Contents

Lesson 1 Present tenses (Simple, Cont, St. verbs) 3

Lesson 2 Past tenses 1 (Simple, Perfect, Perfect C) 4

Lesson 3 Past tenses 2 (Cont, Perfect, Perfect C) 5

Lesson 4 Future t e n s e s 6

Lesson 5 Other future forms 7

Lesson 6 Revision of tenses 8

Lesson 7 Passive Simple: Revision 9

Lesson 8 Passive: Continuous a n d Perfect 10

Lesson 9 Other Passive Forms 11

Lesson 10 Conditionals Part 1 12

Lesson 11 Conditionals Part 2 13

Lesson 12 Other conditional forms 14

Lesson 13 Reported Speech P a r t 1 15

Lesson 14 Reported speech/embedded questions 16

Lesson 15 Gerund a n d infinitive 17

Lesson 16 Modals R e v i s i o n 19

Lesson 17 Modals in the past 20

Lesson 18 Phrasal verbs 21

Lesson 19 Prepositional phrases 23

L e s s o n 20 Idioms 25

Dictionary 27

Practice Part

2
 Lesson 1 PRESENT TENSES (Simple, Continuous, State verbs)

Present Simple Present Continuous

V(s) am/is/are+Ving
is used for: is used for:
1. repeated actions and habits 1. activities which are in progress now
- She always drinks coffee with sugar. - I’m waiting for you!
- He doesn’t go to work on Saturdays. - He’s still sleeping.
2. facts and general truth 2. temporary situations
- The sun sets in the west. - She is working in Paris this week.
- Water boils at 100°C. - Jenny is studying Chinese this year.
3. permanent situations or states 3. changing or developing situations
- She prefers to keep silent. - Ben is getting taller and taller.
- They live in New-York. - I am getting really angry.
4. timetables and programs (future 4. fixed arrangements
meanings) - I’m meeting my boss tomorrow at 5.
- The race starts at 3 p.m. - Mary is coming back on Tuesday.
- The train arrives on Tuesday.
5. frequently repeated actions expressing
5. narrations, instructions, commentaries annoyance or criticism (with words
- Ronaldo takes the ball and scores! always, constantly)
- A man goes to the doctor and says … - He is always wearing casual clothes at
6. headlines in newspapers or magazines work!
- A thief steals two million dollars from the 6. with some state verbs which mean
bank. actions
- Bengal tigress gives birth to three - The chef is tasting the dish now. It
cubs. tastes really great!
Time markers: every day/month/year, Time markers: now, at the moment, at
usually, sometimes, always, rarely, often, in present, today, tonight, still, nowadays,
the morning/evening, on Mondays, at night while/meanwhile

State Verbs Present Simple Present Continuous

Appearance: appear, resemble, seem He looks good in this We’re looking at him
shirt. because he looks good.
Composition: consist of, contain, have, involve
I’m weighing myself
Connection: come from, concern, cost, fit, suit She weighs 50 kilos.
now.
Existence: be, exist
I’m seeing the dentist
Knowledge: forget, realize, understand, mean I see you.
tomorrow.
Likes and dislikes: dislike, hate, like, love, prefer He thinks he’s really I’m thinking about his
Needs and wants: need, want, wish clever. offer.
Opinion: believe, doubt, imagine, suppose, think He appears to be He is appearing on the
Possession: belong to, have, own, owe, possess working. stage.
Senses: feel, hear, notice, see, smell, sound, taste Ann is feeling the cat’s
The silk shirt feels soft.
fur.

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 Lesson 2 PAST TENSES 1 (Simple, Perfect,Perfect Continuous)

Past Simple Present Perfect

ed/V2 have/has +V3
is used for: is used for:
1. repeated actions in the past and past 1. recently completed actions whose
habits results are visible at present
- When he was young, he rode his bike to - I have bought a new dress. (you can see it
school. on me)
- I liked to buy newspapers every morning. - Look! You have broken my new phone.
2. an action or event which happened at a 2. actions which happened within a period
stated time in the past of time which is not finished
- She finished her new project last week. - Jane has done a lot today.
- They played baseball yesterday. - I haven’t seen my boss this week.
3. series of completed actions in the past 3. experiences or accomplishments of
- He got in the car, started the engine individuals and humanity
and drove off. - She has tried windsurfing.
- I went to the restaurant, ate my meal and - I have received a degree in Biology.
then I went to the cinema with my friends.
4. actions that started in the past and
4. completed actions not connected to the continue up to present with state verbs
present - Mrs Jones has been a secretary for 10 years.
- Elvis Presley made lots of records. - We have been friends since my childhood.
- Leonardo DiCaprio starred in different
famous films.
Time markers: just, ever, never, already,
Time markers: yesterday, last week/year, yet, recently, so far, since, for, today, this
(how long) ago, in 2009, when week/month/year

Present Perfect Continuous

Used to
have/has+been+Ving
is used to: is used to:
describe past habits which are not present 1. describe actions that started in the past
now (anymore) and continue up to present moment
- I used to smoke 2 years ago. (but I - He has been washing his car for 2 hours.
don’t smoke now.) (he started 2 hours ago and he’s doing it now)
- He used to drive a small car. (but he
2. express anger or annoyance
drives a big one now) - Someone has been using my laptop!
- She didn’t use to work hard in the - I have been waiting for you for 3 days!
past. Where have you been?
- Did you use to work on new projects
at your last job? Time markers: since, for, just, how long,
already, yet, recently, so far, , today, this
week/month/year

4
 Lesson 3 PAST TENSES 2 (Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Cont.)

Past Continuous Past Perfect

was/were +Ving had+V3
is used for: is used for:
1. an action which was in progress at a 1. an action which happened before
stated time in the past another past action
- They were arguing at 2 p.m. yesterday - She had already cooked dinner when her
- He was working for my company at that husband came back home.
time. - We had organized the meeting before the
employees came to the office.
2. past action which was in progress when
another (short) action interrupted it 2. an action which happened before a
- He was playing football when he broke his stated time in the past
ankle. - He had offered that plan by that time.
- When I met her, she was riding a horse in - We hadn’t invited them by last Monday.
the park.
3. an action which finished in the past and
3. two or more long actions which were whose result was visible in the past
happening at the same time - When I saw Ben yesterday he was happy
- He was cooking while she was sleeping. because he had found a new job.
- While we were working, our boss was - They were so nervous because their chief
relaxing on the beach. had offered them a new project.
4. frequently repeated annoying actions in Time markers: after, before, by the time, by,
the past for, since, already, yet, never, just
- He was always interrupting my speech!
- You were constantly cancelling our
Past Perfect Continuous
meetings! had+been+Ving
5. background description to events in a is used to:
story/description
- They were travelling to the USA when1. describe an action which lasted for
this mysterious story began. some time in the past and finished
- It was raining hard and people were before another past action
trying to get home after work. - Her fingers ached because she had been
playing the guitar all the day.
- By the time he came back home, his wife was
Time markers: still, while/meanwhile, at watching a cooking program for an hour.
that moment, for, during, from…to (till) …, at
(5 p.m.) yesterday, all the day/night, when 2. describe past action which lasted for
some time and finished before a certain
moment in the past
- They had been discussing this issue for 3
hours by that time.
- She had been checking her work for 2
days by yesterday.

Time markers: for, since, during

5
Lesson 4 FUTURE TENSES

Future Simple Future Continuous

will +V will be +Ving
is used for: is used for:
1. on-the-spot (immediate) decision 1. future actions in progress
- It’s cold in here. I’ll turn on the heating. - I’ ll be sleeping all the day tomorrow.
- I’m so thirsty. I’ll drink something. - They will be discussing their new project
during the week.
2. actions or predictions which we think
may (not) happen in the future 2. actions which will be in progress at a
- She’ll probably win the game. stated future time
- I think, he won’t come in time. - We will be searching the net at this time
tomorrow.
3. actions which we cannot control but - She won’t be talking to you at 2 p.m.
which will definitely happen
- She will give birth to her baby next month. 3. actions which will definitely happen in
- He will be 20 next month. the future as a result of a routine or
arrangement (instead of Present Cont.)
4. promises, hopes, fears, offers, warnings - I’ll be playing golf on Friday.
- We hope he will appreciate your help.
- I’m afraid I won’t help you.
Time markers: still, while/meanwhile, at
Time markers: tomorrow, tonight, next that moment, for, during, from…to (till) …, at
week/month/year, in (2) days, soon, in 2025 (5 p.m.) tomorrow, all the day/night, when

Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous

will have + V3 will have +been +Ving
is used for: is used to:
1. an action which will be finished before emphasize the duration of an action up to
a stated time in the future a certain time in the future
- They will have finished building their - By this time next month he will have been
house by May. studying piano for 2 years.
- I will have completed all the tasks by 8 - They will have been living together for 50
p.m. years by 2050
2. an action which will be finished before
another action in the future Time markers: by… for
- You will have prepared all the
documents by the time your lawyer
arrives.
- Jack will have found a new job by the
time his boss fires him.

Time markers: before, by, by then, by the

time, till/until (only in negative sentences)

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 Lesson 5 OTHER FUTURE FORMS
Present Simple Present Continuous
V(s) am/is/are +Ving
is used for: is used for:
timetables and programs fixed arrangement in the near future
- The boat leaves at 8 o’clock in the morning. - I’ m meeting my dentist at 5 p.m. tomorrow
- The shop closes at 8 p.m. - She’s having dinner with her boss this
evening.

To be going to
To be to| to be due to| to be about to
am/is/are + going to +V
is used for:
1. “To be to” is used with official orders
1. personal intention for future and arrangements
- My friends are going to move soon. - We are to decide it right now.
- She is not going to study French in the - They are about to start the ceremony.
future.
2. “To be due to” is used to talk about fixed
2. future predictions based on physical events happening within a specific time
(visual) evidence (timetables, arrangements)
- Look! The clouds are grey! It’s going to rain! - I am due to start working on a new project.
- Be careful! You are going to fall! - She isn’t due to organize a meeting for
their new colleagues.
3. “To be about to” is used for actions
which will happen very soon
- We are about to leave.
- Are you about to finish your project?

ATTENTION! There are important rules which must be followed while using future
tenses and constructions:

The manager will see you as soon as he comes out of the meeting.
We never use
future forms As long as he comes to talk to me, I’ll provide him with information.
after:
- as soon as I’ll buy a new sofa when I get paid.
- as long as
- after
If she meets him, she will start a serious discussion about these problems.
- before
- by the time
- if By the time they get money, we will have sold our house to other people.
- unless
- in case I will help you in case you help me.
- when
She will be working when I come back home.

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 Lesson 6 REVISION OF TENSES

Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

1) It's happening now A recently completed An action started in the

A regular action 2) Talking about plans action with a visible past, but
3) Annoying habit result at present continues till now

V(s) am/is/are+Ving have/has +V3 have/has + been +Ving

Present

+ He speaks English + He is sleeping + He has bought a car + He has been practising

- He doesn’t speak English - He is not sleeping - He hasn’t bought a car - He hasn’t been practising
? Does he speak English ? Is he sleeping ? Has he bought a car ? Has he been practising

Always | usually Now | at the moment | Already | just | never |

For 2 hours | for a long time
sometimes | every day while | still | next week | ever | since | for | yet |
| since that time | all month
often | seldom today today | this week
An action finished at a 1) A long action at the An action that happened An action started in the
specific stated time in the past before another action in past and continued up till
time in the past 2) Annoying past habit the past another action in the past

Ved/V2 was/were +Ving had + V3 had+ been+Ving

Past

+ He spoke English + He was sleeping + He had bought a car + He had been practising
- He didn’t speak English - He wasn’t sleeping - He hadn’t bought a car - He hadn’t been practising
? Did he speak English ? Was he sleeping ? Had he bought a car ? Had he been practising

Last week | yesterday At 5 o'clock yesterday By last year | before | For | since | till/until |
| month ago | long | while | when | at that | after | by 3 o'clock | before | after | by the
time ago | in 1990 moment yesterday time
An action that will A long action at a An action that will be A long action before
happen in the future stated time in the completed by a some point in the future
future particular moment

will+ V1 will be + Ving will+have+V3 will +have +been +Ving

Future

+ He will speak English + He will be sleeping + He will have bought + He will have been practising
- He won’t speak English - He won’t be sleeping - He won’t have bought - He won’t have been practising
? Will he speak English ? Will he have bought ? Will he have been practising
? Will he be sleeping

Tomorrow | next At 5 o'clock tomorrow By next year | before |

For a few months | for 2
summer | in 2 hours | the | for 2 hours | while | | after | by 3 o'clock
weeks | till next year
day after tomorrow at that moment tomorrow

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 Lesson 7 PASSIVE SIMPLE: REVISION

Present Simple Passive

Usage of Passive
am/is/are+Ved/V3
Passive is used when: is used for:
1. the agent (the person who does the 1. repeated actions and habits
action) is unknown, unimportant or - Flowers are watered every day.
obvious from the context - Two cups of coffee are drunk by her in
Repairs are made to the car (the agent is the morning.
obvious)
2. facts and general truth
2. we are interested more in the action - The Internet is used by millions of people
than the person who carries it out, such - Clothes are made by designers.
as in reports, instructions, headlines, 3. permanent situations or states
advertisements, notices etc. - This music is heard from the building
The whole area was evacuated (news every Monday.
report) - The USA is visited by many tourists.
3. we want to make statements more
formal or polite
My new dress was ruined (not - You ruined
my dress)

4. to put emphasis on the agent

The Pyramids were built by the ancient
Egyptians.

