A

Project
Phase-1
Report On
“WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC
VEHICLE APPLICATION”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
SEMESTER – VII

In
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
SUBMITTED BY

Mr. Mane Sushant Jayavant

Ms. Pawar Akshada Pradip
Ms. Jadhav Pranali Rajendra
Ms. Babar Vaishanvi Shankar

Under the Supervision of

Ms. Jadhav S.P.

Department of Eletrconics and Telecommunication

Engineering
ARVIND GAVALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SATARA
2023-24

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 1

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project report entitled
“ WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM FOR
ELECTRIC VEHICLE APPLICATION”
is a bonafide work carried out by:

Mr. Mane Sushant Jayavant

Ms. Pawar Akshada Pradip
Ms. Jadhav Pranali Rajendra
Ms. Babar Vaishanvi Shankar

Under our supervision, during the year 2023-24 and submitted to the faculty of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering, AGCE Satara in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

Shrihari Kadam Prof. Pol B. P Prof. Jadhav S.P

Alumni Mentor Project Guide Project Co-ordinator

Dr. Hingmire v. s. Dr. Mirajkar G.S Dr. Pharande V. A

HOD DeaFresun R&D Principal

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 2

 UNDERTAKING

We hereby declare that the details furnished above are true and correct to the best of our
knowledge and belief and we undertake to inform authorities about any changes therein, immediately.
In case any of the above information is found to be false or untrue or misleading or misrepresenting,
we are aware that we may be held liable for it.

Sr. No. Name of Student Roll No. Sign

01 Mr. Mane Sushant Jayvant

2165451372535

Ms. Pawar Akshada Pradip

02 2165451372525

Ms. Jadhav Pranali Rajendra

03 2165451372530

Ms. Babar Vaishanvi Shankar

04 2065451372028

Place: Satara

Date:

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 3

 Acknowledgement

It is our privilege to acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude to my guide Ms. Jadhav S.P. in
Electronics and Telecommunication at Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara for his/her
valuable suggestions and guidance throughout our course and the timely help given to us in completion
of our project work.

We are thankful to Dr. V. A. Pharande, Principal, Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara
and Head of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering department for their kind co- operation
& moral support.

Finally, we wish to express our sincere thanks to all the staff members of Arvind Gavali
College of Engineering, Satara for their direct and indirect help during the course of our project.

Date:

Place: Satara

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 4

 ABSTRACT

As an alternate form in the road transportation system, electric vehicle (EV) can help reduce the
fossil-fuel consumption. However, the usage of EVs is constrained by the limited capacity of battery.

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) can increase the driving range of EVs by charging EVs in motion
when they drive through a wireless charging lane embedded in a road. The amount of power that can be
supplied by a charging lane at a time is limited.

A problem here is when a large number of EVs pass a charging lane, how to efficiently distribute the
power among different penetrations levels of EVs? However, there has been no previous research devoted to
tackling this challenge.

To handle this challenge, we propose a system to balance the State of Charge (called BSoC) among
the EVs. It consists of three components: i) fog-based power distribution architecture, ii) power scheduling
model, and iii) efficient vehicle-to-fog communication protocol.

The fog computing center collects information from EVs and schedules the power distribution. We
use fog closer to vehicles rather than cloud in order to reduce the communication latency. The power
scheduling model schedules the power allocated to each EV.

In order to avoid network congestion between EVs and the fog, we let vehicles choose their own
communication channel to communicate with local controllers.
.

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 5

 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i

CONTENTS ii

LIST OF FIGURES iii

CHAPTERS Page No

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General introduction 10

1.2 Problem Statement 11

1.3 Objectives of the present work 12

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Literature review 14

(Carried out for minimum 5 papers from peer-reviewed journals

or reputed conferences)

3. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 Hardware used 17

4. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 ARDUINOID

4.2 EMBADEED C

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 6

5. RESULT AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Result 30

5.2 Conclusion 33

5.3 Future Scope 34

6. REFERENCES

6.1 Research Papers 36

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 7

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Caption Page No.

