style May catch on
slowly or even fail at first. Often , but not always, an
innovative style appears first in a high priced garment. Finally,
the new style begins to check (sell) with the more fashion -
conscious retailers.
❖ Evolution into a staple
The style becomes a hot items for the original manufacturer,
and several retailers begin to sell in large quantities. Many
manufacturer design version of the successful style. Generally,
department stores across the country sell the item at several
prices in a variety of fabrics.
❖ Adoption by chain stores
Manufacturers who sell to chain store catalog must design
their lines many months before the selling
date. For this reason, styling is usually conservative and
emphasize proven. Items.
❖ Closeout and demise
The style is knocked off in very inexpensive fabrics for the
lowest possible prices. Many people wear
version of the style. The cheapest version have lost the
original subtlety and good fit.
❖ Fashion from the streets
Street fashion has tremendous influence over fashion trends.
Most designers travel a great deal,
pursuing information on the latest trends, new color stories,
and textile innovation. Fashion from the
street usually evolves from the way young people experiment
with existing garments, often recycling
period pieces or customizing basic like denim garments and
wearing them in new ways. Adding
accessories typical of native costume, wearing oversized
garments distressing clothes, and recycling
vintage clothes are inexpensive way to individualize fashion.
Many fashion magazine and trend reports
promote street fashion as well as report on what the popular
movie and music stars are wearing other
glossy magazine thrive on reporting the latest trends in
fashion, advertising, home furnishings, and
lifestyle because trends in all these areas are interrelated.
Designer soon develop an eye for the unusual
and can interpret it for their customer, modifying the unusual
so it is appropriate for a specific market.
Fashion is a cycle that continually emphasize new ways of
blending innovative trends with available
garments.
❖ Niche market
Niche Market Cater to a specialized customer outside the
mainstream. Typical niche Market are those
that supply apparel for specialized sporting activities like
skiing, golfing, skateboarding, hunting, and so
forth. Researching trends at the customers level is critical to
designing for niche markets. Designers who
understand niche market fashion trends constantly monitor the
subtle fashion evolution of their
customers by observing or participating in event requiring
specialized apparel. Sketching photographing,
and documenting niche fashion leader the same way
commercial designer track street fashion is the
best way to uncover innovative practices in each category.
❖ Printed source of inspiration
Successful designer must motivate themselves when they
begin to design for a new season. In addition
to the domestic fashion reports, which most designer read,
many foreign magazine report on specialty
markets or present an in-depth look at European couture and
pret-a-porter.
❖ Trade newspapers
Women’s wear daily (WWD), Fairchild publication, 7 East
12th street, New York, By 10003. This is the
most important trade publication for women’s apparel.
Reports from abroad are published after the
couture and pret-a-porter shows known as “the Bible of the
women’s apparel industry, “WWD includes
retailing activities and want ads. Fairchild also published the
Daily News Record (DNR) which covers the menswear and
textile markets. California apparel News , fashion publication,
110 East Ninth street,
suite 725, Los Angeles, CA 90079. This trade publication
covers the west coast market. Apparel Industry
Magazine (AIM), 6225 Barfield Road, suite 200 Atlanta GA
30328, www.aimagazine.com
❖ Consumer Newspapers
Daily consumer newspapers for each city carry current
fashion information and advertisement for local
retailers. The advertisement throughout are as valuable as the
fashion pages.

RESEARCHING COLORS
The first step in creating a new line is to research fashion and
consumer trends. The numerous excellent sources of fashion
information will be discussed in great detail in Chapter 3,
which plores fabricating a line and sources of inspiration.
Generally, the designer begins by investigating color trends.
Information on color trends for the coming season usually
comes from fiber and fabric companies and professional color
services. On the basis of these general predictions, the
designer selects the colors that will make the line unique and
salable. Once the color story is set, the designer begins to
review textile lines.

Often, someone from management-perhaps the head of the

company, the merchandise person (head of sales), or the
stylist-will assist the designer in selecting fabrics and colors.
Participants in the selection process exchange information. on
new fabrics and incorporate them into the mix of proven
fabrications. Fabric (also called piece goods) is a great source
of inspiration, and the excitement it generates starts the
creative process.
Many manufacturers use one type of fabric and repeat it
season after season. Denim houses are a good example. Other
manufacturers may repeat the same base goods seasonally.
These houses have established a niche, and buyers reserve
open-to buy dollars (money available for purchases in a
specific time period) for fabrics that have sold well in the past.