Past Simple Passive Future Simple Passive

was/were +Ved/V3 will be + Ved/V3
is used for: is used for:
1. repeated actions in the past and past action that will happen in the future
habits
- Museums were visited by me. - The house will be built.
- He was helped to tidy the garage. - The contract will be signed next week.
- The meeting won’t be organized by the
2. an action or event which happened at a manager.
stated time in the past - He will be awarded with a Nobel prize.
- The new school was opened by the major
last year.
- That football match was played yesterday.
3. series of completed actions in the past
- The floor was swept, the kitchen was
washed and the pets were fed.

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 Lesson 8 PASSIVE CONTINUOUS AND PERFECT

Present Continuous Passive Present Perfect Passive

am/is/are+being+Ved/V3 have/has+been+Ved/V3
is used for: is used for:
1. actions which are happening at the a recently completed action with a
moment visible result at present
- The skyscraper is being built at the moment. - My flat has been repaired recently.
- These programs are being developed now. - All these problems have been discussed
on today’s meeting.
2. temporary situations
- This project is being discussed this week. Past Perfect Passive
- She is being asked a lot of question today. had+been+Ved/V3
3. changing or developing situations is used for:
- Ben is getting taller and taller.
- I am getting really angry. an action which happened before another
past action or a stated time in the past
Past Continuous Passive - All the tickets had been sold before we
was/were+being +Ved/V3 got there.
is used for: - After the decision had been made, it was
announced to the public.
1. an action which was in progress at a
stated time in the past
- Trees were being planted by volunteers at 2 Future Perfect Passive
p.m. yesterday will have+been+Ved/V3
- The show was being performed all the day.
is used for:
2. past action which was in progress when
another (short) action interrupted it an action which will be completed before
- The meal was being prepared when the light
a particular moment in the future
went off. - The project will have been completed by
next month.
3. two or more long actions which were - Dinner will have been served by 7 p.m.
happening at the same time
- The information was being collected while
important actions were being discussed.

ATTENTION! There are no passive forms of Future Continuous, Present Perfect

Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous.
x The street will be cleaned at 5 p.m. (not – The street will be being cleaned at 5 p.m.)
x The wall has been painted since Monday (not – The wall has been being painted since Monday)
x The patient had been checked by noon (not – The patient had been being checked by noon)
x The room will have been cleaned before we come (not – The room will have been being
cleaned)

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 Lesson 9 OTHER PASSIVE FORMS

Passive with modals and “to be

Usage of Passive
going to”

x verbs which are not followed by an object x Passive is sometimes used with modals
cannot be changed into the passive (modal verb+be+Ved/V3)
active: Marry feeds the dog.
passive: The dogs are fed by Marry. active: You should change your lifestyle.
but: They sleep early every night (this sentence passive: Your lifestyle must be changed.
cannot be changed into passive)
active: They can’t understand him.
x with verbs which take two objects we passive: He can’t be understood.
can make two different sentences
active: They offered Ann a job. x Passive is sometimes used with modals
passive 1: Ann was offered a job. (am/is/are+going to+be+Ved/V3)
passive 2: A job was offered to Ann.
active: I’m going to check this information.
x by+agent is used to say who or what passive: This information is going to be
carries out the action checked.
x with+material/ingredient/instrument is
used to say what the agent used to carry active: We aren’t going to interview this
out the action politician.
- The cake was made by Ann. passive: This politician isn’t going to be
- It was made with eggs, flour and butter. interviewed.

Causative Form
have or get + object + Ved/V3

is used: to say that we have arranged for someone to do something for us

David arranged for the builder to build a garage. – David had a garage built.
(He didn’t do it himself, a builder did it)

Present Simple Mechanic fixes Ann’s car. Ann has her car fixed.
Present Continuous Mechanic is fixing Ann’s car. Ann is having her car fixed.
Past Simple Mechanic fixed Ann’s car. Ann had her car fixed.
Past Continuous Mechanic was fixing Ann’s car. Ann was having her car fixed.
Future Simple Mechanic will fix Ann’s car. Ann will have her car fixed.
Future Continuous Mechanic will be fixing Ann’s car. Ann will be having her car fixed.
Present Perfect Mechanic has fixed Ann’s car. Ann has had her car fixed.
Past Perfect Mechanic had fixed Ann’s car. Ann had had her car fixed.
Future Perfect Mechanic will have fixed Ann’s car. Ann will have her car fixed.
Modals Mechanic must fix Ann’s car. Ann must have her car fixed.

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 Lesson 10 CONDITIONALS PART 1

Conditional 0 Conditional 2
If Present Simple, Present Simple If Past Simple, would/could + V1
is used to: is used to:
1. express general truth (something which 1. talk about unreal (imaginary) situations
is always true) in present and future
- Water freezes if the temperature is 0. - If I had money, I would travel around the
- If water freezes, it turns into ice. world. – (but I don’t have money – not true
- If you want to travel abroad, you need an about present)
international passport. - If she didn’t drink coffee, she would be
sleepy today - (but she is full of energy)
2. express habitual activities or repeated
situations 2. give advice
- If I don’t have breakfast, I’m hungry all the - If I were you, I would take an umbrella.
morning. - I wouldn’t move anywhere, If I were him.
- I feel sleepy, if I don’t drink coffee. - I would find a new job, if I were you.
- We get home late, if we miss the bus.

Conditional 1 Conditional 3
If Present Simple, Future Simple If Past Perfect, would/could+have+V3
is used for: is used to:
1. a possible/real situation in the present 1. talk about unreal (imaginary) situation
or future in the past
- If you finish work early, we’ll go for a - If he hadn’t ridden his bike, he wouldn’t have
walk. broken his arm that night (but he rode and
- If it rains outside, we won’t go to the broke his arm)
cinema. - If we had left earlier, we wouldn’t have
- I’ll tell him hello, if I see him. missed the train (but we didn’t and missed)
2. normally we don’t use “if+will” together 2. express regrets or criticism
- If it will rain, we will stay at home. - - If you hadn’t worked all night, you wouldn’t
incorrect have overslept.
- If it rains, we’ll stay at home. – correct - If he had trained more, he wouldn’t have lost
the game.
- If I’ll see him, I’ll ask his e-mail. –
incorrect
- If I see him, I’ll ask his e-mail. - correct

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 Lesson 11 CONDITIONALS PART 2

Conditional 2 Conditional 3
If Past Simple, would/could + V1 If Past Perfect, would/could+have+V3
is used: is used:
1. to talk about imaginary situations 1. to talk about imaginary situations
contrary to facts in present contrary to facts in the past
- If I knew her name, I would tell you. - If you had asked for advice, I would have
- If he was here, he would help us. helped you.
- I would ask you, if I didn’t know the answer. - He would have sent this letter yesterday, if
he hadn’t written it so slowly.
2. to make suggestions in polite way
- If you helped us, we would appreciate it. 2. “could” and “might” are sometimes used
- Would it be ok if you came a little bit later? instead of “would”
- If they had run faster, they could have won
3. “were” is very often used instead of the competition.
“was” - I might have realized this mistake, if I
- If I were there, I would help you. hadn’t been so tired.
- If she were rich, she would buy a new car.
3. we can omit “if” (in formal and literary
4. “could” and “might” are sometimes used
style), in this case the order of words
instead of “would”
changes
- If I had relatives abroad, I could move to
- Had he known, he would have told it.
them.
- Hadn’t she realized it, she wouldn’t have
- If you asked me nicely, I might get you some
changed her behavior.
information.
- Had we finished the project on time, we
5. we can omit “if” (in formal and literary would have got a bonus.
style), in this case the order of words
changes
- Were I you, I would speak to her.
- Could he find this information, he would do it.

Mixed Conditionals
Type 3+2 Type 2+3
If Past Perfect, would/could + V1 If Past Simple, would/could+have+V3

it describes unreal conditions in the it describes unreal conditions at present

past and their possible result at present and their possible (unrealizable) result
- If I had accepted that job, I would be a in the past
millionaire now. - If I were invited, I would have come.
- If she had married him, she would live - If she didn’t love him, she wouldn’t have
happily now. married him.
- If you had entered a collage 6 years ago, - If I were richer I would have bought that
you would be a teacher today. huge house last year. (I didn’t buy the house
because I’m not rich in general)

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 Lesson 12 OTHER CONDITIONAL FORMS

If only I wish

1. regret about a present situation we x wish about a present situation we want

want to be different to be different
Present: If only + Past Simple Present: I wish + Past Simple
- If only I were richer. - I wish we were not so tired today.
- If only you had more free time.
x regret that something happened or
2. regret that something happened or didn’t happen in the past
didn’t happen in the past Past: I wish + Past Perfect
Past: If only + Past Perfect - I wish you had joined us yesterday.
- If only I had taken your advice.
- If only we hadn’t forgotten our tickets at x impossible wish for a future change
home! Future: I wish + would + V1
- He wishes he would go on a business
3. wish for a future change unlikely to trip instead of you.
happen
Future: If only + would + V1
We don’t use “would” with “I”. We use
- If only I would go with you to the concert
“could” instead of it.
tonight!

Unless If so (not)

the structure “unless” means “if not” and after “if” we can use “so” or “not” in order
is normally used with Conditional 1 not to repeat the same clause
- If you don’t reserve a ticket, you won’t get a - Are you hungry? If so, the food is in the fridge.
seat. - I might see you tonight. If not, we can meet
- Unless you reserve a ticket, you won’t get a tomorrow.
seat.

Providing / Provided (that)/ In case / On condition (that)/

Supposing / As long as Otherwise (or else)

these expressions can be used instead of these expressions can be used instead of
”if”: ”if”:
- You will get a seat providing/provided - Reserve a ticket, otherwise/ or else
(that)/supposing/as long as/ if you you won’t get a seat.
reserve a ticket. - In case it rains, will you still go for a
- Supposing it rains, will you still go for a walk with him?
picnic with him?

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 Lesson 13 REPORTED SPEECH PART1

Direct Speech Reported Speech

is the exact meaning of what someone said
is the exact words someone said but nor exact words
“I won’t be back before 7:00”, he said. He said he wouldn’t be back before 7:00.
Present Simple Past Simple
“I work hard”, he said. He said he worked hard.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
“I am working hard”, he said. He said he was working hard.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
“I have worked hard”, he said. He said he had worked hard.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
“I have been working hard”, he said. He said he had been working hard.
Past Simple Past Perfect
“I worked hard”, he said. He said he had worked hard.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
“I was working hard”, he said. He said he had been working hard.
Past Perfect Past Perfect
“I had worked hard”, he said. He said he had worked hard.
Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
“I had been working hard”, he said. He said he had been working hard.
Will Would
“I will work hard”, he said. “I would work hard”, he said.
“I will be working hard”, he said. “I would be working hard”, he said.
“I will have worked hard”, he said. “I would have worked hard”, he said.
“I will have been working hard”, he said. “I would have been working hard”, he said.
Can Could May Might Must Had to
“I can work hard”, he said. “I could work hard”, he said.
“I must work hard”, he said. “I had to work hard”, he said.
“I may work hard”, he said. “I might work hard”, he said.
ATTENTION! There are some other important rules:
1. Imperative sentences are changed into the verb with “to”:
Direct: “Don’t move!” he told me. - Reported: He told me not to move.
Direct: “Move!” he told me. - Reported: He told me to move.
2. For general truth or when the speech is made and reported at the same time (so
the fact is still true) – we don’t change the tense
Direct: “I’m thirsty!” Michael said. - Reported: Michael said he is thirsty.
Direct: “People in Africa are starving” Emma said. - Reported: Emma said that people in Africa
are starving.

15
 Lesson 14 REPORTED SPEECH/ EMBEDDED QUESTIONS

Reported Time and Place Reported Questions

Direct Reported We change the question according to rules
of reported speech. “If” (or “whether”) is
x Here x There often used in reported questions. They can
x Ago x Before also be used with question words as
x Before x Earlier (what/when/why).
x Last week x The week before To report a question we use:
x Next week x The next/following week x ask+if/whether+affirmative sentence
x Now x Then/at that moment x ask+question word+affirmative sentence
x This x That Direct: “Is he happy?”, she asked.
x These x Those Reported: She asked if /whether he was happy.
x That x That
x This morning x That morning Direct: “What are you doing?”, she asked.
x Today x That day Reported: She asked what I was doing.
x Tomorrow x The next/following day
x Tonight x That night Direct: “Have they been to Paris?”, she asked.
x Yesterday x The day before; the Reported: She asked if /whether they had been
previous day to Paris.

Direct: “Must I help you?”, she wondered.

Reported: She wondered if /whether she had to
help me.

Direct: “Where did we go?”, she asked.

Reported: She asked where they had gone.

Embedded questions

We use “embedded questions” to ask information/advice. Such questions are usually

introduced with: Could you tell me…? Do you know…? I wonder… I want to know…
To make such questions we use the following structures:
x Could you tell me/I wonder + if/whether + affirmative sentence
x Could you tell me/I wonder + question word + affirmative sentence

- I wonder whether/if I should phone her.

(I wonder should I phone her? - incorrect)
- Could you tell me where the nearest bus stop is?
(Could you tell me where is the nearest bus stop? - incorrect)
- Do you know how many questions she had answered before we came?
(Do you know how many questions had she answered before we came? - incorrect)
- I want to know what you did yesterday.
(I want to know what did you do yesterday?)