4.1 ARDUINO 21

4.2 22
ARDUINO-UNO

4.3 POWER TRANSMITTING COILS 24

4.4 VOLTAGE SENSOR 27

4.5 30
SINGLE CHENL RELAY

4.6 IR SENSOR 33

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 8

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 9

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Introduction

The reduction of fossil fuels and the need to reduce urban pollutants have made
electric vehicles as an appropriate alternative to domestic combustion engines . Electric
vehicles can act as a source of energy by using vehicle-to home (V2H) and vehicle-to-grid
(V2G) capabilities. The V2G capability allows vehicles to act as a mobile storage device
which can inject the storage energy into the grid [3]. The V2G capability allows for active
power regulation, reactive power support, load modulation, flow harmonic filtering and peak
charge correction. These factors provide services such as spinning reservations and voltage
and frequency control for the power grid [4]. In addition to the aforementioned, electric
vehicles can participate in electricity markets and provide many economic benefits to their
power grid and owner via the correct implementation of the V2G

However, it is important to note that the economic benefits of V2G capability

depend on how to charge and discharge electric vehicles ,. If the charging process is not
controlled, charging time periods will inter sect with the peak load time of the distribution
system , thereby increasing peak load , and the distribution system faces with problems such
as overload, excessive loss of power and voltage violation . Therefore, charging patterns
should be designed in such a way to persuade users to transfer charge periods to off-peak
periods . The effects of the presence of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) have been
studied in several articles..

In this paper, various strategies for coordinating the charging/discharging of

PHEVs are proposed in electric vehicle parking with V2G capability. The proposed strategies
include constraints on the amount of power exchange the distribution system, as well as the
random and unpredictable nature of quantities. Finally, the impact of each strategy on the
amount of parking dividend is analyzed.

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 10

 1.2 Problem Statement

When a student are ready for placement then he/she identifies different companies
according to the different criteria’s of companies such as 12 th marks, CGPA, Backlogs in academic year
etc., there is no such a platform to identifies different companies according to these criteria’s and gives a list
of companies. Students also cannot identifies companies for placement according their comfort and skills to
their growth in market.

1.3 Objective of Present work

 To develop a website for students and job seekers which help to identify companies for placement.

 To filter best companies according to skills and criteria of the company which help for students to get
idea about the industry in which they will work.

 To give the information of different companies with their placement criteria’s if a user wants with
their career page link after searching on website.

 To make faster and better skills analyzer for students which identifies students strength and suggest
different companies accordingly.

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 11

 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 12

 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Author Name Paper Name Publication Year Technology Used

L. Cheng, Y. 2014 Evaluating charging
Chang IEEE service reliability
Transactions for plug-in EVs
on Sustainable from the
Energy. , distribution network
aspect
N. Xu and Y IEEE Transactions on 2016 “Reliability
.Chung Power Systems. IEEE evaluation of
distribution systems
including vehicle-
to-home and
vehicle-to-grid,”
M.J. Rider and R. Journal of Power 2015 “Coordinated
Romero. Sources. Elsevier bidding of ancillary
services for
vehicleto-grid using
fuzzy
optimization,”
A. Alahyari, M. IEEE Transactions on 2015 “Incorporating
Vehicular Technology. customer reliability
cost in PEV charge
scheduling schemes
considering vehicle-
to-home
capability,”

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 13

 CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE IMPLIMENTATION

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Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 15
Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 16
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

TRANSMITTER

AC DC TO AC
INPUT AC TO DC INVERTER
FILTER

HF PRIMARY HF TRANSFORMER
SIDE

ARDUINO
VOLTAGE ADC
SENSOR MICRO
CONTROLLER

IR SENSOR

RECEIVER

HF HF DC
SECONDA RECTIFICATIO REGULATO CHARGIN
RY SIDE N & FILTER R G
CIRCUI

BATTERY

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 17

 HARDWARE
REQUIREMENTS

 MICROCONTROLLER
 WIRELESSPOWERTRANSFER
 ULTRASONICSENSOR
 VOLTAGESENSOR
 RELAY
 ROBO

SOFTWARER
EQUIREMENTS

 ARDUINOIDE
 EMBEDDEDC

MODULES

1. SENSORINTERFACING
2. PREPARINGPOWERSUPPLYUNIT
3. MICRO-CONTROLLERPROGRAMMING
4. READINGANALOGDATA
5. TESTANDDEBUG
6. SUBMISSION

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 18

 MODULE DESCRIPTION:

1. SENSOR INTER FACING

Sensor inter facing is a mix of amplification, filtering, and other signal conditioning as
well as analog-to-digital conversion. The analog-to-digital converter (ADC)may be in your
microcontroller, but you will still need to make the sensor compatible with the ADC input.