In some apparel companies, the fabric is designed and created

in-house. This is especially true knit fabrics that can be easily
customized and knit in small quantities and color-way (a
printed textile or color image). Woven fabrics require more
complicated looms, larger yardage runs, and exacting
finishing techniques and are therefore rarely created by the
apparel manufacturer. The designer who creates the fabric also
starts the process by researching color and then shopping the
yarn market. Customizing fabrics is discussed at great length
in Chapter6

Frequently, a style is carried over from one season to the next

because it has sold well. Manufacturers tend to run (continue)
a hot number when the style has proved itself by continual
reorders. The designer must track styles that have become hot
items. The best-sellers will be refabricated in seasonal piece
goods and offered in the next line. (Refabricate means to put
the "good body into another fabric.) A designer is often asked
to incorporate parts of a good body into a similarly styled
garment, or version of the original.
CREATING STYLES
Once fabrics have been selected, the designer begins to create
styles for the line. The refabrications and versions of good
bodies from the last season often provide the basic styles or
staples of the new line. Then the designer begins to style the
new garments.

Most designers work within the narrow constraints of the

category that has been assigned to the manufacturer by the
stores that purchase its product. For example, a junior,
moderate dress manufacturer may be further defined by
retailers as specializing in rayon print dresses. It is usually
very difficult to change this reputation drastically because
customers come to a manufacturer expecting to find a specific
kind of merchandise. Buyers often allocate money to a
specific category of merchandise and to the manufacturer who
has a reputation for producing it well. This can be a dangerous
trap for a manufacturer. Overspecialization is disastrous if the
category of merchandise sold goes out of fashion. To avoid
overspecialization, the manufacturer should diversify the
product line so that it remains current with trends in the
fashion market.
The designer must think of the customer who will buy the
merchandise) Some manufacturers sell directly to the
customer by opening their own retail stores to test
merchandise or outlet stores to sell. closeouts and overcuts at
a reduced price. Outlet stores are usually located at a distance
from established retailers who sell the product at full price.
Versions of a style that has sold well should incorporate the
most important style features of the original garment. Sleeves
may be changed to make the version appropriate for the new
season Fabric is often changed when the original is no longer
available
Other manufacturers reach the customer directly. through
catalog sales, home shopping networks. and on-line catalog.
This trend is likely to continue because it is more profitable
and allows the manufacturer to control production more
efficiently.
It is expected that personal computer (PC)ownership will
equal that of televisions during the ownership first decade of
the twenty-first century. Linking these two technologies will
provide many new ways to distribute apparel. The typical PC
user is eager to link to on-line services. Trained by video
games, this younger customer is readily accepting new ways
to shop. Selection, convenience, and value, as well as the
ability to shop at home and overcome the problem of inept
salespeople, are all factors driving this new trend.

Designers must stay in touch with their customers to

understand what the customers want and how to address their
figure problems. Some designers visualize an "ideal
customer," a person who wears their garments well. Good
designers never lose sight of the individual who will
ultimately have to find the garment attractive enough to
purchase it, no matter how large the manufacturer or how the
merchandise is distributed. (Designers constantly shop stores
and other retail outlets that distribute their line and similar
merchandise to evaluate how their styles are selling.
Salespeople are usually eager to-share news of hot items.
Electronic shopping is readily accessible to evaluate the
products being offered. Most manufacturers knock off (copy
identically, or slightly change) good sellers. Designers also
shop better lines to find out what is selling at more expensive
prices. Often, these are indicators of what will be hot next
season at a lower price.

The following specific requirements for a good style must

guide a designer as he or she creates the actual garments.

E-commerce is opening new doors for retailers apparel

manufacturers to market directly to and the consumer.
Multichannel retailing describes approaching the customer
directly with a combination of "bricks and clicks-brick-and-
mortar stores, catalogs, Web sites (either in-house or through
other electronic distributors), and other media such as the
Home Shopping Network.

In 2000, catalog- and Internet-based retailers accounted for

one out of 1 for one out every 10 dollars spent on apparel,
with sales in excess of $1 billion. The top apparel "e-retailers"
in 2000 the Spiegel were Group, Eddie Bauer, JC Penney, and
The Gap (which includes Old Navy and Banana Republic).
Potential customers are still reluctant to purchase garments
without first trying them on, and concerns with the security of
credit card information are still an issue with many. A high
percentage of shoppers begin the purchase process on the Web
but complete the transaction over the phone, via fax, or by
visiting a nearby store.