16
 Lesson 15 GERUND AND INFINITIVE

Infinitive Gerund

Infinitive is the form of the verb with A “gerund” is a noun made from a verb by
particle “to”. adding “-ing”.
To learn is important. Reading helps you learn English.
x infinitive can be made negative by x gerund can be made negative by adding
adding “not” “not”
I decided not to go there. He enjoys not working.
x infinitive can be used both as a subject x gerund can be used both as a subject or
or an object of the sentence an object of the sentence
- To swim isn’t her hobby. - Swimming isn’t her hobby.
- She hates to swim - She hates swimming.

Infinitive is used: Gerund is used:

x to express purpose (in order to) x after prepositions
She went to the bank to get some money. - He is good at playing football.
x after certain verbs (advise, hope, agree) - Don’t leave without saying good-bye.
He advised me to apply for the job. x after certain verbs (avoid, deny, fancy)
x after verbs such as know/ask/decide - You should avoid smoking.
which are followed by question words - I really fancy talking about politics.
- I don’t know where to go and what to do. x after “go” for activities
- She asked me how to get this information. - I never go shopping with my friends.
x after adjectives (nice, glad, sorry, happy) - Let’s go dancing!
I was glad to see you! x after: it’s no use/ it’s (not) worth / can’t
x after too and enough help / can’t stand / there’s no point in
- She was too shy to talk to the manager. - There’s no point in waiting for the bus.
- She wasn’t brave enough to talk to him. - It’s not worth doing!
x after it+be+adjective(+of+noun/pronoun)
- It was kind of him to help us.
- It will be nice of you to tell me the truth.
ATTENTION! Infinitive is sometimes used without particle “to”. It is called “bare
infinitive”:
x after modal verbs
I must study and work hard!
x after the verbs let, make, see, hear, feel, help
- They made him pay for it.
- He will help me choose the present for my friend.
x after had better and would rather
- I had better not visit them today.
- You would rather go home now.

17
 Verbs followed by infinitive Verbs followed by gerund
Verb Example Verb Example
afford afford to buy admit admit not working
agree agree to do that adore adore swimming
appear appear to be happy appreciate appreciate helping
arrange arrange to meet avoid avoid checking
ask ask to go with me can't stand can't stand lying
care care to join confess confess stealing
choose choose to come back consider consider doing
decide decide to finish delay delay working
demand demand to pay deny deny cheating
deserve deserve to get enjoy enjoy travelling
determine determine to follow fancy fancy watching TV
expect expect to see feel like feel like dancing
get sb get him to resign finish finish working
help (to) help wash forgive forgive losing money
hope hope to win imagine imagine flying
intend intend to buy involve involve working
learn learn to walk keep keep reading
manage manage to teach mention mention meeting
need need to study mind don’t mind cleaning
offer offer to drink miss miss travelling
plan plan to return postpone postpone working
promise promise to come practice practice saying
refuse refuse to answer quit quit smoking
seem seem to finish recommend recommend sleeping
tend tend to work hard report report watching
want want to watch resent resent drinking
wish wish to become risk risk driving
would like would like to visit suggest suggest walking
understand understand painting
Verbs followed by both infinitive and gerund
advise allow attempt begin
continue hate like/dislike love
prefer start try plan
regret forget* remember* stop*
*These verbs can be followed by infinitive and gerund with the change of meaning!
Forget: I forgot locking the door. (I locked it but then I forgot that I had done it)
I forgot to lock the door. (I didn’t do it. The door isn’t locked)
Remember: I remember lending you money. (I remember the act of giving you money)
I remember to lend you some money. (I didn’t forget about it)
Stop: I stopped drinking apple juice. (I don’t drink it anymore)
I stopped to drink apple juice. (I stopped my work and started drinking juice)

18
 Lesson 16 MODALS REVISION

Can Could
- ability in the present - ability in the past
He can fly an airplane. He could ski very well when he was.
- asking permission (informal) - asking permission (formal)
Can I go swimming? Could I have a look at your report?
- suggestions - suggestions
We can go to the cinema tonight. We could go to the cinema tonight.

May Might
- permission in the present - permission in the past
Passengers may take only one handbag on board She might use all my documents yesterday.
- possibility in the present or future - possibility in the present/future (and past)
Where’s Julia? – She may be at work now. She might take the bus to get home.

Must Have to
is only used to talk about the present or is mostly used to talk about past and future
nearest future - I had to organize the meeting. (Past Simple)
- obligation, necessity, duty - She will have to finish her speech. (Future
You must stop when the traffic light is red. Simple)
- prohibition, strong advice - Will they have to go on a business trip next
You mustn’t park here. month? (Future Simple)
You must behave well. - They have had to give her a task. (Present
- logical assumption Perfect)
They must be the boy’s parents.

Both “must” and “have to” can be used in Present Simple but with different meaning:
x “must” is used when a speaker decides that something is necessary
I must find a hotel to stay at night.
x “have to” is used if somebody else has made a decision (not a speaker)
I have to wear uniform at work.
Should Ought to
advice advice (moral necessity)
- I think you should change your job. - You ought to be more careful.
- We shouldn’t speak so loudly. - We ought to help our parents.

Be able to Be allowed to
is used to show that someone had (or will is used to talk about permission in the past
have) the ability to do something in and future
particular situation in the past (or future) - We were not allowed to discuss these issues.
- I was able to climb to the top of the mountain. - They will be allowed to wear casual clothes at
- She will be able to help me tomorrow. work.

19
 Lesson 17 MODALS IN THE PAST

Should have + Ved/V3 Could have + Ved/V3

is used to express regrets that something is used to express possibility which did not
happened/didn’t happen happen
- I should have left my house earlier. - Are you crazy? We could have had an accident.
- We shouldn’t have yelled at you yesterday. - They could have won the game but they failed
- You shouldn’t have announced this it.
information. - We could have seen them yesterday but they
were not at home.

Must have + Ved/V3 Would have + Ved/V3

is used to express certainty (the speaker is is used to imagine a result (if something
almost 100% sure) had been different in the past)
- He didn’t answer my call. He must have had a - If we had arrived earlier, we would have
meeting with a client. caught our flight.
- He must not have been in the office. - They wouldn’t have made mistakes if they
- I can’t see her. She must have left the room knew the truth.
earlier. - They would have seen you if you came.

May have + Ved/V3 Might have + Ved/V3

is used to express uncertainty in the past is used to express uncertainty in the past
- He may have been late because I didn’t see - He might have forgotten about her birthday.
him. - The place looks so neat! They might have
- I think he may have bought a new car. cleaned it yesterday.
- She may have made this decision some time - I might have read this book earlier but I’m
ago but she didn’t inform us about it. not sure.

Didn’t need to + V1 Needn’t have + Ved/V3

It shows that an action did not happen in It shows that an action happened in the
the past because we knew it was not past even though it was not necessary
necessary - She needn’t have washed the car. - (It wasn’t
- He didn’t need to wash the car. - (It wasn’t necessary but she washed it)
necessary so he didn’t wash it) - He needn’t have taken an umbrella. - (It
- He didn’t need to take an umbrella. - (It wasn’t necessary but he took it)
wasn’t necessary so he didn’t take it) - They needn’t have organized this meeting. -
- They didn’t need to organize this meeting. - (It wasn’t necessary but they did it)
(It wasn’t necessary so they didn’t do it) - He needn’t have called me today.
- You didn’t need to book the table at that
restaurant.

20
 Lesson 18 PHRASAL VERBS

A phrasal verb is a verb formed from two (or sometimes three) parts:
- a verb + an adverb / preposition (particles) – slow down, put on, set apart

Most phrasal verbs are formed from a small number of verbs (for example, get, go,
come, put, set) and a small number of particles (for example, away, out, off, in, on, by).

Phrasal verbs sometimes have meanings that can be easily guessed but in most cases
their meanings are quite different from the meanings of the verbs they are formed from.

Sometimes the object can be placed between the verb and the particle. Sometimes they
are inseparable.

Phrasal verb Meaning Example sentence

break down get upset The woman broke down when the police
told her that her son had died.
stop functioning (vehicle, Our car broke down at the side of the
machine) highway in the snowstorm.

break in interrupt The TV station broke in to report the

news of the president's death.

break into sthg enter forcibly The firemen had to break into the room
to rescue the children.

break up end a relationship My boyfriend and I broke up before I

moved to America.
The kids just broke up as soon as the
start laughing (informal)
clown started talking.

call sthg off cancel Jason called the wedding off because he
wasn't in love with his fiancé.

calm down relax after being angry You are still mad. You need to calm down
before you drive the car.

not care for sby/ sthg not like (formal) I don't care for his behavior.

check in arrive and register at a hotel or We will get the hotel keys when we check
airport in.

check out leave a hotel You have to check out of the hotel before
11:00 AM.
look at (informal)
Check out the crazy hair on that guy!

cheer up become happier She cheered up when she heard the good
news.

21
come across sthg find unexpectedly I came across these old photos when I
was tidying the closet.

come apart separate The top and bottom come apart if you
pull hard enough.

count on sby/ sthg rely on I am counting on you to make dinner

while I am out.

eat out eat at a restaurant I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let'seat
out.

figure sthg out understand, find the answer I need to figure out how to fit the piano
and the bookshelf in this room.

find out discover We don't know where he lives. How can

we find out?

get over sthg recover from an illness, loss, I just got over the flu and now my sister
difficulty has it.

get together meet (usually for social Let's get together for a BBQ this
reasons) weekend.

give up stop trying My maths homework was too difficult so

I gave up.

go against sby compete, oppose We are going against the best soccer
team in the city tonight.

hang on wait a short time (informal) Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes!

hold on wait a short time Please hold on while I transfer you to the
Sales Department.

look for sby/ sthg try to find I'm looking for a red dress for the
wedding.

make up forgive each other We were angry last night, but wemade
up at breakfast.
apply cosmetics to My sisters made me up for my
graduation party.
run out have none left We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash
my hair with soap.
take after sby resemble a family member I take after my mother. We are both
impatient.
turn up appear suddenly Our cat turned up after we put posters
up all over the neighborhood.
work out exercise I work out at the gym three times a week.
Our plan worked out fine.
be successful

22
 Lesson 19 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

A prepositional phrase is a serious of words made up of a preposition and its object:

a preposition + an object (noun/pronoun/gerund)

In formal English, prepositions are almost always followed by objects.

Adjectives can be placed between the prepositions and objects in prepositional phrases.

Prepositional phrases can act as adverbs or adjectives.

Preposition Verbs Nouns
ask; forgive; beg; blame; pay; wait; admire; reason; reputation; respect; order;
for like; punish; apologize; account; care; search responsibility; excuse; demand; cheque;
right; recipe; search
example: I apologize for my behavior. He's example: Working is a good excuse for
blamed for being too rude. leaving home. He has demand for money.
begin; provide; compare; agree; deal; cope; relationship; trouble; contract;
sympathize; collide; argue agreement; harmony; difficulty
with
example: They provide families with housing. I example: We have a trouble with our
agree with you – you are absolutely right. children.
consist; remind; accuse; take care; smell, price; cost; opinion; example; cause;
dream, approve; think; die; taste; hear hope; idea; lack; map; description;
advantage;
of example: I've just thought of a new idea. Please
example: The price of these shoes is
take care of yourself on holiday. I've never heard
incredible. She has lack of patience.
of him.
decide; congratulate; agree; concentrate; tax; advice; expert; talk; book; attack;
depend; insist; rely; count; bet; spend time;
on example: We agreed on the price. I spent all my example: The tax on rent is rather high. He's
money on books as a student. an expert on math.
refer; say; speak, shout, apply, go, listen, alternative; reply; solution; reaction;
belong; adapt; add; adjust; admit; explain; objection; damage; thanks; attitude;
to prefer; look forward invitation; addiction; devotion
example: She admitted to cheating on the test. example: Finally we found a solution to your
They adjusted to their new environment. problem. I need you reply to this.
arrive; look; shout; laugh; joke; stare at a good price; at short notice;
at your convenience; at a profit/loss
at
example: We usually arrive at the same time. example: You can buy jewelry at a good
Why are you staring at me? Don't laugh at me. price before the Christmas.
dream; know; forget; laugh; worry; quarrel; debate; information; argument;
hear; warn; think; argue hesitation; quarrel; discussion/opinion
about example: The doctor warned her about smoking. example: We had an argument about our
I think about you all the time. duties. Let's have discussion about men.
come; stop; resign; recover; suffer; differ; phone call; departure; fall; protection;
borrow; protect; translate extract;
from
example: Where do you come from? He needs to example: I got a phone call from Olga last
recover from the stress. week. This extract is from the movie.
believe; succeed; involve; persist; include; delay; increase; expert; failure; in
arrive general; in a hurry; in debt; in advance
in example: I believe in God. He's involved in this example: We'll tell you about the price in
game. I persist in firing him. advance.