2. PREPARING POWER SUPPLY UNIT

A power supply unit (or PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for
the internal components of a controller. A power supply is used to reduce the mains electricity at
240 volts AC down to something more useable, say 12 volts DC. There are two types of power
supply, linear and switch mode. A linear power supply uses a transformer to reduce the voltage.
The AC signal is rectified and regulated to produce a high DC voltage.
An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of external power supply,
of ten enclose din a case similar to an AC plug. Adapters for battery-powered equipment may be
described as charger so rechargers(see also battery charger).AC adapters are used with electrical
devices that require power but do not contain internal components to derive the required voltage
and power from main power. The internal circuitry of an external power supply is very similar to
the design that would be used for a built-in or internal supply.

3. MICRO-CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING

A microcontroller is a programmable IC, capable of multiple functions depending on how it’s

programed. Many different kinds of microcontrollers exist that offer a wide range of
functionality. The versatility of the microcontroller is what makes it one of the most power ful
tools in modern design. This guide will explain the basics of microcontrollers and how they are
programmed.

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 19

 4. READING ANALOG DATA
The microcontroller of the board has a circuit inside called an analog-to-digital converter or
ADC that reads this changing voltage and converts it to a number between 0 and 1023. When the
shaft is turned all the way in one direction, there are 0 volts going to the pin, and the input value
is 0. When the shaft is turned all the way in the opposite direction, there are 5 volts going to the
pin and the input value is 1023. In between, analog Read() returns a number between 0 and
1023that is proportional to the amount of voltage being applied to the pin.

5. TESTANDDEBUG

Testing means verifying correct behavior. Testing can be done at all stages of module
development: requirements analysis, interface design, algorithm design, implementation, and
integration with other modules. In the following, attention will be directed at implementation
testing. Implementation testing is not restricted to execution testing. An implementation can also
be tested using correctness proofs, code tracing, and peer reviews, as described below.

Debugging is a cyclic activity in volving execution testing and code correction. The testing that
is done during debugging has a different aim than final module testing. Final module testing aims
to demonstrate correctness, whereas testing during debugging is primarily aimed at locating
errors. This difference has a significant effect on the choice of testing strategies.

6. SUBMISSION
Submitting the proto type for the presentation to the faculty guide for review purpose.

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 20

 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:
ARDUINO DESCRIPTION

Arduinois an open source, computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures Single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits
for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the
physical world.

Arduinois an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs -light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet).It has
14digital input/output ins(of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 21

 ARDUINOUNO
Arduino is an open-source project that created microcontroller-based kits for building
digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices. The project is
based on microcontroller board designs, produced by several vendors, using various
microcontrollers. These systems provide sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that
can interface to various expansion boards (termed shields) and other circuits. The boards feature
serial communication interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, for
loading programs from personal computers. For programming the microcontrollers, the Arduino
project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on a programming
language named Processing, which also supports the languages C and C++.

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 22

 ARDUINOUNO INTERFACE
WITH SENSOR & BUZZER

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the AT mega 328P. It has14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter.
Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino board, or
other microcontrollers.

FEATURES
 Microcontroller:ATmega328P
 Operatingvoltage:5V
 Inputvoltage:7-12V
 Flash memory: 32KB
 SRAM:2KB
 EEPROM:1KB

APPLICATIONS
 Real time biometrics
 Robotic applications
 Academic applications

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 23

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 24
 WIRELESS
POWERTRANSFER

DESCRIPTION

Wireless power transfer (WPT),wireless power transmission, wireless energy transmission, or

electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of electrical energy without wires. Wireless
power transmission technologies use time-varying electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields.

The term “wireless charging” usually refers to inductive charging. This technology uses a
charging station that creates an alternating magnetic field. A device with the proper induction
coil will receive energy from that field when it is placed nearby, making it receive power without
a physical connection. An important issue associated with all wireless power systems is limiting
the exposure of people and other living things to potentially injurious electromagnetic fields.
Wireless power transfer is the transmission of AC power from a power source toan electrical
load, without the use of discrete human made conductors.

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 25

 WPT MODULE

The Wireless Power Transfer and Charging Module can be used in electronic
equipments in common use for close wireless charging. This module uses an electromagnetic
field to transfer electric energy between a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit.

FEATURES
 Transmitter input voltage:12vDC
 Receiver output power:3W-5W
 Maximum receiver current capacity:600mA(based on distance)
 Coilinductance:30µH
 Transmit receive distance:1-20mm

APPLICATIONS
 Power grid
 Power mesh
 Mobile charging
 LED power

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 26

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 27
 VOLTAGE SENSOR

DESCRIPTION

A voltage sensor is going to be able to determine and even monitor and measure the
voltage supply. It is then able to take those measurements and turn them into a signal that one
will then be able to read. The signal will often go into a specialized electronic device for
recording, but sometimes, an observer will be present to manually read the sensor output.