Manufacturers who maintain their own Web sites are using

them to provide value-added customer service and
personalization. Electronic visitors may be invited to "special
events" or offered specially priced merchandise. Web sites
that provide free background information to consumers as part
of their regular services are growing. For example, retailers
selling swimwear may feature information on beach resort
vacations.

AESTHETIC APPEAL

The garment should be attractive to a specific customer

Customers' aesthetic requirements differ with every size,
price, and age range. Selecting seasonal colors and an
appropriate fabric are the first steps, Most customers touch a
garment immediately after being visually attracted to it. the
hand (feel) of the fabric is as important as its appearance. It is
a challenge to communicate how the fabric feels when selling
via television, catalog, or the Web
Hanger appeal is very important in the customers first
evaluation of a garment in a retail store. Clothes that do not
present themselves well on a hanger (a halter dress, for
example) benefit from being displayed on a mannequin. A
garment that looks attractive on a hanger has a much better
chance of selling than a garment that does not
Computer simulations will allow customers of the future to
"see" a garment on their body in a variety environments. They
will be able to customize and patterns, garment fit, and fabric
colors and styles for their specific needs. Designers can set up
a variety of choices that will provide the customer with
aesthetically appealing garments them to select an
individualized outfit.

The occasion where a garment will be worn dictates many of

the fabrication and styling details. Traditional colors and
fabrics dominate some occasion garments; bridal wear, for
example, is almost exclusively white or ivory. Active
sportswear demands a designer who understands the
traditional etiquette of the sport as well as the physical
mobility needed. Accessorizing a street-wear garment is
important too, and the designer can help a customer select
accessories by adding a belt or trim that suggests a color for
shoes and bag. A garment that can be accessorized easily and
is suitable for a range of activities is likely to sell.

PRICE
The garment should be a good value for its price. If the price
is too high, the customer will probably not try it on, even if
she likes the style. A designer usually works backward from
the price that has been established for the product line. Each
element of the garment-from the textiles to the trim, make,
and overhead-has to be considered so the garment fits into the
manufacturer's price range. Ultimately, the garment's success
or failure may de pend on price.
The price of a garment is relative to the prices of garments
that surround it in the store and compete with it in the market.
The manufacturer's sales department tries to sell the line to the
department or store that has the most compatible merchandise,
both in price and "look" of garments. Generally, a store
organizes its departments by grouping similar merchandise in
"price points." These are price ranges that appeal to a specific
customer. The buyer tends to concentrate purchases in the
middle of the assigned range, with a few lower-priced
garments, especially at sale times, and occasional high prices
to include fashion merchandise. Manufacturers must maintain
similar price points so that their garments fit clearly into a
department. Usually, a line will not sell well in a department if
it is the most expensive offered. Furthermore, the designer
must be careful not to select a fabric or print that is used by
other manufacturers for a lower-priced garment.

TIMING
Successful designs usually fit into a general fashion trend and
satisfy the customer's desire to be unique and fashionable
How these requirements are met varies greatly for different
customers(During the same period, the young junior customer
may be buying authentic work overalls, the young missy
(contemporary) customer may be looking for copies of
European prêt-à-porter ready-to-wear), and the designer
customer may be looking at Paris couture. Many excellent
products have hit the sale racks because they were too early or
too late for the fashion taste of the moment. The designer
must be aware of general fashion trends and, more important,
the trends that are influencing his or her particular market.

FIT
Once the customer has selected a garment to try on, the
chance of selling that garment improves. Now, the way the
garment looks on the customer's figure is crucial. (The
customer wants the garment to fit and make her look
attractive. If the designer has created a garment to fit a
slender, tall model, many average customers with figure
problems will be dis appointed when they try it on. The
garment that conceals figure problems, flatters the face and
body, fits well, and is pleasingly proportioned will be at
success and success means a garment that sells!

Experiments to customize the fit of a mass produced garment

began with jeans. Levi Strauss introduced a made-to-measure
program for basic jeans in 1995. Body measurements,
combined with trying on standard-size jeans, allow each
customer to create a personal spec for a customized pair of
jeans. This data is fed into a computer and a single pair of
jeans is cut, sewn, and shipped to the customer in about three
weeks at a cost approximately one-third higher than off-the-
shelf pants.
Better standards of fit for mass-produced garments are
evolving. The Textile/Clothing Technology Corporation, or
[TC]2, has developed a body-scanning system that uses light
waves to determine the exact contours and measurements of a
body. Levi was the first to use a simplified body scanning
system to customize jeans and is now experimenting with the
[TC]2 system. Technology exists to translate the body
measurements into a computer-drafted customized pattern,
and single ply automatic cutters make cutting one garment
profitable.

