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ASCM Supply Chain Dictionary

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Trí Kiều Minh
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665 views229 pages

ASCM Supply Chain Dictionary

Uploaded by

Trí Kiều Minh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ASCM SUPPLY CHAIN De OT Ag ASCM SUPPLY CHAIN DICTIONARY SEVENTEENTH EDITION Editors Paul H. Pittman, PhD, CFPIM, CSCP, Jonah Professor of Operations Management Indiana University Southeast J. Brian Atwater, PhD, CPIM, Jonah Assistant Professor of Operations Management Indiana University Southeast Seventeenth edition—2022 Sixteenth edition—2019 Fifteenth edition—2016 Fourteenth edition—2013 Thirteenth edition—2010 Twelfth edition—2008 Oo Eleventh edition—2005 Tenth edition—2002 Ninth edition—1998 Eighth edition—1995 Seventh edition—1992 o Sixth edition—1987 Fifth edition—1982 Fourth edition—1980 Third edition—1970 Second edition—1966 First edition—1963 Copyright 2022 by APICS, Inc. d/b/a ASCM All rights reserved. No part of this publication covered by copyright herein may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or informational storage and retrieval systems—without written permission from the publisher. ASCM 8430 West Bryn Mawr Avenue Suite 1000 Chicago, IL 60631-3439 1-800-444-2742 or 1-773-867-1777 ascm.org Foreword ‘The Association for Supply Chain Management (ASCM) is the global leader in supply chain organizational transformation, innovation and leadership. As the largest non-profit association for supply chain management, ASCM is an unbiased partner, connecting companies around the world to the newest thought leadership on all aspects of supply chain. ASCM is built on the foundation of APICS certification and training spanning over 65 years. As a reference to the supply chain management field for over 59 years, the 17th edition of ASCM Supply Chain Dictionary (formerly APICS Dictionary) continues to be an essential reference for the supply chain profession, APICS certifications, certificates, endorsements, educational programs, and training materials. As ASCM continues to grow and provide more services and products to our profession, our end-to-end supply chain body of knowledge continues to grow and evolve. This edition of the ASCM Supply Chain Dictionary reflects this growth and evolution with the inclusion of terms from the new certificates in Procurement, Warehousing, and Planning. Furthermore, new terms from the ASCM Enterprise Certification for Sustainability, as well as changes in the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR Digital Standard) model and updates to APICS professional certifications - CPIM, CSCP, and CLTD. In this 17th edition of the ASCM Supply Chain Dictionary, we had several objectives we wanted to achieve. Specifically, we wanted to: 1. Integrate and update key reference terms for the ASCM Enterprise Certification for Sustainability 2. Include new terminology from the new certificates in Procurement, Warehousing and Planning, 3. Align definitions and integrate new terminology from the SCOR Digital Standard (SCOR DS) and SCOR-P endorsement 4, Stay current with the field by updating and revising terms used for the Certified in Planning Inventory Management (CPIM), the Certified Supply Chain Professional (CSCP), and the Certified in Logistics, Transportation and Distribution (CLTD) 5. Include terms from the ASCM Digital Capabilities Model (DCM) 6. Include terms from Project Zebra and the EIU Resiliency Benchmark 7. Ensure the integrity of any changes to the dictionary by working with the subject matter experts in each area to resolve any differences in shared terms between the programs, certifications, endorsements, and designations 8. Improve definitions for consistent translation across multiple languages as the scope of the dictionary's use becomes more international \clusions and modifications submitted from our members 9. Incorporate suggester 10. Improve the overall quality of the definitions by correcting errors, grammar, and punctuation. All of these changes could not have been achieved without substantial assistance from the editorial staff at ASCM and many subject matter experts. As the primary educational reference of our discipline, its quality and value can only be sustained through the collective contributions of our members. We will describe in more detail how we achieved each of these objectives. With every edition of the dictionary, certification committee representatives provide changes and additions to support the examinations. These committee members are familiar with the need to have their terms tied to two or more references and written clearly for our readers to understand. These changes are ongoing and coincide with every exam revision, as well as ongoing job task analyses performed on each respective certification exam. As a primary reference for every certification exam, the input these subject matter experts provide assures the dictionary is current and aligned with the exam content manual (ECM) for each examination. All new terms and definitions, along with proposed modifications of existing definitions, were vetted through the editors and/or subject matter experts from other certification committees for shared terms. This iterative process required the patience of many volunteers working diligently to assure accuracy and quality. As an important international reference, the dictionary continues to be translated into different languages. During the process of translation, definitions are improved through the clarification for more universal understanding. With the diversity of input from our international volunteers working on the translations, definitions with context to a specific country are revealed and can be changed for more international understanding. These improvements benefit all of our members and professionals worldwide. With every new edition, there is an opportunity for ASCM members worldwide to recommend changes and additions. Every suggestion is carefully reviewed and incorporated following the same process and standards for inclusion. There were many thoughtful recommendations that were incorporated into this edition. The effort spent in carefully writing and tying each recommendation to references enhances the likelihood those recommendations are included. Finally, the overall goal with each editions to improve quality. While biggeris not necessarilybetter, it is expected that as