FEATURES
 Under-voltage, over-voltage, or voltage band models
 Powered from sensing input lines or from separate DC supply
 Available with time delays on pull-in and/or drop-out or with customized

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 28

 APPLICATIONS
 Power generation unit
 Power transmission unit
 Industry and other applications

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 29

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 30
 SINGLE CHANEL RELAY

DESCRIPTION

Arelayis an electrically operated device. It has a control system and (also called input circuit
or input contactor) and controlled system (also called output circuit or output cont actor). It is
frequently used in automatic control circuit.

Relays are switches that open and close circuits electro mechanically or electronically.
Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit When a
relay contact is Normally Closed (NC), there is a closed contact when the relay is not energized.

Dia.4.5 Single chanel relay

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 31

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 32
 SINGLE CHANEL RELAY

Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and mechanically.
Relays consist of a n electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is
carried out with the help of the electromagnet. The main operation of a relay comes in places
where only a low-power signal can be used to control a circuit. It is also used in places where
only one signal can be used to control a lot of circuits. They were used to switch the signal
coming from one source to another destination. The high end applications of relays require high
power to be driven by electric motors and so on. Such relays are called contactor.

FEATURES
 Inputvoltage:12VDC
 Driverunit:ULN2003A
 Isolationunit:In4007
 Fast switching

APPLICATIONS
 Ac load Switching applications
 Dc load Switching applications
 Motor switching applications

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 33

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 34
 IRSENSOR
DESCRIPTION
An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An
IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only
infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor.

IRSENSOR

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that em its in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR
sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared
radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the
objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, that can be
detected by an infrared sensor. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply
an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR
light falls on the photodiode, The resistances and these output voltages, change in proportion to the magnitude of the
IR light received.
…

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 35

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 36
Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 37
  .
BATTERY(12V)

DESCRIPTION

12V battery has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at the top. A
zinc–carbon (6F22) battery is a dry cell battery that delivers a potential of 1.5 volts between a zinc metal electrode
and a carbon rod from an electrochemical reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide mediated by a suitable
electrolyte.

It was introduced for the early transistor radios. It is usually conveniently packaged in a zinc can which
also serves as the anode with a negative potential, while the inert carbon rod is the positive cathode. An advantage
is that several nine-volt batteries can be connected to each other in series to provide higher voltages.

FEATURES

 Outputvoltage:12v

 Currentcapacity:2.5Ah

 ApproximateVolume:0.2cu.in.(3.3cu. cm.)

 ApproximateWeight:0.4oz.(11gm.)

APPLICATIONS
 Walkie talkies.

 It is used to as sorted electronics projects.

 Usea12Vbatterycliptoeasilyconnectyour9VbatterytoyourArduino.
.

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 38

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 39
 LCD INTERFACE WITH MICROCONTROLLER

This is an LCD Display designed for E-blocks. It is a 16 character, 2-line alphanumeric LCD display
connected to a single 9-way D-type connector. This allows the device to be connected to most E-Block I/O ports.
The LCD display requires data in a serial format, which is detailed in the user guide below. The display also requires
a 24V power supply. Please take care not to exceed 5V, as this will cause damage to the device. The 24V is best
generated from the E-blocks Multi programmer or a 24V fixed regulated power supply.

The 24 x 8inch intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix displays is capable of displaying 224 different characters
and symbols. A full list of the characters and symbols is printedonpages7/8(note these symbols can vary between
brand of LCD used). This booklet provides all the technical specifications for connecting the unit, which requires a
single power supply (+24V).

FEATURES
 Inputvoltage:24v
 E-blocks compatible
 Low cost
 Compatible with most I/O ports in the E-Block range
 Easeto develop programming code using Flow code icons Monitoring

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 40

 FEATURES
 Supplyvoltage:5VDC
 Separate data lines
 Separate control lines

APPLICATONS
 Display applications for Arduino and other controller

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 41

 CHAPTER 4

SOFTERWARE
IMPLIMENTATION

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 42

 ..

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:

4.1 ARDUINOIDE:

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for writing
code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects
to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are written in the text editor
and are saved with the file extension .ino.The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text.
The message area gives feedback while saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text
output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other information. The bottom right
hand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial port.