CARE AND DURABILITY

Most customers examine a garment to see if it is well made.

Easy care, particularly wash-and-wear, is an important part of
making most utilitarian garments. If the designer selects a
wash-and-wear fabric but lines the garment with a fabric that
must be dry-cleaned, the designer defeats the outer fabrie's
purpose. Volume retailers recognize the importance of
durability and often give manufacturers specific instructions
about how the garment should stand up to washing and
ironing. High-priced garments usually require dry-cleaning
because they are made of delicate fabrics, and the customer
who buys better garments is less resistant to higher
maintenance costs. The successful performance of garments
also depends on the designer's ability to select compatible
trims and findings.

Usually, the design and production departments share

responsibility for fabric performance. If a fabric performs
badly, the manufacturer may decide not to use it. If the fabric
is faulty but is al ready made into garments, the manufacturer
may attempt to shift the responsibility to the textile mill that
sold the fabric Care and durability are particularly important
when designing and selling children’s apparel, uniforms, and
work clothes.

With aesthetics, timing, fit, and other considerations in mind,

the designer plans the styles using the research and trend
information gathered from publications, travel, and
observation. The number of models or pieces in the line
depends on the type of garment, the price range, the method
of ddistribtion, and the number of lines made by the
manufacturer. A variety of garments will be planned for each
type of fabric selected and for each category of garment. A
certain portion of the line is usually proven bodies teamed
with fashionable new styles. The de signer selects belts,
buttons, and other trimmings. The choice of both fabric and
trimmings is influenced by price as well as aesthetics.

DEVELOPING A LINE

The techniques used to develop a line vary. Most designers

draw or create a working sketch (croquis) using a computer
graphics program like SnapFashunTM The working sketch
guides the product-development team during discussions
about garments that are planned. The working sketch is given
to the first patternmaker as a guide in making the pattern The
silhouette (shape of the garment) is important because it tells
the pattern maker how much fullness should be in a skirt,
sleeve, or bodice. Copies of the working sketch identify the
sample pattern and the cost sheet. When pattern production is
computerized, hand drawn sketches are scanned into the
system and replicated on all the working documents needed
during production.

A working sketch differs from an illustration. A Fashion

illustration is a finished, carefully rendered drawing that
glamorizes a garment. A designer who is fond of drawing may
prepare a more elaborate sketch for use outside the work room
but will also draw a working sketch to guide the patternmaker
in constructing the garment. A designer does not have to know
how to illustrate but must know how to draw or how to create
a computerized working sketch.
Some designers are inspired by working with muslin or the
final fabric, draping it on a dress form or even on a live
model, If a dress form is used, the designer drapes and pins
the muslin into a three dimensional form that is really a soft
sculpture. When the designer is satisfied with the look and fit
of the drape, the fabric is removed and the shape is transferred
to a flat pattern. This pattern is made into a complete muslin.
The first drape is often done on only half the dress form, and a
complete garment is necessary to check the fi After
corrections, the pattern is cut out of the sample fabric and is
made into the finished sample. Some designers prefer to
"work on the flat," also called flat pattern making, a method of
developing a style by making changes according to geometric
rules in a basic block or sloper (a simple pattern with standard
ease). A test muslin is made from the pattern. Of course, the
pattern can also be made on a computer.

1.EFFECT OF COLOUR IN ENHANCING ONE’S

PERSONALITY

COLORS PSYCHOLOGY IN FASHION!

