= Ves | DEFINITION OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS Aa > Csnaihn Assume that a set of three-phase voltages designated M, Vp, and /% is given. In accordance with Fortescue, these phase voltages are resolved into the fol- lowing three sets of sequence components: 1. Zero-sequence components, consisting of three phasors with equal mag- nitudes and with zero phase displacement. as shown in Figure I(a) ae 2. Positive-sequence components, consisting of three phasors with equal a magnitudes, +120° phase displacement, and positive sequence, as in 3 Figure 1() . Negatwe-sequence components, consisting of three phasors with equal magnitudes, +120° phase displacement, and negative sequence, as in Figure I(c)DEFINITION OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS Vac Veo Veo = Vo Vex ve Var’ ha 5 LAA es be Von se 8 (a) Zero-sequence (b) Positive-sequence _(c) Negative-sequence. components components components Me Veo Va v., Ve V, ° Yoo, Ya Nn, v. Vea’ Veo Phase @ Phase 6 Phase ¢ FIGURE | 3 Reedwne nhese woltaces nin fares ects of eee croommonenia%] fi 1 17)f% where 4yl=|1 @ a A he loa @}|h a= 1/120 = ais a complex number with unit magnitude and a 120° ‘ phase angle. When any phasor is multiplied by a, that phasor rolites by 120° (counterclockwise). Similarly, when any phasor is multiplied by a? = (1/120°) - (1120°) = 1/2402, the phasor rotates by 240°. Table 1 lists some common identities involving a. The complex number a is similar to the well-known complex number j =V-1=1/90°. Thus the only difference between j and a is that the angle ® of j is 90°, and that of « is 120°. *os NAS. = : a OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS TABLE | Common identities involving a = 1+a=-a? = 1/60° 14a? = 1/60" ata? = 1 = 1/180": -_ ae ‘Gia’ tit Vo h= A=|1 @ a K=|" Vy loa a V3 ¥, is the column vector of phase voltages, Vj is the column vector of sequence voltages, and A is a 3x 3 transformation matrix. Using these definitions, y= AN pou The inverse of the A matrix is A! =z] 1 a @? ~ 2 naan, la then mo) jfio type Vo = lat Vy + be) Nj=z}l a al) vs Nn =UK+av, +0°h) Vy 1a all|K r—~YWyaogyaacV)seit eis DEFINITION OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS et Et . Fok |= Equation shows that there is no zero-sequence voltage in a balanced + three-phase system because the sum of three balanced phasors is zero. In anunbalanced three-phase system, line-to-neutral voltages may have a zero-sequence component. » However, line-to-line voltages never have a zero-sequence component, since by KVL their sum is always zero.a DEFINITION OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS The symmetrical component transformation can also be applied to cur- rents, as follows. Let 1, = Al, lh where J, is a vector of phase currents, I, =| Js Ie Jo and J, is a vector of sequence currents, I, =| fy I Also, I, = ai, h=ht+hth Ib =lo + ah +ah In + ah +a= ae DEFINITION OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS and the sequence currents are ty =HLth+l) h =, +ah,+a7I,) b= tah tak) Ina three-phase Y-connected system, the neutral current J, is the sum of the line currents; In =Ta th +e I, = 310 The neutral current equals three times the zero-sequence current. In a bal- anced Y-connected system, line currents have no zero-sequence component, since the neutral current is zero. Also, in any three-phase system with no neutral path, such as a A-connected system or a three-wire Y-connected system with an ungrounded neutral, line currents have no zero-sequence component.Setijence Networks of Impedance Loads Balanceé-Y impedance loadNAS. Sedijence Networks of Impedance Loads Vo (Zy+3Z,) 0 0 Io vwj-| 0 zw ofln Vy 0 0 Zy||n Rewriting as three separate equations, Vo = (Zy +3Zn)lo = Zolo =Zyh=Zih Vo = Zyh = Zoh‘The zero-sequence evotage Vo depends only on the zero-sequence currant Ig and the impedance ZytZn. This impedance is called the zero-sequence impedance and is designated Zy. Also, the positive sequence voltage V1 depends only on the positive-sequence current 2, and an impedance Z1- ZY called the positive-sequence impedance. Simi the negative-sequence impedance Z2 =ZY. rly, V2 depends only on 12 and Equations above can be represented by the three networks shown in Figure. These networks are called the zero-sequence, po ive sequence, and negative-sequence networks. As shown, each sequence network is separate, uncoupled from the other two. The separation of these sequence networks is a consequence of the fact that Zs isa diagonal matrix for a balancod-Y load. This separation underlies the advantage of symmetrical components.NAS. Setidjence Networks of Impedance Loads FIGURE Sequence newarks of & balanced-Y load oS $ lo z Vo = Zero-sequence network + oa “ A&R {_Positivessequence network: B= +32, Zak randFIGURE Sequence networks for an equivalent Y representation of a balanced-A load + —+b-0 on Yo T_Zero-suquence network _y —h “ os Positive-sequence network +h Vp ~ Negative-sequence network yoo ae4 ing 2-2-8Sle = a Sequpnce Networks of Series Impedances FIGURE —h oe Ve - a er Three-phase series * a a impedances (linear, t + bilateral network, — |, 4 Ne = : ronrotating equipment) Vp @———AW TI Va + co fe ht Me 2 Ven BAW bY Ve + he + Von VonSe. Sequence Networks of Series Impedances Hime SS Vie) [Z, + 2Z,, : : i vip | = : Z,-Zm ‘ ig V2 . . Z,- 2, \| 1 Zo = Z, + 2Zq = Zag + 2Z ey + 3Zan - Zon 2)=Z,- Ly = Zqa— Lop 2,=2,- 2, > Zaq~ ZaSeqiigne FIGURE Sequence networks of three-phase symmetrical series impedances (linear, bilateral network, nonrotating equipment) e Networks of Series Impedances — Zp = 2g + Bon FO, Yo Vo - Zero-sequence network - —h Z = Lu- Ze + WA $5, y vy Positive-sequence network ~ —=% 2nd = le Ze Or < 7 v, Ve Negative-sequence networkSequence Networks of Rotating Meine FIGURE Y-connected synchronous generator22, Me Zero-sequence network Positive-sequence network Negative-sequence network FIGURE Sequence networks of a Y-comnected synchronous generatorSequipnce Networks of Rotating Machines _FIGURE 2 as es, te Sequence networks of three-phase motors ¥ 32, 22, i : ! ' Nogatvesequence networt anSequence Circuits Of Y-2 Transformers oS] Snes CormeCTION OAGRANS FERS.SeOLR EE FOUVAL ET ORCS 2 oe Vener P 8 tle eee gp & 9 | wel , fe Li Hh feteroncs te jae fa 8 ery it - etree hus 1, | Fe fe 8 3 2 AA Reterence bus Rotereiice bus Poh @ Retorence busShower In Sequence Networks Sp = Vaglhi + Viglf + Vegi? zr ce =r ” Sp = (AK) (ALY = VATA ites] Paoaijfi ia taal =l1 @ alli a @& a @] ila a Loa @}ji @ a 3.00 -[ i)» f 1 Se ows“Zex Rower In Sequence Networks E =MVolg +i + Val)