23
Preposition Adjectives Examples of phrases
pleased; disappointed; satisfied; bored; fed with the help of; with regret; with no doubt;
up; crowded; angry with sb; furious with sb; without hesitation
annoyed with sb; delighted
with
example: He looked very pleased with his new
girlfriend. She's annoyed with his bad habits.
We're very bored with working on this project.
I'm fed up with these silly children!
exited; worried; upset; sorry; angry about to be about; nowhere about; out and about;
smth; furious about smth; serious; to be all about
about enthusiastic; doubtful; annoyed about smth;
crazy; disappointed

example: The Ministry was annoyed about

criticism in the paper. Why are you so angry
about it?
be / feel sorry; be for fun; for fear; for pleasure; for the
responsible/famous/suitable/ appropriate moment; for sale; for a while; for now; for
the moment; forever; for short; for life; for
for example: I feel sorry for Kate's child. He's ill now. luck; for better; for worse; for a change
This salary is suitable for me. Fiona is famous for
her pancakes. We're responsible for Tim since
he's a new worker here.
similar; married; nice; kind; good; (im)polite; to my surprise; to the point; to your health;
rude; (un)pleasant; (un)friendly; cruel; close; to some degree; to your advantage; to our
allergic amazement; to some extent
to
example: She has always been very nice / kind to
me; I think Jack is very rude to his wife; We were
cruel to Sam when we suggested him to read
more.
nice; kind; good; stupid; silly; intelligent; by means of; out of order; out of mind; out of
clever; sensible; (im)polite; rude; breath; out of money; out of time; out of
unreasonable; ashamed; capable; careful; control; out of the way; out of reach
of certain

example: Thank you it was very nice / kind of you

to help me. It was clever of you to bring a
dictionary to the conference. It's silly of her to
hope that she'll avoid a test.
surprised; shocked; amazed; astonished; by chance; by mistake; by accident; by the
by satisfied way; by hand; by e-mail; by cheque; by no
means; by bus/train; by
example: I was really shocked by his behavior at example; day by day; by fax/phone; by the
the party. We're surprised by the news. He's rules
astonished by her new hairdo. I was amazed by
this new thriller.
interested; rich in pairs; in general; in conclusion; in time; in
cash; in addition; in danger; in favour of; in
in example: He's interested in learning Spanish. This future; in other words; in pencil; in haste
territory is rich in minerals.
on my own; on condition that; on no account; on average; on foot; on duty; on the other
hand; on fire; on the floor; on holiday; on business trip; on purpose; on the left; on the
on right; on the phone; on the screen

from time to time; from place to place; from bad to worse; from my point of view; from
from morning to night; from now on

24
Lesson 20 IDIOMS

An idiom is an expression where the meaning is different from the meaning of

individual words. The best way to understand an idiom is to see it in context.

Most idioms are fixed in their forms but sometimes the grammar and vocabulary can be
varied slightly.

Many idioms are mostly used in informal conversations rather than in writing or formal
language.

Idiom Meaning Example sentence

(with someone or
to be fed up with something): to be out of I'm really fed up with his behavior!
patience
It was fishy when he said he was at work
fishy strange or suspicious
yesterday.
We spent two hours horsing around
to horse around to fool around/hang around
before he came.
Jack likes to pull our legs by making up
to pull someone's leg to tell ridiculous stories
these stories.
I guess I'm all thumbs because I broke
all thumbs somebody very clumsy
your new vase.
to turn someone off to disgust somebody His new haircut really turns me off.
Her dad kicked the bucket very suddenly
to kick the bucket to die
after the accident.
to feel like a million to feel so happy
I feel like a million dollars with this
dollars haircut!
to be on top of the to be extremely happy
Jane is on top of the world before her
world wedding.
to survive from salary to After Rose lost her job she barely makes
to make ends meet salary ends meet.
the early bird to get up really early in order You should get up earlier! You know that
catches the worm to get a better place or thing the early bird catches the worm!
when each person pays their I think it’s necessary to go Dutch on the
to go Dutch
expenses, usually on a date first date.
to cost an arm and a to be very expensive This car cost me an arm and leg!
leg
to tie the knot/get to get married
Sarah and Jim finally tied the knot this
hitched summer.
to drink great quantities of
to drink like a fish alcohol
He sometimes drinks like a fish at parties.

to take extra precautions to

I’ve checked all information because I
to be on the safe side reduce a possibility to make
prefer to be on the safe side.
mistakes
25
 someone who has a wide
a walking range of information about
It seems to me you know everything!
encyclopedia You’re real walking encyclopedia!
many subjects
favorite student of the I've never been the teacher's pet because
teacher's pet teacher of my behavior.
time to get back to the
blue Monday routine I hate blue Mondays.

when a store or company has

to go bust no money it goes out of This company went bust last year.
business
bribe; money will let a
He got a golden key so he can travel
golden key person do anything they
anywhere now.
want
A large sum of money given
to an employee to encourage Mike got a golden parachute and moved
golden parachute him (when he leaves his to Majorca with his wife.
position)
to make false or inaccurate This result is fishy. They may have
to cook the book entries to make profits look
better cooked the book.

for a song for very little money I sold these books for a song.

to catch someone to find somebody doing He was caught red-handed when he

red-handed something bad or criminal worked for this company.
a person who tries to be like
wannabe He is really wannabe person!
someone else
to owe more money than you Rose is always in the red ever since she
to be in the red have got divorced.
to give somebody a to look at someone in a They gave me a bit dirty look! I don’t even
dirty look disapproving way know why.
to have butterflies in to be nervous before an I have butterflies in my stomach because
stomach important event I’m passing my exam tomorrow.
to keep a straight to look serious even if It was so difficult to keep a straight face
face something is very funny when he joked.
to be up to your neck to be very busy doing I’m up to my neck because I need to finish
in smth something my project in time.
relationship when people
They are a terrible couple! They have on-
on-off relationship often break up and get back
off relationship.
again
to be very interested in
to be really into smth something Tom is really into computers.

to be washed out to be very tired I'm really washed out after this meeting.

26
 DICTIONARY
Lesson 1 – Present Tenses
to cover [ˈkavə] покрывать to wrap [ræp] упаковывать

to release [rɪ'liːs] выпускать to appear [əˈpɪə] появляться

stunt [stʌnt] трюк, фокус to assume [əˈsjuːm] полагать

survival [sə'vaɪv(ə)l] выживание to concern [kənˈsɜːn] иметь отношение

to support [sə'pɔːt] поддерживать exhausted [ɪgˈzɔːstid] изнуренный

to succeed [sək'siːd] иметь успех to keep up with следовать за

to appreciate ценить destination пункт назначения

Lesson 2 – Past Tenses 1

to hesitate [ˈhɛzɪˌteɪt] колебаться to own [əʊn] владеть

hairdo [ˈhɛəˌduː] прическа for ages [eɪdʒ] целую вечность

to nag [nӕg] ворчать to develop [dɪˈvɛləp] развивать

to mention [ˈmɛnʃən] упомянуть to announce [əˈnaʊns] объявить

to pick up поднимать launch [lɔːnʧ] начало, запуск

rubbish [ˈrʌbɪʃ] мусор accident [ˈæksɪdənt] несчастный случай

to fill [fɪl] заполнять ambulance скорая помощь

Lesson 3 – Past Tenses 2

to suppose [səˈpəʊz] предполагать to run smth [rʌn] управлять чем-л.