1. Black (glamour)
The appeal of black lies in its contradictory nature, it is one of
the most powerful colors as it can be both, no color and all
color simultaneously. It gives a mysterious appeal and
constantly stays in fashion trends.
Qualities- air of efficiency and no-nonsense competence
Positive- security, sophistication, efficiency, emotional safety
Negative- heaviness, coldness, oppression, menace
It’s no-nonsense competence, makes it the perfect choice to
wear for meetings with a potential employer. The psychology
features of black are strong it absorbs all the energy coming
towards you. It is majorly the absence of light and can be
heavy for people who are afraid of the dark. The color
resonates with absolute clarity, with no nuances. It portrays
sophistication, and that is the reason numerous indian fashion
designers create a collection with a full black theme.
According to research, the color black is perceived to portray-
seriousness, power, prestige, and intelligence. The people
commonly adorning black are both ambitious and sensitive. It
is mostly worn during a vulnerable period or event to provide
a sense of mental armor.
2. Brown(support)
The color often is considered to be unfashionable, but it can
set some latest fashion trends. Brown can stimulate the
feelings of stability and strength, after all, that could be more
solid than the color of the rock itself.
Qualities- strength & stability
Positive- earthiness, warmth, seriousness
Negative- lack of sophistication & humor
Remember making brown in school? It is a mixture of red,
yellow, and black. The color contains qualities of all the three
mixture colors, the warmth of black, elements of red, and
properties of yellow. The brown color is mostly spotted at
indian sustainable fashion blog sites, as it is associated with
the earth and the natural kingdom. The color is also
considered to be supportive, depicting reliability, stability, and
strength. It is said, that the people who adorn brown
frequently are conservative, respectful, and look for peace and
stability in life.
3. Blue(intellectual)
Think for a second, how many people have told you that their
favorite color is blue? You didn’t have to try hard, right?
There are plenty of them even the indian cricket team has a
blue uniform. The color causes the body to discharge calming
chemicals, and if not, the players who need calmness more.
Apart from this it also stimulates loyalty and concentration
now you know why they have a blue uniform?
Qualities- patience, dependability, intelligence, strength, calm
Positive- trust efficiency, duty, coolness, communication,
serenity
Negative- lack of emotions
The color blue is a soothing color of the mind it has a mental
effect. It is the color of crystal clear communication. Although
the color bounds the country through cricket yet, it can feel
unemotional and cold. It is best to adorn for interviews,
meetings, or presentations as it signals confidence and
reliability.
4. Grey (bland)
“fashion is not always black and white sometimes it is
different shades of grey!”
Grey is a shade which actually in the middle of the road, a
combination of the two extremes- white and grey.
Qualities- serene, power, intellect
Positive- psychological equity
Negative- lack of confidence & energy, misery
Indian fashion designers love to play with the shades of grey.
We can see many designers experimenting with shade grey in
their collections. Still, the shade is not usually used alone as
wearing too much grey shows a lack of confidence. As
excessive use of grey also denotes fear of exposure therefore,
if a person wears too much grey, it shows that he or she does
not wants to be noticed. The color still cannot be ignored, as
grey is a color of tranquillity and maturity. Fashion blog sites
will always have something to show you in grey as the color,
always makes it to be in the fashion trends. The formals are
usually preferred to be grey as it looks mature and also
soothes anxiety.
5. Violet (spiritual)
The color has spiritual qualities as it encourages deep
contemplation and meditation. The color has the shortest
wavelength, which is visible to a human eye. Its spiritual
qualities have made it the color of opulence and royalty.
Qualities- eccentric, royal, spiritual, elegance
Positive- relation with self, luxury, authenticity, spiritual
awareness
Negative- inferiority, degeneracy, bashful, subduing
The color violet is a shade that enhances one’s relation with
the higher self. It is a color of spiritual powers. Violet has
always been a color of royalty. The royalty of violet can be
seen in the designs of the indian fashion designers too. The
color is highly introvertive, and the people who wear violet
more often are known to be emotional and sensitive. But at
the same time, violet lovers are passionate too.
6. Yellow(emotional)
Yellow color causes the release of serotonin, that is why it is
celebrated for optimism and often associated with happiness
and laughter. Emojis you see!
Qualities- optimism, motivation, energy, positivity, hope,
creativity
Positive- friendliness & strength
Negative- fear & emotional fragility
According to psychology yellow color is the most active one.
It is mostly in summer fashion trends, as it lights up the mood.
Although indian fashion designers believe that too much of
yellow or the incorrect tone of yellow can down the self-
confidence. Yellow also increases concentration and attention,
therefore it’s mostly on hoardings, road signals, and
advertising sites. It is stated that the color is mostly adorned
by active, creative, and adventist people.
You can adorn yellow to boost optimism is an important
event, or to inspire workout.
7. Green (harmony)
The color is so soothing that your eyes do not need any
adjustments to process it. Green is the color of harmony, a
color that symbolizes reassurance.
Qualities- classy, comforting, modernity
Positive- peace, harmony, refreshing, environmental
awareness
Negative- neutral, boring
The color that pleases your eyes the most is green. It
symbolizes balance. The color green reflects the caring and
kind personality of the person. Colour green can be adorned
for calming during or after a stressful period. Every bridal
collection of the indian fashion designers is just incomplete
without the color green. Fashion blog sites will always
suggest you add some green in your indian wedding attire.
8. Orange(warmth)
The color is mostly associated with energy and ambition, it is
because it marks the dawn of each new day.
Qualities- innovation, energy, friendliness, happiness, fun
Positive- satisfaction, creativity, passion
Negative- immaturity, deprivation
The mixture of red and yellow, orange is the color of fun. The
color of adorned wrongly can give out a sense of lack of
serious intellectual values. Psychology states those who enjoy
adorning orange are optimistic, cheerful, energetic, and
always looking for changes. They believe in taking risks, not
fond of monotony, are ambitious and prudent. You can adorn
the color orange for friendly energy during hosting or
networking. The color is easily available in both indian and
western wear outfits at numerous fashion blog sites.
9. Red (bold)
Red is a symbol of power and boldness. The color can attract
attention.
Qualities- romance, power, boldness
Positive- strength, courage, energy
Negative- aggression, strain
Red is a dominant color as it has the longest wavelength. It is
the purest color and denotes power and warmth. You can not
see any collection of indian fashion designers without the
color red. Red is a universal color and is loved by all. The
fashion trends always embrace red as this bright color looks
beautiful on every individual. Red can be adorned at a place
where you want to grab attention or look powerful.
10. Pink(soothing)
Pink is a tint of red, it is extremely soothing. The color is
traditionally considered a feminine color.
Qualities- feminine, youthful, playful, fun
Positive- love, nurture, warmth
The color pink is a significant one in terms of psychology. It
represents the feminine principles and the survival of the
species, it is said to be a nurturing color. According to
numerous psychologists, people who are fond of pink are
optimistic and romantic. They appreciate kindness in life.
Pink is suitable to adorn in parties or social events, as it gives
a playful vibe.
11. White(purity)
The color white is said to be the absorption of all colors. It
creates a protective barrier around itself that seems to prohibit
contact. From a doctor’s coat to bridal outfits everything is
white as it’s the color of purity and cleanliness.
Qualities- nobility, cleanliness, purity, innocence
Positive- sophistication & purity
Negative- coldness & barriers
White color is a complete reflection. Just like black it also
creates barriers but a completely different one. The color
shouts “do not touch me”, it is a sign of purity. White attracts
reliable people who enjoy the freedom and who are optimistic
about life. It is neutral, and rarely repels others. It can be
adorned when you’re feeling guilty about something, or to
encourage forgiveness.