When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program that has been loaded on to the
microcontroller on your board. It allows you to upload code without using any additional hardware. The bootloader
is active for a few seconds when the board resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most recently uploaded to the
microcontroller. The bootloader will blink the on-board (pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 43

 4.2 EMBEDDED C

Embedded Cis a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C Standards Committee to
address commonality issues that exist between Cextensions for different embedded systems.

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C Standards Committee to
address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for different embedded systems. Historically, embedded
C programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such as fixed-
point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations

Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers(i.e. CPU's with integrated memory or peripheral
interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also
common, especially in more-complex systems. In either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from
general purpose to those specialized in certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the application at
hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and
cost of the product and increasethe reliability andperformance.Someembeddedsystemsaremass- produced,benefiting
from economies of scale.

Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watchesandMP3players, to large stationary
installations like traffic lights,factory controllers, and largely complex systems like hybrid vehicles,MRI,
andavionics. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontrollerchip, to very high with multiple units,
peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 44

 .

PROGRAM

#include<LiquidCrystal.h>

Constintrs=7,en=6,d4=5,d5=4,d6=3,d7=2; Liquid Crystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7); float

current; int ir;

Void setup()

{
Serial begin(9600); lcd.begin(16,

2);

lcd.set Cursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("WirelessPower");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("TransferFore-V");

delay(2500);

pinMode(8,OUTPUT); pinMode(A0,

INPUT);

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 45

 pin Mode(A1,INPUT);

digital Write(8,HIGH);

Void loop()

{
current =0;

for(inti =0; i<1000;i++)

{
current=current+(.0264*analog Read(A1) -13.51)/1000; delay(1);

}
ir =digitalRead(A0); Serial.print("Current=");Serial.println(current);

Serial.print("Ir = ");Serial.println(ir);

//delay(250); if(ir

== 0)

Arvind Gavali College of Engineering, Satara. (BTech E &t TC) 46

 .
digitalWrite(8,LOW);

lcd.clear();lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("ChargingStarted");

lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Current

"); lcd.print(current);

lcd.print("A"); delay(2000);

}
else

{
digitalWrite(8,HIGH); lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("NoVehicleFound"); lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("ForCharging"); delay(2000);

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 CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND CONCLUSION

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 5.1 RESULT

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.

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 .

5.2 CONCLUSIONS

In this system, we are presenting the Wireless Power Transmission. As the electric vehicle in the market is
increasing. We can use the wireless charging system to charge our vehicles. This system shows the efficiency and
implementation of the charging station in future technology. This paper also covers future technology like payment
through RFID tags and self-serviced entry and exit gate to maintain congestion at the station. This will be helpful for
those who are doing research in the field of wireless power transmission. And many had came up with the greatest
invention like charging mobile wirelessly, and other electronic gadgets too. This could be the future scope for
developing the charging station, As electric vehicle are increasing in demand.

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 5.3 FUTURE SCOPE
The transfer power for 150 mm air gap is 3.74 kW and transfer efficiencyaregainedupto92.4%.The
charging time is around1hour and 39 minutes tofully charge its battery from 0 state for a 150mm air gap for an EV
with 5.1 kW power may take.

Wireless power transfer technology is a field that has a huge potential of becoming a mainstream
technology in the future. The proposed wireless power transfer circuit can be used for EV charging applications.
With the necessary research and development in this field, it is possible to create an electric bicycle from a
conventional bicycle that is capable of charging wirelessly. In the future,the advanced circuit as used the coil design
can be imported from the wireless power transfer circuit that is closer to the real world hardware. With adequate
development and innovation in this field, it is certainly possible to create wireless power charging stations capable of
charging electric bicycles and electric cars or any heavy EVs from the same power charging station, at a faste
rcharging rate than currently available charging techniques

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 CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES

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 REFERENCES
[1] L. Cheng, Y. Chang, Q. Wu, W. Lin and C. Singh, “Evaluating charging
service reliability for plug-in EVs from the distribution network aspect,” IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy. IEEE, vol. 5, pp.1287-1296, 2014.
[2] N. Xu and Y .Chung, “Reliability evaluation of distribution systems including
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[3] A. Alahyari, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad and M. Rastegar, “Incorporating customer

reliability cost in PEV charge scheduling schemes considering vehicle-to-home
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[4] S. Habib, M. Kamran and U. Rashid, “Impact analysis of vehicle-to-grid

technology and charging strategies of electric vehicles on distribution networks--a
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[7] C. Antúnez, J.F. Franco, M.J. Rider and R. Romero., “A new methodology for
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