in fact [fækt] фактически restriction [rɪˈstrɪkʃən] ограничение

takeaway ['teɪkəweɪ] еда на вынос exaggeration преувеличение

favour [ˈfeivə] услуга to combine [kəmˈbaɪn] сочетать

to skip [skɪp] пропускать indeed [ɪn'diːd] действительно

to hand in [hænd ɪn] сдавать, вручать extended [ɪk'stendɪd] расширенный

to set off отправляться starving ['stɑːvɪŋ] голодающий

27
 Lesson 4 – Future Tenses
customer ['kʌstəmə] покупатель deliberate [dɪ'lɪb(ə)rɪt] умышленный

announcement объявление attempt [ə'tempt] попытка

to score [skɔː] забивать гол to take place происходить

to accept [ək'sept] принимать to ship [ʃɪp] отправлять

thief [θiː] вор shelter ['sheltər] убежище

exhibition ['eksi'biʃn] выставка to abandon [ə'bændən] покидать

reconstruction реконструкция attitude ['ætɪt(j)uːd] отношение

to boost [buːst] повышать to contain [kən'teɪn] содержать

Lesson 5 – Other Future Forms

accomplishment достижение to intimidate запугивать

a suburb [ˈsʌbɜːb] окраина, пригород to accompany сопровождать

to gossip сплетничать immediately немедленно

to postpone откладывать strict строгий

to cancel ['kæns(ə)l] отменять independent независимый

to whisper [ˈwɪspə] шептать to scratch [skræʧ] царапать

to revise [rɪ'vaɪz] повторять fine [faɪn] штраф

tool [tuːl] инструмент breakage [ˈbreɪkɪdʒ] поломка

Lesson 6 – Revision of Tenses

to attend [ə'tend] посещать embarrassing смущающий

to curse [kɜːs] проклинать to yell [jel] кричать

bullying ['bulɪŋ] запугивание dim [dɪm] тусклый

to interact взаимодействов. to spoil [spɔɪl] испортить

enormous [ɪˈnɔːməs] огромный outgoing [ˌaut'gəuɪŋ] дружелюбный

to cram [kræm] зубрить victim ['vɪktɪm] жертва

to pretend [prɪ'tend] притворяться to attach [ə'tæʧ] прикреплять

to urge [ɜːʤ] заставлять to provide [prə'vaɪd] предоставлять

28
 Lesson 7 – Passive Simple: Revision
hardship ['hɑːdʃɪp] трудность to explore [ɪk'splɔː] исследовать

to overcome преодолеть topic ['tɔpɪk] тема, вопрос

vacant ['veɪk(ə)nt] свободный majority [mə'ʤɔrətɪ] большинство

annual ['ænjuəl] ежегодный approach [ə'prəuʧ] подход

visible ['vɪzəbl] видимый to neglect [nɪ'glekt] пренебрегать

essential [ɪ'senʃ(ə)l] важнейший to detect [dɪ'tekt] обнаруживать

to predict [prɪ'dɪkt] предсказывать doubt [daut] сомнение

to vanish ['vænɪʃ] исчезать, пропадать weird [wɪəd] странный

Lesson 8 – Passive: Continuous and Perfect

variety [və'raɪətɪ] разнообразие flexible ['fleksəbl] гибкий

security [sɪ'kjuərətɪ] безопасность absurd [əb'sɜːd] нелепый

obvious ['ɔbvɪəs] очевидный evidence ['evɪd(ə)ns] доказательство

to conclude [kən'kluːd] делать вывод frequent ['friːkwənt] частый

to resist [rɪ'zɪst] сопротивляться to reveal [rɪ'viːl] обнаруживать

challenge ['ʧælɪnʤ] вызов, проблема to prohibit [prə'hɪbɪt] запрещать

source [sɔːs] источник to persist [pə'sɪst] упорствовать

tendency ['tendənsɪ] тенденция opponent [ə'pəunənt] соперник

Lesson 9 – Other Passive Forms

to expand [ɪk'spænd] увеличивать aware [ə'weə] осведомлённый

to persuade убеждать pedestrian пешеход

casual ['kæʒwəl] повседневный reckless ['rekləs] необдуманный

innovative новаторский abundant [ə'bʌndənt] обильный, богатый

capacity [kə'pæsətɪ] вместимость to estimate ['estɪmeɪt] оценивать

precaution [prɪ'kɔːʃn] предосторожность threat [θret] опасность, угроза

accurate ['ækjərət] точный appropriate соответствующий

grateful ['greɪtf(ə)l] признательный to absorb [əb'zɔːb] впитывать

29
 Lesson 10 – Conditionals Part 1
to emerge [ɪ'mɜːʤ] появляться prior ['praɪə] предшествующий

fragile ['fræʤaɪl] хрупкий to embrace [ɪm'breɪs] обнимать

to prosper ['prɔspə] процветать partial ['pɑːʃ(ə)l] частичный

to confirm [kən'fɜːm] подтверждать to detest [dɪ'test] не выносить

to acknowledge признавать to encourage ободрять, поощрять

to reject [rɪ'ʤekt] отклонять neutral ['njuːtr(ə)l] нейтральный

to deprive [dɪ'praɪv] отбирать, лишать to envy ['envɪ] завидовать

to exhibit [ɪg'zɪbɪt] выставлять awkward ['ɔːkwəd] неловкий

Lesson 11 – Conditionals Part 2

to respond [rɪ'spɔnd] отвечать to depict [dɪ'pɪkt] рисовать

to reckon ['rek(ə)n] полагать quote [kwəut] цитировать

awesome ['ɔːsəm] потрясающий to roam [rəum] бродить

despite [dɪ'spaɪt] несмотря на to attract [ə'trækt] привлекать

unite [juː'naɪt] объединять idle ['aɪdl] ленивый

excessive [ɪk'sesɪv] чрезмерный to refer [rɪ'fɜː] сверяться

to insist [ɪn'sɪst] настаивать на loyal ['lɔɪəl] верный, преданный

disaster [dɪ'zɑːstə] катастрофа prejudice ['preʤədɪs] предубеждение

Lesson 12 – Other Conditional Forms

volunteer [ˌvɔlən'tɪə] доброволец to assess [ə'ses] оценивать

witty ['wɪtɪ] остроумный faith [feɪθ] вера

adolescent подростковый to justify ['ʤʌstɪfaɪ] оправдывать

to obtain [əb'teɪn] приобретать naïve [nɑː'iːv] наивный

lottery ['lɔt(ə)rɪ] лотерея to convince убеждать

consequence (по)следствие confusion замешательство

event [ɪ'vent] событие influential влиятельный

illegal [ɪ'liːg(ə)l] незаконный to renew [rɪ'njuː] обновлять

30
 Lesson 13 – Reported Speech Part 1
mature [mə'ʧuə] зрелый coincidence совпадение

manual ['mænjuəl] ручной obstacle ['ɔbstəkl] препятствие

permanent постоянный vital ['vaɪt(ə)l] жизненный

gesture ['ʤesʧə] жест indifferent равнодушный

access ['ækses] доступ to seize [siːz] хватать

motion ['məuʃ(ə)n] движение occasionally время от времени

stable ['steɪbl] неизменный to cope with справиться с

obedient [ə'biːdɪənt] послушный to edit ['edɪt] редактировать

charity ['ʧærɪtɪ] благотворительность duration [djuə'reɪʃn] продолжительность

to depart [dɪ'pɑːt] отправляться genius ['ʤiːnɪəs] гениальный

customary привычный inspiration вдохновение

to coincide совпадать to substitute замещать

Lesson 14 – Reported Speech/Embedded Questions

to maintain обслуживать hazard ['hæzəd] риск, опасность

breakthrough прорыв, успех approximate приблизительный

efficient [ɪ'fɪʃ(ə)nt] эффективный random ['rændəm] случайный

seasonal ['siːz(ə)n(ə)l] сезонный superstition суеверие

temporary временный hurricane ['hʌrɪkən] ураган

vintage ['vɪntɪʤ] старинный drought [draut] засуха

to crawl [krɔːl] ползать area ['eərɪə] территория

to grab [græb] схватывать to exploit ['eksplɔɪt] эксплуатировать

to wander ['wɔndə] странствовать rate [reɪt] уровень

passerby [ˌpɑːsə'baɪ] прохожий to force [fɔːs] принуждать

ambiguous сомнительный benefit ['benɪfɪt] выгода, польза

to contradict противоречить (to) impact ['ɪmpækt] влияние, влиять

31
 Lesson 15 – Gerund and Infinitive
Verbs followed by infinitive Verbs followed by gerund
afford позволять admit допускать
agree соглашаться adore обожать
appear появляться, appreciate ценить
arrange договариваться avoid избегать
ask просить confess признаваться
care беспокоиться can’t stand не выносить
choose выбирать consider рассматривать
decide решать delay откладывать
demand требовать deny отрицать
deserve заслуживать enjoy наслаждаться
determine решаться fancy увлекаться,
expect ожидать feel like желать, хотеть
get sb разрешено finish заканчивать
help помогать forgive прощать
hope надеяться imagine представлять
intend намереваться involve включать
learn учиться keep продолжать
manage суметь, справиться mention упоминать
need нуждаться mind (don’t mind) возражать
offer предлагать miss скучать
plan планировать postpone откладывать
promise обещать practice практиковаться
refuse отказываться quit перестать
seem казаться recommend рекомендовать
tend иметь склонность report сообщать
want хотеть resent возмущаться
wish желать risk рисковать
would like хотеть бы suggest предлагать
Verbs followed both by infinitive and gerund Verbs plus a preposition followed by a gerund
advise советовать apologize for просить прощение
allow позволять complain about жаловаться
attempt пытаться dream of / about мечтать
continue продолжать insist on настаивать
forget забыть look forward to с нетерпеньем ждать
intend намереваться object to возражать
prefer предпочитать participate in принимать участие
regret сожалеть take part in принимать участие
remember помнить think of / about думать
try пытаться win by выигрывать

32
 Lesson 16 – Modals Revision
fabric ['fæbrɪk] ткань, материя manners ['mænə] манеры

insurance страховка heritage ['herɪtɪʤ] наследство

firm [fɜːm] прочный, твёрдый to inherit [ɪn'herɪt] наследовать

to share [ʃeə] делиться to decay [dɪ'keɪ] разрушаться

to bypass ['baɪpɑːs] обходить to decline [dɪ'klaɪn] уменьшаться

pile [paɪl] куча, груда to enhance [ɪn'hɑːns] улучшать

transparent прозрачный audition [ɔː'dɪʃ(ə)n] прослушивание

skyscraper небоскрёб compatible совместимый

to surround окружать diverse [daɪ'vɜːs] разнообразный

to surrender сдаваться external [ɪk'stɜːn(ə)l] внешний

disgust [dɪs'gʌst] отвращение mutual ['mjuːʧuəl] взаимный

to giggle ['gɪgl] хихикать acquaintance знакомый

Lesson 17 – Modals in the Past

ancestor ['ænsəstə] предок odd [ɔd] странность

to devote [dɪ'vəut] посвящать option ['ɔpʃ(ə)n] вариант

addiction зависимость to provoke [prə'vəuk] провоцировать

to adore [ə'dɔː] обожать to rush [rʌʃ] торопить

to bear [beə] переносить surface ['sɜːfɪs] поверхность

passion ['pæʃ(ə)n] страсть to apply [ə'plaɪ] применять

equal ['iːkwəl] равный attachment привязанность

subsequence последствие dense [den(t)s] густой, частый

delight [dɪ'laɪt] удовольствие broad [brɔːd] обширный

disposal [dɪs'pəuz(ə)l] размещение to overdo [ˌəuvə'duː] перестараться

length [leŋ(k)θ] длина judgment ['ʤʌʤmənt] суждение

principle ['prɪnsəpl] принцип to fold [fəuld] сгибать

33
 Lesson 18 – Phrasal Verbs
break down расстроиться; сломать figure out вычислять, понимать

break in вмешиваться find out выяснить

break into вламываться get over преодолеть

break up расходиться get together собираться

call off отменять give up сдаваться

calm down успокаивать go against противостоять

care for (не) любить hang on ждать

check in регистрироваться hold on ждать, держаться

check out выехать; оценить look for искать

cheer up подбадривать make up краситься, мириться

come across наткнуться run out кончаться

come apart разваливаться take after походить на кого-либо

count on рассчитывать turn up неожиданно появляться

eat out питаться вне дома work out тренироваться

Lesson 19 – Prepositional Phrases – for, with, of

to beg for умолять to cope with [kəup] справляться

to punish for наказывать to collide with сталкиваться

demand for спрос with regret с сожалением

excuse for извинение, оправдание with no doubt без сомнения

recipe for рецепт without hesitation без раздумий

for fear из страха to accuse of обвинять

for sale на продажу to approve of одобрять

for short сокращенно lack of нехватка

for luck на счастье out of mind вылететь из головы

for a change для разнообразия out of reach вне досягаемости

34
 Lesson 19 – Prepositional Phrases – on, to, at, about
to insist on настаивать to your advantage выгодно для тебя
to rely on полагаться to our amazement к нашему удивлению

to count on рассчитывать to some extent в некоторой степени

on foot пешком at short notice немедленно

on my own самостоятельно at your convenience когда Вам угодно
on no account ни в коем случае at a profit выгодно
on purpose нарочно at a loss в затруднении
to adjust to привыкать hesitation about колебание
objection to возражение upset about расстроенный
addiction to склонность, зависимость doubtful about сомневающийся
damage to повреждение to be about скоро
devotion to преданность out and about в достаточно хорошей
форме
to the point по существу nowhere about нигде
to some degree в некоторой степени to be all about описывать суть события

Lesson 19 – Prepositional Phrases – from, in, by

to resign from уходить в отставку in cash наличными
to recover from выздоравливать in conclusion в заключение
to suffer from страдать in debt в долгу (-ах)
departure from отъезд in favour of в поддержку кого-л.
extract from фрагмент in haste поспешно
from my point of view с моей точки зрения in pencil карандашом
from now on в дальнейшем satisfied by удовлетворенный
to succeed in преуспевать by chance случайно
to include in включать в себя by the way кстати
to persist in упорствовать by hand вручную
interested in заинтересованный by mistake по ошибке
rich in богатый by no means никоим образом не

in a hurry спешно, быстро by the rules согласно правилам

in advance заранее day by day изо дня в день

35
 Lesson 20 – Idioms
to be fed up with надоесть
fishy сомнительный, подозрительный
to horse around возиться, шуметь, слоняться без дела
to pull someone's leg дурачить
all thumbs неуклюжий
to turn someone off наскучивать, внушать отвращение
to kick the bucket умирать
to feel like a million dollars чувствовать себя на все сто
to be on top of the world быть на седьмом небе от счастья
to make ends meet сводить концы с концами
the early bird catches the worm
кто рано встаёт, того удача ждёт
to go Dutch платить свою часть, 50-50
to cost an arm and a leg стоить дорого
to tie the knot/get hitched пожениться
to drink like a fish пить запоем, беспробудно пьянствовать
to be on the safe side на всякий случай
a walking encyclopedia ходячая энциклопедия
teacher's pet любимчик учителя
blue Monday тяжёлый понедельник
to go bust обанкротиться
golden key взятка, подкуп
golden parachute крупная денежная компенсация, выдаваемая при
уходе на пенсию или при увольнении
to cook the book подделывать (счета)
for a song очень дёшево, за бесценок
to catch someone red-handed поймать с поличным
wannabe поклонник, амбициозный человек
to be in the red быть в долгах
to give somebody a dirty look посмотреть неодобрительно
to have butterflies in stomach нервничать
to keep a straight face сохранять невозмутимый вид
to be up to your neck in smth по горло, по уши
on-off relationship отношения, когда люди то расстаются, то мирятся
to be really into smth сильно увлекаться
to be washed out сильно устать

36
DICTIONARY

37
38
 Lesson 1 PRESENT TENSES (Simple, Cont., State verbs)

This stunt appears to be interesting. Этот фокус кажется интересным.

These actors are appearing on the stage at Эти актер появляются на сцене в
the moment. данный момент.
Why are you feeling my fur coat? Почему ты прикасаешься к моей шубе?
This band constantly releases new songs Эта группа постоянно выпускает новые
and albums. песни и альбомы.
I always appreciate his support in any Я всегда ценю его поддержку в любых
difficult situations. сложных ситуациях.
Тебе действительно не нравится тот
You really dislike the fact that I’m always
факт, что я всегда пытаюсь следовать за
trying to keep up with you!
тобой.
It looks like he’s succeeding with work on Кажется, он преуспевает с работой над
this project of the company. проектом компании.
I’m thinking of changing my decision Я подумываю о смене своего решения о
about final destination of the trip. пункте назначения поездки.
She often feels exhausted when she Она часто чувствует себя измученной,
succeeds at her job. когда преуспевает на работе.
He assumes the length of our route to be Он полагает, что длина нашего
about 30 miles. маршрута 30 миль.
The problem concerns us all. Эта проблема касается всех нас.
The universities are appealing to the Университеты призывают
governments for more money. правительство выделить больше денег.
Look! He’s wrapping the tube in a piece of Смотри! Он оборачивает тюбик в кусок
white paper! белой бумаги!
I prefer to be free from survivals of the Я предпочитаю быть свободным от
past. пережитков прошлого.
It looks amazing! The snow is covering Выглядит замечательно! Снег
the roof of our house! покрывает крышу нашего дома.
I realize how my words have been Я осознаю, что мои слова были
changed. изменены.
We suppose that the situation will Мы предполагаем, что ситуация
improve улучшится.
The company owes its success to its Компания обязана своим успехом
excellent training program. прекрасной тренировочной программе.
What do you mean by that? Что Вы хотите этим сказать?
They involve him in the new project at В данный момент они вовлекают его в
present. новый проект.

39
 Lesson 2 PAST TENSES 1 (Simple, Perfect,Perfect Cont.)

She hesitated to act. Она не решалась действовать.

She's absent now. She has gone for a Ее сейчас нет. Она ушла делать
hairdo. прическу.
His wife has been calling for an Его жена звонила в скорую помощь в
ambulance for half an hour! течение получаса.
There haven’t been any train accidents Недавно не было никаких
recently. происшествий на железной дороге.
Спуск корабля на воду был большим
The launch of a ship was a big occasion.
событием.
Why have you been nagging about this Почему ты ворчишь об этой маленькой
little problem all the day? проблеме весь день?
She forgot to mention where we should Она забыла сказать, где нам
meet. встретиться.
Джим уронил ручку и наклонился,
Jim dropped his pen and bent to pick it up.
чтобы поднять её.
That terrible company has dumped Та ужасная компания сбросила мусор в
rubbish in the sea. It’s polluted now. море. Оно сейчас загрязнено.
He announced the fact, but gave no Он известил о том, что произошло, но
details. не сообщил никаких подробностей.
Компания разработала совершенно
The company has developed a totally new
новый продукт, чтобы преуспеть в
product to succeed in this sphere.
этой сфере.
I haven't seen him for ages. Я его не видел целую вечность
Мои глаза наполнились слезами вчера,
My eyes filled with tears yesterday when I
когда я услышал эту грустную
heard that sad story.
историю.
We have owned this apartment for 10 Мы владели этой квартирой в течение
years. 10 лет.
They used to appreciate my help but they Раньше они ценили мою помощь, но с
have become so angry lately. недавних пор стали такими злыми.
I have been waiting for you for 3 days! Where Я ждала вас в течение 3 дней! Где вы
have you been? были?
Did you use to work on new projects at Вы работали над новыми проектами на
your last job? своей прошлой работе?
How long have you been working here? Сколько вы здесь проработали?
Where have you been? I have been Где вы были? Я ищу вас на протяжение
looking for you for 2 hours. 2 часов.
They filled in the information and Они заполнили информацию и
mentioned several mistakes in the заметили несколько ошибок в
document. документе.
40
 Lesson 3 PAST TENSES 2 (Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Cont.)