EFFECT OF LINE IN ENHANCING ONE’S

PERSONALITY
ILLUSIONS OF LINE IN DESIGN
One of the fun things about putting together outfits is using
design lines to create optical illusions. Those illusions can
make you look taller, shorter, wider, narrower, and accentuate
your face or other characteristics.
Line is the most basic element of design. Line can divide
areas into shapes and spaces. Line can give direction or a
feeling of movement to a design. As a basic tool, line can be
used to create optical illusions in clothing.
Line direction may be vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or
curved. Vertical lines lead the eye upward creating the illusion
of height to visually slenderize the figure. Horizontal lines
usually carry the eye across. Diagonal lines slant, and because
of the slant are incredibly slimming and like vertical lines, no
matter where you place them on your body will slim that area.
Curved lines are graceful. They may be soft when slightly
curved or bold when tightly curved.
Outfits of one color and those with center front interest can
add height. Use of the “y” line such as a “v” neckline
increases the illusion of height. When two or more vertical or
horizontal lines are used, the spacing between the lines will
affect the illusion created.
Generally, vertical lines that carry the eye up the figure
without interruption will give a taller, more slender illusion.
Lines that stop the eye from traveling upward by moving the
eye from side to side or back down will create a shorter and
heavier illusion.

1. Horizontal lines carry the eye across. Vertical lines

moves the eye up- ward.
2. The longer your eye can travel upward without being
interrupted by a horizontal line, the taller the figure will
appear.
3. A vertical illusion becomes a horizontal illusion when a
vertical line is topped with a horizontal line, causing the eye
to move from side to side. The sooner the eye encounters a
horizontal line, the shorter the figure will appear.
4. The magic “y” creates a feeling of height as the eye is
guided upward, with nothing to impede its vertical motion.
5. Two vertical lines spaced far apart form three wide
panels that move the eye across the figure.
6. Slanted diagonal lines are slimming no matter where they
are placed, they will slim that area.