C++ and OOP

Lecture Two: Basic program construction

Lecturer: Sahar Khalid

 C++ Programming Basics
Basic Program Construction
Let’s look at a very simple C++ program.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) //function name “main”
{
cout << “Computer Engineering Department\n”;
return 0;
} //end function body
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Functions
• Functions are one of the fundamental building blocks of C++. The FIRST program
consist of a single function called main( ).
• Every function must use this pair of braces ,{ and }, around the function body.
Always Start with main()
When you run a C++ program, the first statement executed will be at the beginning of a
function called main().

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
cout << “Computer Engineering Department\n”;
return 0;
}

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Output Using cout
• cout << “Computer Engineering Department\n”;
causes the phrase in quotation marks to be displayed on the screen.
• A semicolon ; signals the end of the statement.
Directives
The two lines that begin the FIRST program are directives.
1. The first is a preprocessor directive (#include <iostream>)
• The preprocessor directive #include tells the compiler to insert another file into
your source file.
• The type file usually included by #include is called a header file. IOSTREAM is
an example of a header file
2. and the second is a using directive. (using namespace std;)
•A C++ program can be divided into different namespaces. A namespace is a part
of the program in which certain names are recognized; outside of the namespace
they’re unknown.
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Comments
• Comments help the person writing a program, and anyone else who must read
the source file, understand what’s going on.
• Comments start with a double slash symbol (//) and terminate at the end of the
line. example
#include <iostream> //preprocessor directive
• There’s a second comment style available in C++:
/* this is an old-style comment */
• You can write a multiline comment with only two comment symbols:
/* this is a potentially
very long multiline
Comment */
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Keywords
• These are reserved words of the C++ language. We should
not try to use these words as names of variables or function
names in a program.
• int, class, if, float, for, and while are examples of keywords.
Identifiers
• Identifiers are case sensitive. Identifiers are used to name variables,
functions , and various other user defined objects.
• An Identifier is a sequence of letters, Underscore ( _ ) and digits, but must
start with a letter or Underscore ( _ ).

Valid identifier : Root, _getchar, __sin, x1, x2, x3, x_1, If

Invalid identifier : 324, short, price$, My Name

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• C++ is case sensitive
– It matters whether an identifier, such as a variable name, is uppercase or
lowercase. Example:
area Area AREA ArEa
are all seen as different variables by the compiler.
Variables
• A variable is a named location in memory that is used to hold a value that may
be modified by the program.
• All variables must be declared before they can be used.
• The names given to variables are called identifiers. You can’t use a C++ keyword
as a variable name.

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Variables Type
1. Integer variables represent integer numbers like 1, 30,0, and –27. integers have
no fractional part.
• The integer types are (int, long, short).

• int occupies 4 bytes on current Windows computers, it occupied only 2 bytes

in MS-DOS and earlier versions of Windows.

2. Floating-point variables represent numbers with a decimal place—like

3.1415927, 0.0000625, and –10.2. There are three kinds of floating-point
variables in C++: type float, type double, and type long double.

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3. Character type( char )stores integers that range in value from –128 to 127. Variables
of this type occupy only 1 byte of memory.
• Character variables are sometimes used to store numbers in this limited range,
but they are much more commonly used to store characters such as ‘a’, ‘B’, ‘$’, ‘3’,
and so on, as numbers. Use single quotation marks around a constant characters.

4. Variables of type bool can have only two possible values: true and false. compilers
often store them as bytes because a byte can be quickly accessed.

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Unsigned Data Types
By eliminating the sign of the character and integer types, you can change
their range to start at 0 and include only positive numbers. This allows them
to represent numbers twice as big as the signed type. Table 2.3 shows the
unsigned versions.

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Assignment Statements
The statements
var1 = 20;
var2 = var1 + 10;
• The equal sign (=), as you might guess, causes the value on the right to be
assigned to the variable on the left.
• In the first line, var1, which previously had no value, is given the value 20.
• In the second program line, the plus sign (+) adds the value of var1 and 10.
The result of this addition is then assigned to var2.
• The statements
x=9;
x=x+1;
the plus sign (+) adds the value of x and 1. The result of this addition is 10
then assigned to x.
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Integer Variables Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int var1; //define var1
int var2; //define var2
var1 = 20; //assign value to var1
var2 = var1 + 10; //assign value to var2
cout << “var1+10 is “; //output text
cout << var2 << endl; //output value of var2
return 0;
}
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Example for character
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char charvar1 = ‘A’; //define char variable as character
char charvar2 = ‘\t’; //define char variable as tab
cout << charvar1; //display character on the screen
cout << charvar2; //display character on the screen
return 0;
}
Note:Variables can be initialized at the same time they are defined. In
this program two variables of type char—charvar1 and charvar2—
are initialized to the character constants ‘A’ and ‘\t’.
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• Escape Sequences
• ‘\t’, it’s an example of an escape sequence. In this case the t is interpreted
not as the character ‘t’ but as the tab character. In console-mode programs,
tab stops are positioned every eight spaces.

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The const Qualifier
• The keyword const (for constant) precedes the data type of a variable. It
specify that the value of a variable will not change throughout the program.
const float PI = 3.14159; //type const float
The input cin
The keyword cin (pronounced “C in”) is an object, predefined in C++ to
correspond to the standard input stream.

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Floating-Point Example
• Write a C++ program that reads the radius of a circle and computes its area.
#include <iostream> //for cout, etc.
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float rad; //variable of type float
const float PI = 3.14159; // const float
cout << “Enter radius of circle: “; //prompt
cin >> rad; //get radius
float area = PI * rad * rad; //find area
cout << “Area is “ << area << endl; //display answer
return 0;
}
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 Example: input temperature in fahrenheit, output Equivalent in Celsius.
Note: Celsius =(Fahrenheit-32)*5/9
Solution
#include <iostream> program during execution:
using namespace std;
int main() Enter temperature in fahrenheit: 212
{ Equivalent in Celsius is: 100
int ftemp; //for temperature in fahrenheit
cout << “Enter temperature in fahrenheit: “; //output statement
cin >> ftemp; //input statement
int ctemp = (ftemp-32) * 5 / 9;
cout << “Equivalent in Celsius is: “ << ctemp << ‘\n’; //output
return 0;
}

• Note: you can define variables throughout a program, not just at the beginning. Look at the
variable ctemp in the above program
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