They were travelling to the USA when this Они путешествовали по США, когда
mysterious story began. началась эта загадочная история.
Они организовали расширенное
They had organized an extended meeting
собрание, перед тем как приняли
before they made a final decision.
окончательное решение.
He was starving all the day yesterday! Вчера весь день он умирал от голода!
There hadn’t been any restrictions on До прошлого там года не существовало
taking photos there by last year. ограничений на фотографии.
The members had decided to combine the Члены правления решили объединить
tennis club with the cricket club, forming теннисный и крикетный клубы в один
one sports club by last Monday. спортивный клуб.
You were constantly cancelling our meetings! Ты постоянно отменял наши собрания!
На самом деле, было преувеличением
It was a real exaggeration to say that he
сказать, что он разрушил все наши
had ruined all our plans.
планы.
The contract had run out by last week. Контракт закончился к прошлой недели
They were so nervous because they chief had Они так волновались потому, что их
offered them a new project. начальник предложил им новый проект.
Компания продолжала перевозить
The company continued to ship more
больше компьютерных систем, чем их
computer systems than its competitors.
конкуренты.
I supposed him to be abroad. Я думал, что он за границей.
They had been discussing this issue for 3 К тому моменту они обсуждали этот
hours by that time. вопрос уже 3 часа.
They had asked me to do them a favour but Они просили меня сделать им услугу, но
I refused. я отказался.
It was raining hard and people were trying to Шёл сильный дождь, и люди пытались
get home after work. добраться домой после работы.
She was paying for the takeaway while he Она расплачивалась за еду на вынос в
was looking at her. то время, как он смотрел на нее.
In fact we had expected better result than На самом деле мы ожидали результат
we got. лучше, чем получили.
The plane was setting off when I saw it. Самолет взлетал, когда я его увидел.
Когда я увидел Бена вчера, он был
When I saw Ben yesterday he was happy
счастлив, потому что нашел новую
because he had found a new job.
работу.
He had handed me in the application Он вручил мне заявление перед тем, как
before they signed it. они его подписали.
41
 Lesson 4 FUTURE TENSES

They will have provided customers with all Они предоставят клиентам все новые
new products by next week. продукты к следующей неделе.
The new directory will contain a lot of Новый справочник будет содержать
useful addresses and telephones. много полезных адресов и телефонов.
He will be demonstrating his negative Он будет демонстрировать свое
attitude all the week. негативное отношение всю неделю.
Я никогда не покину это замечательное
I will never abandon this wonderful place!
место!
I hope prices on products won’t have Я надеюсь, цены на продукты не
boosted by next year. увеличатся до следующего года.
Я считаю, что он не соврет тебе
I think he won’t tell you any deliberate lie.
преднамеренно.
They’ll be making a public announcement Они сделают публичное объявление
tomorrow at noon. завтра в полдень.
They will have started to work on Они начнут работать над
reconstruction of the road by the 5 of May реконструкцией дороги до 5 Мая.
th

К этому моменту в следующем месяце он

By this time next month he will have been
будет учиться играть на пианино уже 2
studying piano for 2 years.
года.
Nobody will be skipping the meeting from Никто не будет пропускать собрание
5 till 6 p.m. tomorrow. завтра с 5 до 6.
She’ll be trying to find a shelter when she Она будет пытаться найти убежище,
finds out the truth. когда выяснит правду.
Art gallery will be demonstrating these Галерея будет демонстрировать эти
pictures during the whole week. картины в течение целой недели.
This event will have taken place by 6 p.m. Это событие произойдет к 6 вечера.
They will have been living together for 50 Они проживут вместе 50 лет к 2050
years by 2050. году.
Probably this team won’t score more than Вероятно, эта команда не забьёт
2 goals in tomorrow’s match. больше двух голов в завтрашнем матче.
We suppose thieves will spend several Мы предполагаем, что воры проведут
years in that prison. несколько лет в той тюрьме.
She won’t have attempted to get in touch Она не попытается связаться с ним до
with him by next week. следующей недели
I will accept your kind offer. Я приму ваше любезное предложение!
Мы надеемся, что он оценит вашу
We hope he will appreciate your help.
помощь.

42
 Lesson 5 OTHER FUTURE FORMS

If we all work together, I think we will Я думаю, если бы мы работали вместе,

accomplish our goal. мы бы смогли выполнить нашу задачу.
The bus to the suburbs of the city departs Автобус до окрестностей города
at 8 a.m. отправится в 8 утра.
Who's been gossiping about me? И кто тут обо мне распускает сплетни?
Мы должны начать работу над новым
I am due to start working on a new project.
проектом.
I’m about to postpone the important Я вот-вот отложу важную встречу из-за
meeting because of my headache. головной боли.
They are accompanying their colleagues to Они сопровождают своих коллег в
the airport tomorrow in the morning. аэропорт завтра утром.
By the time they get money, we will have sold К моменту, когда они получат деньги,
our house to other people. мы продадим свой дом другим людям.
Are you about to finish your project? Ты вот-вот закончишь свой проект?
Are you going to whisper a few words to Ты собираешься прошептать ей
her? несколько слов?
Employees are due to revise details of the Работникам нужно повторить детали
contract. контракта.
She isn’t due to organize a meeting for their Она не будет организовывать собрание
new colleagues. для своих новых коллег.
The enterprise is going to order new tools Предприятие собирается заказать
from this factory. новые инструменты на этой фабрике.
I’m not going to intimidate anyone to sign Я не собираюсь никого запугивать для
the contract. подписания контракта.
She is due to cancel our meeting and make us Она вскоре отменит нашу встречу и
pay the fine. заставит нас платить штраф.
As long as he comes to talk to me, I’ll provide Если он придёт поговорить со мной, я
him with information. предоставлю ему информацию.
They aren’t going to fix the breakage of the Они не отремонтируют поломку
tools if they are scratched. инструментов, если они поцарапаны.
Be careful! You are going to fall! Будь осторожен! Ты упадешь!
The strict boss will immediately punish the Строгий руководитель сразу накажет
irresponsible worker. безответственного работника.
Этот независимый журналист не
This independent journalist isn’t going to
собирается начинать расследование
start an investigation of this case.
этого случая.

43
 Lesson 6 REVISION OF TENSES

He did not attend the conference Он не присутствовал на совещании.

She was cursing all the troubles she faced Она проклинала все проблемы, с
up with. которыми столкнулась.
They won’t use his name in the article Они не будут использовать его имя в
about bullying. статье о запугивании.
Have these two companies been Эти две компании взаимодействовали с
interacting since last year? прошлого года.
I have never seen such enormous building Я никогда в жизни не видела такого
in my life. громадного здания.
Although there are no lessons this week, Хотя в эти дни занятий нет, студенты
the students are all cramming for next усиленно зубрят, готовятся к тестам,
week's tests. которые будут на следующей неделе.
He had pretended to be ill before they Он притворился больным до того, как
found out the truth. они выяснили правду.
The speaker tried to urge the crowd to Оратор пытался заставить людей
show their reaction on the new law. выразить реакцию на новый закон.
It was embarrassing to finish the project Было стыдно закончить проект позже,
later than everybody had expected. чем все ожидали.
She was yelling something to them but Она им что-то кричала, но они ничего
they didn’t hear anything. не слышали.
I couldn’t find anything because the light inЯ не мог ничего найти потому, что свет
the room was too dim. в комнате был слишком тусклым.
He had been spoiling the report for 3 days Он 3 дня портил отчет перед тем, как
before everybody understood it. все это поняли.
She will have become an outgoing person Она станет общительным человеком к
by the time she finishes the course. моменту окончания курса.
The accident victim will have to spend some Жертва происшествия должна будет
time in the hospital. провести какое-то время в больнице.
They have attached all necessary Они прикрепили все необходимые
documents to the letter. документы к письму.
You will have been providing me with Ты будешь предоставлять мне
information for 2 months by next year. информацию
Мы пытаемся заставить этих ленивых
We are trying to urge these lazy workers to
работников быть более эффективными
be more effective at work.
на работе.
He has interacted with the victim to get the Он взаимодействовал с жертвой, чтобы
true information. получить правдивую информацию.
She won’t be spoiling my mood all the day Она не будет портить мое настроение
tomorrow. завтра весь день.

44
 Lesson 7 PASSIVE SIMPLE: REVISION

Мне всегда задают много странных

I am always asked a lot of weird questions
вопросов.
They were not chased by the police
Вчера их не преследовала полиция.
yesterday
The amount of citizens will be increased in
Число жителей возрастет через год
a year
Important letters are brought to the Важные письма приносят в компанию
company every Thursday каждый четверг.
I had a lot of doubts because something У меня было много сомнений, потому
weird was said by them. что они сказали что-то странное.
These topics will be discussed by the Эти темы будут обсуждаться
majority of citizens. большинством жителей.
Are your ideas always understood? Твои идеи всегда понимают?
I promise you all your hardships will be Я обещаю, что все твои трудности будут
overcome. преодолены.
All essential changes were predicted last Все важнейшие изменения были
year. предсказаны в прошлом году.
Money was stolen from the bank yesterday Деньги были украдены из банка вчера
The winning will be celebrated at the
Выигрыш отпразднуют на выходных
weekend
These problems are detected by the Эти проблемы обнаруживаются
company workers every day. работниками компании каждый день.
The report was written with this pen Отчет был написан этой ручкой
The annual meeting was neglected by you Вчера ты пренебрег ежегодным
yesterday. собранием.
New areas are explored by scientists every Новые территории исследуются
day. учеными каждый день.
The contract was signed by the most Контракт был подписан большинством
clients yesterday клиентов вчера.
I hope the new approach will be found as Я надеюсь, что новый подход будет
soon as possible. найден как можно скорее.
The note was found the day before
Записка была найдена позавчера
yesterday
Над ними смеялись после того
They were laughed at after that accident.
происшествия.

45
 Lesson 8 PASSIVE CONTINUOUS AND PERFECT

Variety of questions is being discussed at Ряд вопросов сейчас обсуждается на

the meeting of the company now. собрании компании.
The internal security has been provided to Всем сотрудникам и документам
all the workers and documents of the компании обеспечивалась внутренняя
company. безопасность.
The challenge will have been accepted by Вызов будет принят нами до
us by next week. следующей недели.
Очевидные результаты компании были
Company’s obvious results had been seen
видны до того, как они подписали все
before they signed all documents.
документы.
Unreliable sources were being used by the Журналист использовал ненадежные
journalist while he was writing that article. источники, пока писал ту статью.
Перед тем как мы согласились на эту
More flexible timetable had been
работу, нам предложили более гибкий
suggested to us before we took the job.
график.
All these absurd projects will have been Все эти нелепые проекты обсудят до
discussed by Monday. понедельника.
This information hasn’t been crammed by Эта информация не была вызубрена
the workers. работниками.
These tools are being used to fix the Эти инструменты в данный момент
breakage at the moment. используются для ремонта поломки.
Necessary security measures were being Необходимые меры безопасности
followed by them all the year. соблюдались ими весь год.
The breakage of the equipment hasn’t been Поломка оборудования не была
discovered by the workers обнаружена работниками.
The strong opponent for the next match is Они все еще выбирают сильного
still being chosen. соперника для следующего матча.
Evidence was being looked for when police Доказательства разыскивались, когда
found out the truth. полиция выяснила правду.
A tendency for people to work at their Недавно была продемонстрирована
homes rather than to go to offices has been тенденция, что люди предпочитают
demonstrated recently. работать дома, а не ходить в офис.
He persisted in his opinion although it had Он настаивал на своей точке зрения,
been discussed earlier. хотя его обсудили ранее.
К прошлой неделе было принято
A decision to organize more frequent
решение организовать более частые
meetings had been made by last week.
встречи.
We have been urged to cram all the details Нас заставили вызубрить все детали
of the contract. контракта.
I’m sure the truth will have been revealed Я уверена, что правда будет обнаружена
by the time he comes back home. к моменту, когда он вернется домой.
Cameras have been prohibited here so you Камеры были запрещены здесь, поэтому
can’t take any photos. ты не сможешь сделать фотографии.
46
 Lesson 9 OTHER PASSIVE FORMS

This project must be expanded. Этот проект должен быть расширен.

This politician isn’t going to be У этого политика не собираются брать
interviewed. интервью.
We got our essays checked. Наши сочинения проверили.

I have my hair cut every month. Я стригусь каждый месяц.

I remembered that I had had my car
Я вспомнил, что мою машину помыли.
washed.
Ann will be having her car fixed at 5
Завтра в 5 Энн отремонтируют машину.
tomorrow.
I have my eyes checked once a year. Мои глаза проверяют раз в год.
He has his car repaired at this car service Его машину отремонтировали на этой
station. станции технического обслуживания.
Your lifestyle must be changed. Ты должен поменять свой стиль жизни.

She had her dress ruined. Ей испортили платье.

He had his car stolen. Его машину угнали.

I’m not going to be persuaded by them. Они меня не убедят.

All precautions must be learnt and Пешеходы должны изучить и следовать
followed by pedestrians. всем мерам предосторожности.
Only accurate information is going to be На собрании собираются рассматривать
considered at the meeting. только точную информацию.
These data shouldn’t be estimated by these Этим работникам не следует оценивать
workers. эти данные.
They had their window broken. Им разбили окно.
We were having our documents signed Наши документы подписывали, когда
when the conference finished. конференция закончилась.
I’ll have had my timetable changed by next К следующей неделе мне поменяют
week. график.
The results of the meeting can be Результаты собрания могут быть
concluded by the manager. подытожены менеджером.