field evolves ts lexicon will evolve with it. In this edition, approximately 483 new terms were added, with along with many more updated or modified. Acknowledgements The editors would specifically like to thank the following staff and volunteers for their careful review of the ASCM Supply Chain Dictionary, 17th edition. Jamie Luedtke, Senior Manager, Learning Delivery Systems for ASCM has again been a wonderful dictionary project team leader and a pleasure to have on our team. Jamie was essential to our success assuring all communication and content between the editors, ASCM staff, and ASCM members and volunteer committees was handled in the most professional and timely manner. This effort was particularly notable with the large number of inputs for this 17th edition. Jen Storell, freelance copyeditor, for her meticulous review of every term in the dictionary to assure correct grammar, punctuation, consistency, and overall quality. ASCM staff members Douglas Kent, Executive Vice President, B2B Sales & Partnerships; Peter Bolstorff, Executive Vice President, Growth & Intelligence; Sarah Zawadski, Manager, Test Certification Development; and Carolina Cruz, Manager, Test Certification Development. Nishat Ahmed, CPIM, CIRM, CSCP, CLTD, SCOR-P, CTL; Ayman Assaad, MBA, CSCP-F, SCOR-P; Staffan Cederstrand, CPIM; Stephen N. Chapman, Ph.D., CPIM-F, CSCP; Ann K. Gatewood, CPIM-F, CIRM, CSCP-F, CLTD-F; Dr. Cynthia Kalina-Kaminsky, CPIM, CSCP, CLTD, SCOR-P; Tricia M. Kerns, Ed.., CPIM, CLTD; Monica Lammert, CPIM, CSCP, SCOR-P; Samer Majdi Almadhoun, CSCP, CLTD, SCOR-P; Danie! Monikes, CSCP, CLTD; Jolanda Pretorius, CSCP, SCOR-P; MJ ‘Schoemaker, CSCP, CPF; Dennis Vegter; Thorsten Zedel, CPIM. [100 percent inspection + accept] 100 percent inspectionThe act of Inspecting ortesting, every item in an incoming or outgoing lot. 14Points-W. Edwards Deming’s 14 management practices to help companies increase thelr quality and productivity: (1) create constancy of purpose for Improving products and services; (2) adoptthe new philosophy; (3) cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality; (4) end the practice of awarding business onprice alone and instead minimize total cost by ‘working with a single supplier; (6) Improve constantly and forever every process for planning, production, and service; (6) Institute training on the job; (7) adopt and, Institute leadership; (8) drive out fear; (9) break down barriers between staff areas; (10) eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the workforce; (Il) eliminate ‘numerical quotas for the workforce and numerical goals for management; (12) remove barriers that rob people of pride of workmanship and eliminate the annual rating ‘or merit system; (13) institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement for everyone; and (14) put everybody in the company toworkto accomplish the transformation. Syn. Deming's 14 Points, 3D printing-The process of layering materials to make products and components using computer data. Syn: additive manufacturing. See: rapid prototyping. 3PL-Abbreviation for third-party logistics. away delivery verification-The practice of comparing the information on purchase orders, receipts, and Invoices to ensure that the correct items were received andinvoiced. 40/30/30 rule-A rule that identifies the sources of scrap, rework, and waste as 40 percent product design, 30 percent manufacturing processing, and 30 percent supplier inefficiencies. 4PL-Abbreviation for fourth-party logistics. 80-20-A term referring to the Pareto principle. The principle suggests that most effects come from relatively few causes; that is, 80 percent ofthe effects (or sales or costs) come from 20 percent of the possible causes (or tems), See: ABC classification. A A3 method-A means of compactly describinga business process, ‘ABB-Abbreviation for activity-based budgeting. ABC-Abbreviation for activity-based cast accounting. ‘ABC analysis-Syn: ABC classification. ‘ABC classification-The classification of a group of items in decreasing order of annual dollar volume (price multiplied by projected volume) or other criteria. This array Isthen split into three classes, called A, B, and C. ‘The A group usually represents 10 percent to 20 percent bynumber of items and 50 percent to 70 percent by projected dollar volume. Thenext grouping, B, usually Tepresents about 20 percent of the items and about 20, Percent ofthe dollar volume. The Cclass contains about 50 percent ofthe items and represents about 10 percent. 1030 percent of the dollar volume. The ABC principle states that effort and money can be saved through applying looser controls to the low-dollar-volume class items than to the high-dollarvolume class items. The ABC principle is applicable to inventories, purchasing, and sales. Syns.: ABC analysis, distribution by value. See: 180-20, Pareto analysis, Pareto's law. ABC frequency of access-A warehouse location that is determined by both a product's ABC classification and by the frequency with which itis removed or replaced. ABCInventory control-An inventory control approach based on ABC classification, ‘ABM-Abbreviation for activity-based management. abnormal demand-Demand in any period that is ‘outside the limits established by management policy. ‘This demand may come from anew customer orfrom existing customers whose own demand is increasing or decreasing. Care must be taken in evaluating the nature ofthe demand: Isita volume change? Isita change in product mix? Isit related to the timing of the order? See: outlier, ‘ABP-Abbreviation for activity-based planning. absentee rate-A ratio comparing the number of ‘employee-days lost with the total number of available ‘employee-days of employment during some base period, usually one month, absorption costing-An approach to inventory valuation inwhich variable costs and a portion of fixed costs are assigned to each unit of production. The fixed costs are usually allocated to units of output on the basis of direct labor hours, machine hours, or material costs. Syn. allocation costing. See: activity-based costing, accelerated depreclation-A depreciation method Involving large write-offs in the early years of an asset's life and smaller write-offs later. This method reduces the value of an asset faster than straight-line depreciation. accept—To take receipt of an tem and affirm that itis, ‘complete and sound, ASCM Dictionary, 17th edition rxe-rteartmoooey M anwvnovd3s)d

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