47
Lesson 10 CONDITIONALS PART 1

Если они ответственно относятся к

If they have responsible attitude to their
своим задачам, они получают
tasks, they have perfect results.
идеальные результаты.
It would be strange if the ice cream did not Было бы странно, если бы мороженое
melt at such temperature. не таяло при такой температуре.
If coffee contained less caffeine, tea would Если бы кофе содержал меньше
become less popular. кофеина, чай стал бы менее популярен.
If she hadn’t done her best, she would not Если бы она не постаралась, она бы не
have become so famous. стала такой знаменитой.
Если что-то не будет удаваться, я
If something does not work, I will do my
приложу все усилия, чтобы починить
best to fix it.
это.
You'll find life much easier if you smile Жизнь Вам покажется намного проще,
more often. если Вы будете улыбаться чаще.
Если ты смешиваешь красный и белый,
If you mix red and white, you get pink. то получаешь розовый (цвет).
We wouldn't have come by taxi if we had Мы бы не приехали на такси, если бы
found the right bus. нашли нужный автобус.
If they had emerged on time, we wouldn’t Если бы они появились вовремя, мы бы
have waited for them. их не ждали.
Если ваза такая хрупкая, то будь с ней
If the vase is so fragile, be careful with it!
осторожен!
If you acknowledge the truth, it will help Если вы признаете правду, это поможет
you to solve the problem. вам решить проблему.
Nobody would buy that picture, if the Никто бы не купил ту картину, если бы
gallery didn’t exhibit it. галерея ее не выставляла.
The workers of the company will be Работники компании будут поощрены,
encouraged, if they get a pay rise. если получат повышение зарплаты.
Will they embrace each other if they meet Ни обнимут друг друга, если встретятся
at the airport? в аэропорту?
Если бы они не отвергли все наши
If they hadn’t rejected all our suggestions,
предложения, мы бы подписали
we would have signed a contract.
контракт.
If they confirmed the meeting, we would Если бы они подтвердили собрание, мы
discuss all the details. бы обсудили все подробности.
If you don’t envy other people, you will be Если ты не завидуешь другим людям,
happy. ты будешь счастлив.
Awkward situation happens if you forget Неловкие ситуации случаются, если ты
something important. забываешь что-либо важное.

48
 Lesson 11 CONDITIONALS PART 2

Если бы она не сплетничала на работе, у

If she didn’t gossip at work she would have
нее были бы хорошие отношения с
good relationship with her colleagues.
коллегами.
If the police hadn’t stopped the terrible Если бы полиция не остановила ужасное
behavior of young men, I think they could поведение молодых парней, то я думаю,
be in trouble now. что сейчас они были бы в беде.
Если бы его родители имели больше
If his parents had more money, they would
денег, они бы вели более дорогой образ
have more expensive lifestyle.
жизни.
If all the tickets had been sold out, the Если бы все билеты были проданы,
concert wouldn’t have been postponed to концерт не пришлось бы откладывать
next week. до следующей недели.
I would cancel the meeting with the boss Я бы отменил сегодня встречу с
today if you hadn’t told me all details of начальником, если бы ты мне не
your meeting. рассказал все детали вашего собрания.
If I knew about your problems before, I Если бы я знал о твоих проблемах
could help you with them. раньше, я мог бы тебе помочь c ними.
Если бы студенты повторяли каждый
If students revised new words every day,
день новые слова, они бы могли
they could use them on the lessons.
использовать их на уроке.
Он помог бы отремонтировать
He would help to repair the washing
стиральную машину, если бы у него
machine if he had his tools with him.
были с собой инструменты.
If we had known where we wanted to go, Если бы знали, куда хотим пойти, мы бы
we wouldn’t have walked about the city for не гуляли несколько часов по городу
hours yesterday. вчера.
Если бы мы настаивали на своем
If we had insisted on our variant, we would
варианте, мы бы отремонтировали все
have fixed all breakages of equipment with
поломки оборудования своими
our tools.
инструментами.
More clients would have been attracted if Мы бы привлекли больше клиентов,
we had applied these methods. если бы применили эти методы.
If the team united before the match, they Если бы команда объединилась перед
would definitely win the match. матчем, они бы точно выиграли матч.
Мы бы не бродили в таком
We wouldn’t have roamed in such a
замечательном месте, если бы не
beautiful place if we hadn’t come here.
приехали сюда.
This disaster wouldn’t have happened if the Эта катастрофа не случилась бы, если бы
company had been more careful. компания была более осторожной.
My acquaintance wouldn’t have responded Мой знакомый не ответил бы мне, если
me if I hadn’t sent him this information. бы я не прислал ему эту информацию.
If I had accepted that job, I would be a Если бы я принял ту работу, я бы сейчас
millionaire now. был милионером.
49
Lesson 12 OTHER CONDITIONAL FORMS

Если бы только я жил в пригороде, как и

If only I lived in a suburb like all my friends.
все мои друзья.
If only he did not intervene, everybody Если бы он не вмешивался, все были бы
would be happy. счастливы.
I wish I were more experienced. Я хотела бы быть более опытной.
Он бы хотел, чтобы вы знали основные
He wishes you knew the main needs in life.
потребности в жизни.
Они бы хотели, чтобы он отменил их
They wish he would cancel their tasks.
задания.
You will be sick and tired of your work Ты очень устанешь от работы, если не
unless you have good rest. отдохнешь хорошенько.
Have you whispered something? If so, Ты прошептал что-то, если так, повтори,
repeat please. пожалуйста.
If she doesn’t want to revise the material, Если она не хочет повторить материал,
we should talk to her about it. мы должны поговорить с ней об этом.
As long as you live in a suburb, you will Пока вы живете в пригороде, у вас
always have fresh air. всегда будет свежий воздух.
I will bring you my tools unless you have Я принесу вам мои инструменты, если
yours. вы не имеете своих.
Я хочу, чтобы мой босс не был столь
I wish my boss weren’t so noisy today.
шумный сегодня.
I will spend this Sunday with you unless Я проведу это воскресенье вместе с
you postpone it. вами, если вы не отложите это.
If only we hadn't lost our tickets we would Если бы мы не потеряли наши билеты,
not have wandered in the airport. мы бы не скитались в аэропорту
Если бы вы купили инструменты, нам
If only you had bought tools we wouldn’t
бы не потребовалось останавливать
have needed to stop another car.
другой автомобиль.
Вы бы забыли это, если бы не
You would forget it unless you revised it.
повторяли.
If only she were not sick. Если бы только она не была больной.
Я не буду вмешиваться, если нет
I won’t intervene if there are no problems.
никаких проблем.
Unless you reserve a ticket, you won’t get a Если вы не забронируете билет, вы не
seat. получите место.
I might see you tonight. If not, we can meet Возможно, я увижу тебя сегодня. Если
tomorrow. нет, мы можем встретиться завтра.
He wishes he would go on a business trip Он бы хотел поехать в командировку
instead of you. вместо тебя.

50
 Lesson 13 REPORTED SPEECH PART1

He said that they would have to take a taxi Он сказал, им придется взять такси
immediately. немедленно.
Sarah said she had seen Peter in the hall the Сара сказала, что видела Питера вчера в
previous day when she had attended her холе, когда посещала своих
relatives. родственников.
The teacher said that the Earth goes round Учитель сказал, что Земля вращается
the Sun. вокруг Солнца.
She said that it was probably late and she Она сказала, что уже, наверное, очень
really had to go and do the washing up at поздно, и что ей действительно нужно
home. идти и заняться стиркой дома.
She told her husband that he had forgotten Она сказала мужу, что он забыл
to pay the parking fines. уплатить штрафы за парковку.
He said that when he had been reading
Он сказал, что когда он читал вчера
children a story the previous night, the
вечером детям историю, погас свет.
lights had gone out.
She said China is a densely populated Она сказала, что Китай -
country. густонаселенная странна.
She agreed happily that she would Она согласилась счастливо, что будет
accompany us. сопровождать нас.
He said he would get in touch with me that Он сказал, что свяжется со мной сегодня
night. ночью.
Mike said that he might help us to repair Майк сказал, что он, может быть,
the car. поможет нам починить машину.
Они сказали мне, что будут принимать
They told me they would be taking part in
участие в благотворительности
charity despite all obstacles.
несмотря на все препятсвия.
He said that the train had departed before Он сказал, что поезд отправился до
they arrived at the station. того, как мы приехали на вокзал.
He told her it was a total coincidence and Он сказал ей, что это было абсолютное
he wasn’t guilty. совпадение, и он был не виновен.
You said that the duration of the meeting Ты сказал, что длительность собрания
would be stable. будет неизменной.
She said that she was tired because she had Она сказала, что была уставшей, так как
permanently worked 12 hours a day. постоянно работала 12 часов в день.
She told me she had been absolutely Она мне сказала, что была абсолютно
indifferent to all problems. равнодушной ко всем проблемам.
We informed them that the access to the Мы сообщили им, что доступ к
program would have been opened by the программе будет открыт до следующей
following week. недели.
Они сказали мне, что мою гениальную
They told me that my genius article had
статью отредактировали, потому что
been edited because it was too vital.
она была слишком жизненной.

51
Lesson 14 REPORTED SPEECH/ EMBEDDED QUESTIONS

The shop assistant asked me what shoes Консультант в магазине спросил меня,
size I wore. какой размер обуви я ношу.
He asked if the store had been closed down Он спросил, был ли магазин закрыт
the previous night. вчера.
Офицер полиции спросил его, был ли он
The police officer asked him if he had ever
когда-либо арестован за превышение
been arrested for speeding.
скорости?
He asked me why I had left my last place of Он спросил меня, почему я покинул свое
employment. последнее место работы.
They asked who had picked up the phone
Они спросили, кто снял трубку вчера.
the day before.
I asked him why he thought that his house Я спросила его, почему он думает, что
was cursed. его дом проклят.
Can you tell me why you tried to catch the Ты можешь мне сказать, почему ты
fish with your hands? пытался ловить рыбу руками?
Can you remind me what holiday Ты можешь мне напомнить, какое место
destination you have chosen? отдыха вы выбрали?
Can you remind me what I will need to Ты можешь мне напомнить, что мне
look for? нужно будет поискать?
My great uncle asked me where I had Мой двоюродный дедушка спросил, где
bought such a nice laptop. я купила такой хороший ноутбук.
My mother-in-law asked me when I would Моя теща спросила меня, когда я
deal with the breakages. займусь поломками.
He wanted to know if my sister is
Он хотел знать, уверенная ли моя сестра.
confident.
Can you tell me why you haven’t done the Ты можешь мне сказать, почему ты не
washing up? постирал?
I wonder whether it has been a real Меня интересует, был ли это реальный
hurricane. ураган?
Could you tell me why you exploited those Не могли бы вы сказать мне, почему вы
workers? эксплуатировали тех работников?
Can you tell me how I can find an
Скажите, как мне найти вдохновение?
inspiration?
I wanted to know what rate of salary we Я хотела знать, какой уровень зарплаты
will have next year. у нас будет в следующем году.
They wanted to know why they had been Они хотели знать, как их заставили это
forced to do it. сделать.
Do you know when the last drought on this Вы знаете, когда на этой территории
territory was? последний раз была засуха?

52
 Lesson 15 GERUND AND INFINITIVE

Они предложили нам прийти к ним

They offered us to come to their place
сегодня вечером в гости. Но мы не
tonight. But we didn’t expect to have such
ожидали такого приглашения. Вот
invitation. That’s why we were hesitating.
почему, мы сомневались.
Он сказал, что искал эту работу в
He said he had been looking for this job for
течение долгого времени. Именно
a long time. That’s why he hopes to receive
поэтому он надеется получить
a positive answer.
положительный ответ.
He had been apologizing for saying these
Он извинялся за эти слова в течение
words for an hour, but all in vain. He
часа, но все напрасно. Он предал ее.
betrayed her.
This month they’ve been offered to have a В этом месяце им предложили
well – paid job. высокооплачиваемую работу.
I can’t believe you wanted to go to the Я не могу поверить, что ты хотел пойти
football match. As far as I know, you aren’t на футбольный матч. Насколько я знаю,
a fan. ты не болельщик.
Эта дверь, кажется, в конце концов,
This door appears to be locked after all.
заперта.
Джон настоял на том, чтобы успеть на
John insisted on catching the early flight.
ранний рейс (вылет).
Попытайтесь немного бегать трусцой
Try jogging a bit every day.
каждый день.
She managed to persuade her parents to let Ей удалось убедить своих родителей
her go. разрешить ей уйти.
I regret to tell you that we haven’t decided Мне жаль Вам говорить, что мы решили
to accept your application. не принимать ваше заявление.
He stopped wearing a tie a year ago. Он перестал носить галстук год назад.

He denied telling a lie. Он отрицал, что лжет.

Мы не можем позволить себе поехать на
We can’t afford to go on holiday this year.
каникулы в этом году.
I can’t stand listening to this music – turn it Мне не нравится эта музыка – сделай
down. тише.
У нее хорошо получается заставлять
She is good at getting people to do anything.
людей делать что угодно.
He didn’t expect to sprain because of he had Он не ожидал растянуть связки, так
been training for a long time. как тренируется уже давно.
He succeeded in breaking the world speed Он успешно побил мировой рекорд
record. скорости.

53
 Lesson 16 MODALS REVISION

They could go to the city center, they had aОни могли пойти в центр города, у них
day off. был выходной.
You will have to inherit that building or Ты должен будешь унаследовать то
else it may decay. здание или оно может разрушиться.
Нам следует продемонстрировать
We ought to demonstrate perfect manners
идеальные манеры на следующем
on the next meeting.
собрании.
I must be reliable for my friends and Я должен быть надежным для своих
colleagues. друзей и коллег.
The company has to provide insurance for Компания должна обеспечить
their clients. страховку своим клиентам.
You really have to clean that pile of Ты на самом деле должен убрать ту
rubbish! кучу мусора!
I am not sure, but he might give them Я не уверен, но он, возможно, дает им
money. деньги
There might be some transparent windows В том небоскребе, возможно, есть
in that skyscraper. прозрачные окна.
Он не должен рассматривать это
He doesn’t have to consider this suggestion
предложение
These companies will be able to Эти компании смогут
demonstrate their mutual interest on the продемонстрировать свой взаимный
conference. интерес на конференции.
He might not refuse them yesterday. Ему нельзя было отказывать им вчера.
Я не смог скрыть от них свое
I wasn’t able to hide my disgust from them.
отвращение.
You ought to share everything with your Тебе следует делиться всем со своими
close people. близкими людьми.
Мы должны улучшить свои услуги для
We must enhance our services in order not to
того, чтобы не снизить свои
decline our results.
результаты.
Will you be able to find a suit the day after
Вы сможете найти костюм послезавтра?
tomorrow?
Людям можно будет
People will be allowed to show diverse
продемонстрировать различные
talents on the next audition.
таланты на следующем прослушивании.
Your acquaintance should bypass that Твоему знакомому следует обойти то
building if he wants to find us. здание, если он хочет найти нас.
You shouldn’t include this information in Тебе не следует включать эту
our report. информацию в наш отчет.
Generally, you will have to find the fit Вообще, придется найти подходящий
variant. вариант.

54
 Lesson 17 MODALS IN THE PAST

Ей не нужно было хихикать над его

She didn’t need to giggle at his jokes.
шутками.
You should have devoted your speech to Тебе следовало посвятить свою речь
your colleagues. коллегам.
He must have overcome his addiction. He Должно быть, он преодолел свою
looks great! зависимость. Он прекрасно выглядит!
Our ancestors must have been really Должно быть, наши предки были
intelligent and wise. действительно умными и мудрыми.
Мы не должны были обожать своего
We didn’t need to adore our boss we had
босса, мы должны были уважать его как
to respect his personality.
личность.
He couldn’t have born those difficulties Он больше не мог выносить те
anymore! трудности!
Возможно, он продемонстрировал
He might have demonstrated true passion
настоящую страсть к расследованию
to investigation of such cases.
этого дела.
They must have had equal rights to Должно быть, они имели равные права
privacy. на частную жизнь.
Должно быть, последствия этой
Subsequences of this situation must have
ситуации были действительно
been really dangerous!
опасными.
Должно быть, они отремонтировали
They must have redecorated the reception
приемную, к моему огромному
to my great delight!
удовольствию!
The length of the route shouldn’t have Нам не следовало менять длину
been changed by us. маршрута.
The basic principles of working on this project Возможно, базовые принципы работы
might have been created by the manager. над этим проектом изменил менеджер.
They needn’t have changed the disposal of Им не нужно было менять размещение
the equipment. оборудования.
He shouldn’t have suggested us such an odd Ему не следовало предлагать нам такой
option! странный вариант!
They must have been provoked by their Они, должно быть, были
opponents. спровоцированы своими конкурентами.
Нам не нужно было торопиться на
We didn’t need to rush for the concert
концерт, потому что все места были
because all the seats were booked.
забронированы заранее.
The company might have applied Возможно, компания применила
forbidden methods in its work. запрещенные в работе методы.
He might have overdone a little bit while может быть, он немного перестарался,
he was working on the project. когда работал над проектом.

55
 Lesson 18 PHRASAL VERBS

They have broken down the most Они разбили самую дорогую вазу в
expensive vase in the shop. магазине.
I will really break down if I hear such Я по настоящему расстроюсь, если
terrible news! услышу такие ужасные новости.
"But I was there", Jane broke in. "Но я же была там", - вмешалась Джейн.
Воры дождались, пока будет достаточно
The thieves waited until it was dark
темно, и только потом приступили ко
enough to break into.
взлому.
I heard that Joan and Steve are breaking
Я слышал, что Джоан и Стив расстаются.
up.
The game was called off. Игру отложили.

Calm down for a minute and listen to me... Успокойся на секунду и послушай меня..
We will go back to normal when things Мы вернемся к нормальному ходу
calm down. событий, когда все успокоится.
Он действительно заботиться о детях
He really cares for his sister’s children.
своей сестры.
Would you care for a cup of coffee? Вы бы хотели чашечку кофе?
Всегда лучше регистрироваться на рейс
It is always advisable to check in early to
пораньше, чтобы получить хорошее
get a good seat on your flight.
место в самолёте.
Has he already checked out? His room looks Он уже выписался с отеля? Его комната
so empty. выглядит такой пустой.
I think he misses her terribly. You might Я думаю, он сильно скучает по ней.
cheer him up. Возможно вы подбодрите его.
The good news cheered everybody up. Хорошые новости всех подбодрили
I don't always come across my boss in this Я не всегда натыкаюсь на своего боса в
restaurant. этом ресторане.
Эта штука развалилась на части прямо у
It just came apart in my hands.
меня в руках.
The government thought it could count on Правительство считало, что может
the support of the citizens. рассчитывать на поддержку жителей.
Я вернусь. Можешь на это
I'll be back. You can count on it.
рассчитывать.
Давай сегодня пойдём в какой-нибудь
Let's eat out tonight, I'm too tired to cook. ресторан, я слишком устала, чтобы
готовить.

56
I can't figure out what she wants Я не могу понять, что она хочет
I'm glad to see that the two firms have got Я рад слышать, что эти две фирмы,
together at last. наконец, договорились.
Don't give up without even trying. Не сдавайся, даже не попробовав.
They asked me to hang on for a minute but Они попросили меня подождать
hung up. минуту, но я повесил трубку.
I'll hang on here until the others come. Я подожду здесь, пока подойдут другие.
Он попросил меня узнать расписание
He asked me to find out the train times.
поездов.
Путешествие поможет им преодолеть
The trip will help him get over Sal's death.
смерть Сэл.
He is given up by the doctors. Врачи от него отказались.
He refused to go against authorities in this Он отказался противостоять властям в
case. этом деле.
Hold on a minute, I'll be right back! Подожди минутку, я сейчас вернусь!
Если бы только они могли подождать
If only they could hold on a little longer!
немножко дольше!
What are you looking for? Что вы ищете?
Я действительно надеюсь, что ты не
I really hope you aren’t looking for trouble.
ищешь неприятностей!
Всё меньше и меньше женщин
Fewer women are making up these days.
пользуются косметикой в наше время.
Let us make it up! Давайте помиримся!
Контракт истекает на следующей
The contract runs out next week.
неделе.
I've run out of coffee. У меня закончился кофе.
Ted's always been difficult, he takes after С Тэдом всегда было сложно, он
his dad. походит на своего отца.
The rest of us take after our mother Остальные из нас похожи на маму.
It turned up that his new project consists Оказалось, что его новый проект
of several mistakes. состоит из нескольких ошибок.
You needn’t have worked out at a gym Тебе не нужно было тренироваться в
twice a week спортзале два раза в неделю.
Я тренировалась так усердно потому,
I have worked out so hard because I really
что я правда хотела быть спортивной и
wanted to be sportive and slender.
стройной.
57
Lesson 19 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

It's unfair to punish the whole class for Нечестно наказывать целый класс за
the actions of one or two students. поступки одного или двоих студентов.
Women have to cope with working and Женщинам приходится справляться с
taking care of the household and the работой, домашним хозяйством и
family. семьей.
It takes about 30 minutes on foot, or 10 Это занимает 30 минут пешком или
minutes by car. 10 минут на машине.
Как насчет обеда где-нибудь вне дома
How about dinner out for a change?
для разнообразия?
We all to some extent remember the Мы все в некоторой степени помним
good times and forget the bad. хорошие времена, а плохие забываем.
Я знал, что могу положиться на
I knew I could rely on David.
Дэвида.
Could you give me the recipe for this Могли бы Вы мне дать рецепт этого
chocolate cake? шоколадного торта?
His parents don’t approve of his friends. Его родители не одобряют его друзей.

He suffers from a headache. Он страдает от головной боли.

I spilled my drink on purpose. I needed Я пролил напиток нарочно. Мне
an excuse for living the room. нужен был повод, чтобы уйти.
Цитрусовые фрукты богаты на
Citrus fruits are rich in vitamin C.
витамин Ц.
Someone must have left the door open Должно быть, кто-то оставил эту
by mistake. дверь открытой по ошибке.
They left in haste, without even saying Они поспешно ушли, даже не
goodbye. попрощавшись.
К нашему удивлению, горячая вода в
To our amazement this cheap hotel was
этом дешевом отеле была круглые
provided with hot water 24 hours.
сутки.
Day by day there was a decrease of
Изо дня в день температура спадала.
temperature.
This note was written in pencil. Записка была написана карандашом.
Вы заплатите кредиткой или
Will you pay by credit card or in cash?
наличными?
To get tickets, you have to book in Чтобы получить билеты, вам нужно
advance. заказать их заранее.
By the way, have you seen my keys
Кстати, ты не видел мои ключи?
anywhere?

58
Lesson 20 IDIOMS

I'm really fed up with his behavior! Я реально сыт по горло его поведением.
It was fishy when he said he was at work Было подозрительно, когда он сказал,
yesterday. что был на работе вчера.
We spent two hours horsing around before Мы два часа бездельничали перед тем,
he came. как он пришел.
Jack likes to pull our legs by making up Джеку нравится подшучивать над нами,
these stories. придумывая эти истории.
Его новая стрижка действительно
His new haircut really turns me off.
вызывает во мне отвращение.
Her dad kicked the bucket very suddenly Его отец умер очень внезапно после
after the accident. этого происшествия.
Jane is on top of the world before her Джейн на седьмом небе от счастья
wedding. перед своей свадьбой.
I feel like a million dollars with this С этой стрижкой я чувствую себя на
haircut! миллион долларов.
I guess I'm all thumbs because I broke your Мне кажется я – неловкий потому что
new vase. разбил твою вазу.
Эта машина стоила мне целого
This car cost me an arm and leg!
состояния.
I think it’s necessary to go Dutch on the Я считаю, что на первом свидании
first date. каждому необходимо платить за себя.
Он иногда слишком напивается на
He sometimes drinks like a fish at parties.
вечоринках.
Sarah and Jim finally tied the knot this В конце концов, Сара и Джим
summer. поженились этим летом.
It seems to me you know everything! Мне кажется, ты знаешь все! Ты
You’re real walking encyclopedia! настоящая ходячая энциклопедия!
After Rose lost her job she barely makes Роза едва сводит концы с концами
ends meet. после того, как потеряла работу.
This result is fishy. They may have cooked Этот результат подозрителен.
the book. Возможно, они подделали его.
I sold these books for a song. Я продал эти книги по дешевке.
You should get up earlier! You know that Тебе следует вставать пораньше! Ты
the early bird catches the worm! знаешь, кто рано встает, того удача ждет
I’ve checked all information because I Я проверила всю информацию, потому
prefer to be on the safe side. что предпочитаю перестраховаться.
Mary had butterflies in her stomach Мэри волновалась, потому что это был
because it was her first day at school. ее первый день в школе.

59
It is difficult to keep a straight face when Трудно сохранить невозмутимый вид,
you see something funny. когда видишь что-то веселое.
Некоторые люди очень часто имеют
Some people have on-off relationship отношения, когда то расстаются, то
very often, because they're afraid of мирятся, потому что они боятся
commitment. обязательств.
Sarah has butterflies in stomach before Сара нервничала перед каждым
every meeting. собранием.
I wanted to invite her over, but I saw she Я хотел пригласить ее, но понял, что
was up to her neck in work. она была по уши в работе.
Моя мама встает рано, и она всегда
My mom is an early bird and she always
говорит. Что кто рано встает, того
says that the early bird catches the worm.
удача ждет.
Джим позвонил в полицию, когда
Jim called the police when he realized that
понял. Что этот контракт был
this contract was fishy.
подозрительным.
Don’t think you can buy a new house for a Не думай, что ты можешь дешево
song; houses are expensive. купить новый дом; дома дорогие.
The shop assistant caught a customer red- Продавец-консультант поймал
handed when she was stealing some покупательницу с поличным, когда
clothes. она воровала вещи.
A wannabe is someone who is just Поклонник – это человек, который
pretending that they’re something they are делает вид, что он кто-то, кем не
not. является.
The firm was not thriving; they were in Фирма не процветала; они были в
the red for several years. долгах на протяжении нескольких лет.
Столкнувшись с женщиной, Ник не
Having bumped into a woman, Nick didn’t извинился, и она посмотрела на него
apologize and she gave him a dirty look.
с осуждением.
In no time at all, my business went bust! Вмиг мой бизнес обанкротился.
They fired the accountant because he Они уволили бухгалтера, потому что
was cooking the books. он жульничал в расчетах.
Since he was a kid everybody knew him С тех пор, как он был ребенком, все
as a walking encyclopedia. считали его ходячей энциклопедией.
I never was my teacher’s pet when I Я никогда не был любимчиком
studies in high school. учителя, когда учился в средней школе.
When I go out with my friends, we usually Когда я гуляю с друзьями, мы обычно
go Dutch. расплачиваемся поровну.
Я не хотел покупать новую машину,
I didn’t want to buy a new car as it might
так как она могла дорого мне
cost me an arm and a leg.
обойтись (стоила дорого).
Мэри и Том поженились в прошлое
Mary and Tom tied the knot last Sunday.
воскресенье.

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